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18 - History of the Philippines by David Prescott Barrows · History of the Philippines

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  Speaker 1: Chapter ten, Part two of A History of the Philippines.
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  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
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  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
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  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Gery macfadden. A History
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  Speaker 1: of the Philippines by David Barrows, Chapter ten, Part two.
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  Speaker 1: The economic policy of Spain restrictions of trade during the
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  Speaker 1: closing years of the seventeenth century and the beginning of
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  Speaker 1: the eighteenth commerce seems to have been actually paralyzed. That
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  Speaker 1: brilliant trade, which is described by Morga, and which was
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  Speaker 1: at its height about sixteen o five, was a few
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  Speaker 1: years later defeated by the miserable economic policy of Spain,
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  Speaker 1: Pandering to the demands of the merchants of Cadiz and Seville.
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  Speaker 1: Spain's economic policy had only in view benefits to the peninsula.
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  Speaker 1: The laws of the Indies abound with edicts for the
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  Speaker 1: purpose of limiting and crippling colonial commerce and industry wherever
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  Speaker 1: it was imagined that it might be prejudicial to the
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  Speaker 1: protected industries of Spain. The manufacturers of Seville wished to
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  Speaker 1: preserve the colonies, both of America and of the Indies,
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  Speaker 1: as markets for their monopoly wares, and in this policy
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  Speaker 1: for two centuries they had the support of the Crown.
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  Speaker 1: The growing trade between Mexico and the Philippines had early
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  Speaker 1: been regarded with suspicion, and legislation was framed to reduce
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  Speaker 1: it to the lowest point compatible with the existence of
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  Speaker 1: the colony. None of the colonies of America could conduct
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  Speaker 1: commerce with the Philippines except Mexico, and here all communication
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  Speaker 1: must pass through the port of Acapulco. This trade was
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  Speaker 1: limited to the passage of a single vessel a year.
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  Speaker 1: In sixteen o five, two galleons were permitted, but their
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  Speaker 1: size was reduced to three hundred tons. They were allowed
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  Speaker 1: to carry out five hundred thousand pesos of silver, but
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  Speaker 1: no more than two hundred and fifty thousand pesos worth
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  Speaker 1: of Chinese products could be returned. Neither the Spaniards of
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  Speaker 1: Mexico nor any part of America could traffic directly with China,
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  Speaker 1: nor could Spanish vessels pass from Manila to the ports
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  Speaker 1: of Asia. Only those goods could be bought which Chinese
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  Speaker 1: merchants themselves brought to the Philippines. Selfishness of merchants in Spain.
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  Speaker 1: Even these restrictions did not satisfy the jealousy of the
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  Speaker 1: merchants of Spain. They complained that the royal orders limiting
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  Speaker 1: the traffic were not regarded, and they insisted upon so
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  Speaker 1: vexatious a supervision of this commerce, and surrounded infractions of
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  Speaker 1: the law with such terrible penalties that the trade was
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  Speaker 1: not maintained even to the amount permitted by law. Spanish
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  Speaker 1: merchants even went to the point of petitioning for the
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  Speaker 1: abandonment of the Philippines on the ground that the importations
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  Speaker 1: from China were prejudicial to the industry of the peninsula.
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  Speaker 1: The columnists upon the Pacific coast of America suffered from
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  Speaker 1: the lack of those commodities demanded by civilized life, which
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  Speaker 1: could only reach them as they came from Spain through
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  Speaker 1: the port of Portobello and the Isthmus of Panama. Without question,
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  Speaker 1: an enormous and beneficial commerce could have been conducted by
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  Speaker 1: the Philippines with the provinces of Western America, and here
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  Speaker 1: a footnote some of the benefits of such trade set
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  Speaker 1: forth by the Jesuit Alonzo de Ovaye in his Historical
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  Speaker 1: Relation of the Kingdom of Chile, printed in Rome. Sixteen
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  Speaker 1: forty nine. In Churchill's Collection of Voyages and Travels, Volume three,
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  Speaker 1: trade between South America and the Philippines forbidden. But this
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  Speaker 1: traffic was absolutely forbidden, and to prevent Chinese and Philippine
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  Speaker 1: goods from entering South America, the trade between Mexico and
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  Speaker 1: Peru was in sixteen thirty six wholly suppressed by a decree.
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  Speaker 1: This decree, as it stands upon the pages of the
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  Speaker 1: Great Racop Pilacion, is an epitome of the insane economic
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  Speaker 1: policy of the Spaniard. It cites that whereas it had
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  Speaker 1: been permitted that from Peru to New Spain there should
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  Speaker 1: go each year two vessels for commerce and traffic to
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  Speaker 1: the amount of two hundred thousand ducats, which later had
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  Speaker 1: been reduced to one hundred thousand ducats, and because there
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  Speaker 1: had increased in Peru to an excessive amount the commerce
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  Speaker 1: in the fabrics of China, in spite of the many
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  Speaker 1: prohibitions that had been imposed, and in order absolutely to
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  Speaker 1: remove the occasion for the future, we order and command
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  Speaker 1: the officers of Peru and New Spain that they invariably
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  Speaker 1: prohibit and suppress this commerce and traffic between the two
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  Speaker 1: kingdoms by all the channels through which it is conducted,
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  Speaker 1: maintaining this prohibition firmly and continually for the future. And
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  Speaker 1: here a footnote Rico Pilacion de las de las Indias,
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  Speaker 1: Library eight, Title forty five, Law seventy eight. In seventeen eighteen,
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  Speaker 1: the merchants of Seville and Cadiz still complained that their
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  Speaker 1: profits were being injured by even the limited importation of
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  Speaker 1: Chinese silks into Mexico. Thereupon, absolute prohibition of import of
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  Speaker 1: Chinese silks, either woven or in thread was decreed. Only linens, spices,
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  Speaker 1: and supplies of such things as were not produced in
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  Speaker 1: Spain could be brought into Mexico. This order was reaffirmed
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  Speaker 1: in seventeen twenty, with the provision that six months would
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  Speaker 1: be allowed the people of Mexico to consume the Chinese
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  Speaker 1: silks which they had in their possession, and thereafter all
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  Speaker 1: such goods must be destroyed. Ineffectiveness of these restrictions. These measures,
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  Speaker 1: while ruining the commerce of the Philippines, were as a
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  Speaker 1: matter of fact, ineffective to accomplish the result desired. Contraband
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  Speaker 1: trade between China and America sprang up in violation of
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  Speaker 1: the law. Silks to the value of four million pesos
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  Speaker 1: were annually smuggled into America. Here a footnote Montero y Vidal,
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  Speaker 1: Historia de Philippines, volume one, page four sixty. In seventeen
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  Speaker 1: thirty four, the volly and uselessness of such laws was
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  Speaker 1: somewhat recognized by the Council of the Indies, and is
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  Speaker 1: celula was issued, restoring the permission to trade in Chinese
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  Speaker 1: silks and raising the value of cargoes destined for Acapulco
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  Speaker 1: to five hundred thousand pesos and the quantity of silver
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  Speaker 1: for return to one million pesos. The celebrated traffic of
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  Speaker 1: the Galleon was resumed and continued until the year eighteen fifteen.
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  Speaker 1: An attempt to colonize the Carolines. Southeastward of the Philippines,
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  Speaker 1: in that part of the Pacific, which is known as Micronesia,
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  Speaker 1: there is an archipelago of small islands called the Carolines.
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  Speaker 1: The westernmost portion of this group bears the name of
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  Speaker 1: the Pelous or Palaos. Inasmuch as these islands were eventually
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  Speaker 1: acquired by Spain and remained in her possession down to
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  Speaker 1: the year eighteen ninety, it may be well to state
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  Speaker 1: something at this time of the attempt made by the
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  Speaker 1: Jesuits in seventeen thirty one to colonize them. Certain of
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  Speaker 1: these little islands were seen several times by expeditions crossing
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  Speaker 1: the Pacific as early as the latter part of the
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  Speaker 1: sixteenth century, but after the trade between Mexico and the
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  Speaker 1: Philippines had been definitely settled upon, a fixed course was
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  Speaker 1: followed westward from Acapulco to Guam, from which there was
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  Speaker 1: little variation, and during the seventeenth century these islands passed
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  Speaker 1: quite out of mind. But in the year sixteen ninety six,
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  Speaker 1: a party of natives twenty men and ten women, were
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  Speaker 1: driven by storms far from their home in the Carolines,
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  Speaker 1: upon the eastern coast of Samar. It seems that similar
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  Speaker 1: parties of castaways from the Pelieu and Caroline Islands had
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  Speaker 1: been known to reach Mindenao and other parts of the Philippines,
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  Speaker 1: and an even earlier date. These last came under the
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  Speaker 1: observation of the Jesuit priests on Samar, who baptized them,
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  Speaker 1: and learning from them of the archipelago from which they
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  Speaker 1: had been carried, were filled with missionary ambition to visit
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  Speaker 1: and christianize these Pacific islanders. This idea was agitated by
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  Speaker 1: the Jesuits until about seventeen thirty royal permission was granted
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  Speaker 1: to the enterprise. A company of Jesuits in the following
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  Speaker 1: year sailed for the Ldrones and thence south until the
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  Speaker 1: Carolines were discovered. They landed on a small island not
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  Speaker 1: far from Yap. Here they succeeded in baptizing numerous natives
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  Speaker 1: and in establishing a mission. Fourteen of their number, headed
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  Speaker 1: by the priest Padre Cantava, remained on the island while
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  Speaker 1: the expedition returned to secure reinforcements and supplies. Unfortunately, this
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  Speaker 1: succor was delayed for more than a year, and when
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  Speaker 1: Spanish vessels with missionary reinforcements on board again reached the
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  Speaker 1: Carolines in seventeen thirty three, the mission had been entirely
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  Speaker 1: destroyed and the Spaniards with Padre Cantaba had been killed.
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  Speaker 1: These islands have been frequently called the New Philippines. Conditions
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  Speaker 1: of the Filipinos during the eighteenth century. During the most
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  Speaker 1: of the eighteenth century, data are few upon the condition
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  Speaker 1: of the Filipino people, there seems to have been little progress.
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  Speaker 1: Conditions certainly were against the social or intellectual advance of
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  Speaker 1: the native race. Perhaps, however, their material well being was
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  Speaker 1: quite as great during these years, when little was attempted
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  Speaker 1: as during the governorships of the more ambitious and enterprising
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  Speaker 1: Spaniards who had characterized the earlier period of Philippine history.
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  Speaker 1: Provincial governments provincial administration seems to have fallen almost wholly
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  Speaker 1: into the hands of the missionaries. The priests made themselves
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  Speaker 1: the local rulers throughout the Christianized portion of the archipelago.
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  Speaker 1: Insurrection in Bohll Insurrection seems especially to have troubled the
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  Speaker 1: island of Bahall during most of the eighteenth century, and
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  Speaker 1: in seventeen fifty an insurrection broke out which practically established
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  Speaker 1: the independence of a large portion of the island, and
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  Speaker 1: which was not suppressed for very many years. The trouble
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  Speaker 1: arose in the town of Inebanga, where the Jesuit priest
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  Speaker 1: Moraleus had greatly antagonised and embittered the natives by his severity.
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  Speaker 1: Some apostatised and went to the hills. One of these
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  Speaker 1: men was killed by the orders of the priest, and
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  Speaker 1: his body refused Christian burial and left uncared for and exposed.
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  Speaker 1: A brother of this man named de Gohoe, infuriated by
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  Speaker 1: this indignity, headed a sedition which shortly included three thousand natives.
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  Speaker 1: The priest was killed and his own body left by
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  Speaker 1: the road unburied. In spite of the efforts of the
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  Speaker 1: Acculde of Cebu, de Gohoy was able to maintain himself
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  Speaker 1: and practically established a small native state, which remained until
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  Speaker 1: the occupation of the island by the Recollects after the
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  Speaker 1: Jesuits had been expelled from the Spanish Dominions activity of
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  Speaker 1: the Jesuits during the eighteenth century, the Jesuits alone of
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  Speaker 1: the religious orders, seemed to have been active in prosecuting
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  Speaker 1: their efforts and seeking new fields for conversion. The sloth
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  Speaker 1: and inactivity which overcame the other orders place in greater
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  Speaker 1: contrast the ambition and the activities, both secular and spiritual,
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  Speaker 1: of the Jesuits. Conversion of the Sultan alib Bundin in
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  Speaker 1: seventeen forty seven, they established a mission even on Hollo.
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  Speaker 1: They were unable to overcome the intense antagonism of the
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  Speaker 1: Moreau Pandidas and Datos, but they apparently won the young
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  Speaker 1: Sultan Alim Udin, whose strange story and shifting fortunes have
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  Speaker 1: been variously told. One of the Jesuits, padre Veyelmi, was
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  Speaker 1: skilled in the Arabic language, and this familiarity with the
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  Speaker 1: language and literature of the Mohammedism doubtless explains his ascendency
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  Speaker 1: over the mind of the Sultan. Alim Uddin was not
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  Speaker 1: a strong man. His power over the subordinate datos was small,
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  Speaker 1: and in seventeen forty eight his brother batilan usurped his
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  Speaker 1: place and was proclaimed Sultan of Holo. Alimudin and his
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  Speaker 1: family and numerous escort came to Zaboanga seeking the aid
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  Speaker 1: of the Spanish against his brother. From Zabaanga, he was
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  Speaker 1: sent to Manila. On his arrival January third, seventeen forty nine,
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  Speaker 1: he was received with all the pomp and honor due
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  Speaker 1: to a prince of the high rank. A house for
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  Speaker 1: his entertainment and his retinue of seventy persons was prepared
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  Speaker 1: in Bunondo. A public entrance was arranged, which took place
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  Speaker 1: some fifteen days after his reaching the city. Triumphal arches
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  Speaker 1: were erected across the streets, which were lined with more
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  Speaker 1: than two thousand native militia under arms. The Sultan was
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  Speaker 1: publicly received in the hall of the Audiencia, where the
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  Speaker 1: governor promised to lay his case before the King of Spain.
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  Speaker 1: The Sultan was showered with presents which included chains of gold,
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  Speaker 1: fine garments, precious gems and gold canes, while the government
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  Speaker 1: sustained the expense of his household and here a footnote
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  Speaker 1: Relacion de la entrare des sultan Rey de Holo in
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  Speaker 1: Archivo del Bibliofilo Filipino, Volume one. Following this reception, steps
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  Speaker 1: were taken for his conversion. His spiritual advisers cited to
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  Speaker 1: him the example of the Emperor Constantine, whose conversion enabled
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  Speaker 1: him to effect triumphant conquests over his enemies. Under these representations,
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  Speaker 1: Ali Mudin expressed his desire for baptism. The governor General,
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  Speaker 1: who at this time was a priest, the Bishop Nuevo Segovia,
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  Speaker 1: was very anxious that this rite should take place, but
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  Speaker 1: this was opposed by his spiritual superior, the Archbishop of Manila,
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  Speaker 1: who with some others entertained doubts as to the sincerity
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  Speaker 1: of the Sultan's profession. In order to accomplish his baptism,
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  Speaker 1: the governor sent him to his own diocese Whereat panis
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  Speaker 1: Key on the twenty ninth of April seventeen fifty. The
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  Speaker 1: ceremony took place with great solemnity. On the return of
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  Speaker 1: the party to Manila, the Sultan was received with great pomp,
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  Speaker 1: and in his honor were held games, theatrical representations, fireworks,
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  Speaker 1: and bull fights. This was the high water mark of
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  Speaker 1: the Sultan's popularity failure to reinstate Alimudin. Meanwhile, the usurper
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  Speaker 1: Batilan was giving abundant evidence of his hostility. The Spaniards
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  Speaker 1: were driven from Holo, and the fleets of Moros again ravaged.
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  Speaker 1: The Besaias. In July arrived the new governor, the Marquise
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  Speaker 1: de Obando, who determined to restore Ali Bundin and suppress
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  Speaker 1: the Moro piracy. An expedition set sail with the Sultan
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  Speaker 1: on board and went as far as Zaboanga, but accomplished nothing. Here,
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  Speaker 1: the conduct of the sultans served to confirm the doubts
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  Speaker 1: of the Spaniards as to the sincerity of his friendship.
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  Speaker 1: He was arrested and returned to Manila and imprisoned in
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  Speaker 1: the fortress of Santiago, with varying treatment. He remained in
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  Speaker 1: the hands of the Spaniards until seventeen sixty three, when
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  Speaker 1: he was returned to Holloa by the English. Great increase
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  Speaker 1: in Moreau piracy, the year seventeen fifty four is stated
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  Speaker 1: to have been the bloodiest in the history of Moreau piracy.
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  Speaker 1: No part of the Besias escaped ravaging in this year,
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  Speaker 1: while the Camerines, Batangas and Albey suffered equally with the rest.
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  Speaker 1: The conduct of the pirates was more than ordinarily cruel.
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  Speaker 1: Priests were slain, towns wholly destroyed, and thousands of captives
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  Speaker 1: were carried south into Moreaux slavery. The condition of the
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  Speaker 1: islands at the end of this year was probably the
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  Speaker 1: most deplorable in their history. Reforms under General Arundia. The
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  Speaker 1: demoralization and misery which Obando's rule closed, were relieved somewhat
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  Speaker 1: by the capable government of Arandia, who succeeded him. Are
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  Speaker 1: India was one of the few men of talent, energy
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  Speaker 1: and integrity who stood at the head of affairs in
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  Speaker 1: these islands during two centuries. He reformed the greatly disorganized
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  Speaker 1: military force, establishing what was known as the Regiment of
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  Speaker 1: the King, made up largely of Mexican soldiers. He also
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  Speaker 1: formed a corps of artillerists composed of Filipinos. These were
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  Speaker 1: regular troops who received from Urundia sufficient pay to enable
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  Speaker 1: them to live decently and like an army. He reformed
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  Speaker 1: the Arsenal at Cavite, and, in spite of opposition on
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  Speaker 1: all sides, did something to infuse efficiency and honesty into
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  Speaker 1: the government. At the head of the armament, which had
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  Speaker 1: been sent against the Moros, he placed a Jesuit priest,
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  Speaker 1: father Ducos, A capable officer, was also sent to command
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  Speaker 1: the presidio at Zabuanga, and while moreau piracy was not stopped,
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  Speaker 1: heavy retaliation was visited upon the pirates. Arandia's most popular
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  Speaker 1: act of government was the expulsion of the Chinese from
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  Speaker 1: the provinces, and in large part from the city. They
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  Speaker 1: seemed to have had in their hands, then, perhaps even
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  Speaker 1: more than now, the commerce or small trade between Manila
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  Speaker 1: and provincial towns. To take over this trade, Arandia founded
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  Speaker 1: a commercial company of Spaniards and Mestizos, which lasted only
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  Speaker 1: for a year. The Christianized Chinese were allowed to remain
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  Speaker 1: under license, and for those having shops in Manila Arndia
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  Speaker 1: founded the Alceceria of San Fernando. It consisted of a
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  Speaker 1: great square of shops built about an open interior, and
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  Speaker 1: stood in Beinando on the site of the former Parian
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  Speaker 1: in what is still a populous Chinese quarter. Death of
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  Speaker 1: Arundia and decline of the colony. Arrundia died in May
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  Speaker 1: seventeen fifty nine, and the government was assumed by the
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  Speaker 1: Bishop of Cebu, who in turn was forced from his
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  Speaker 1: position by the arrival of the Archbishop of Manila, Don
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  Speaker 1: Montuel Rojo. The archbishop ship provoked to the celebrated orders
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  Speaker 1: of good government which Our India had put into force,
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  Speaker 1: and the colony promised to relapse once more into its
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  Speaker 1: customary dormant condition. This was, however, prevented by an event
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  Speaker 1: which brought to an end the long period of obscurity
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  Speaker 1: and inertia under which the colony had been gradually decaying,
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  Speaker 1: and introduced in a way, a new period of its history.
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  Speaker 1: This was the capture of the Philippine Islands by the
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  Speaker 1: British in seventeen sixty two. End of chapter ten, Part two,
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  Speaker 1: A History of the Philippines by David Barrows, recording by
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  Speaker 1: Gary mac fadden,