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Creepy Soil · PlanetGeo: The Geology Podcast

• 0:02
  SPEAKER_00: Welcome to Planet Geo, the podcast where we talk about our amazing planet, how it works, and why it matters to you.
• 0:14
  SPEAKER_01: Dr.
• 0:15
  SPEAKER_01: Remink, how you doing?
• 0:17
  SPEAKER_00: You again, huh?
• 0:20
  SPEAKER_00: How often do you get called Remink?
• 0:22
  SPEAKER_00: Uh not very much, but my wife does in the hospital.
• 0:25
  SPEAKER_00: She gets called all sorts of things in the hospital.
• 0:30
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know if I want to know the backstory of that.
• 0:33
  SPEAKER_00: No, no, just like Rhymek, Remink, Reminink.
• 0:36
  SPEAKER_01: Reminink.
• 0:37
  SPEAKER_01: All right.
• 0:38
  SPEAKER_01: That's a good one.
• 0:39
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah, she gets there's all sorts of different pronunciations for my name, but yours too, probably.
• 0:44
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, yeah.
• 0:45
  SPEAKER_01: In fact, I was just talking to our little friend Handy Andy just a couple hours ago, and he called me and I didn't pick up because I was in a meeting, and then I called him right back after the meeting, and he he's like, he's laughing right when he picks up, and I'm like, What is this going on?
• 0:59
  SPEAKER_01: What are you laughing at?
• 1:00
  SPEAKER_01: He said, Every time I have my headset on and you call, I always get this call from Chris Bullhuis.
• 1:07
  SPEAKER_01: And he just thinks that's funny every single time.
• 1:10
  SPEAKER_00: I think it's funny too.
• 1:11
  SPEAKER_00: Whenever I use Siri, I have to say, I've said this before, I'll say it again.
• 1:15
  SPEAKER_00: Every time I use Siri, I have to say Chris Balhuis because Siri, that's how Siri knows your name.
• 1:20
  SPEAKER_00: If I say Chris Bullhuis, then I sometimes get different Chris's that are in my phone book.
• 1:26
  SPEAKER_01: But come on, you don't have any other Chris's in your phone book.
• 1:31
  SPEAKER_01: No way.
• 1:31
  SPEAKER_01: I do.
• 1:32
  SPEAKER_00: I I shockingly I know more Chris's than just the one, but not as many that I like as much as you, Chris, or not as many that I spend as much time with either.
• 1:41
  SPEAKER_01: So that is true.
• 1:43
  SPEAKER_01: We do spend a lot of time together.
• 1:44
  SPEAKER_01: It's true.
• 1:45
  SPEAKER_01: And I ain't sick of you yet.
• 1:47
  SPEAKER_01: I'm not gonna say the same because I am actually quite sick of you.
• 1:52
  SPEAKER_01: Seriously.
• 1:54
  SPEAKER_01: I do.
• 1:55
  SPEAKER_01: I don't know why.
• 1:56
  SPEAKER_01: I sometimes I wake up at night and I wonder, what am I doing?
• 1:59
  SPEAKER_01: Why am I doing this?
• 2:00
  SPEAKER_00: You turn to Jenny and say, Why do I keep talking to this guy all the time?
• 2:04
  SPEAKER_01: She said, What are you dreaming about?
• 2:05
  SPEAKER_01: I said, I'm dreaming about Jesse.
• 2:07
  SPEAKER_01: It's like it's uh it's really frustrating.
• 2:10
  SPEAKER_01: That's right.
• 2:11
  SPEAKER_01: Well, Chris, what do we got today?
• 2:14
  SPEAKER_01: We are gonna talk about soil creep today.
• 2:17
  SPEAKER_01: And you know, to be fair, we've talked a little bit about this, I think uh uh quite a while ago, but we're gonna devote an entire episode to this kind of mass wasting movement, and we'll talk about what that is because that's kind of a funny term in and of itself.
• 2:31
  SPEAKER_00: I have a question for you, Chris.
• 2:32
  SPEAKER_00: Is mass wasting your favorite section to teach in your class?
• 2:38
  SPEAKER_01: It's really interesting that you asked that.
• 2:40
  SPEAKER_01: Why do you ask that?
• 2:41
  SPEAKER_00: I ask it because okay, it's it's a it's cool like all geology is cool or all geoscience is cool.
• 2:47
  SPEAKER_00: It's not my favorite topic, and I find I kind of think you're weirdly you are above average interested in mass wasting, I think.
• 2:55
  SPEAKER_00: Why do you think this?
• 2:57
  SPEAKER_00: I don't know.
• 2:57
  SPEAKER_00: I don't know.
• 2:58
  SPEAKER_00: I but because you you I think maybe is it just you like the term mass wasting?
• 3:02
  SPEAKER_00: Is that what's uh no I do like the term, but because it adds confusion.
• 3:06
  SPEAKER_01: Like the the kids are like you know, I assign actually I do this section a little differently than most of the other sections I teach.
• 3:16
  SPEAKER_01: I actually assign a chapter reading for them to so they read it and they take notes on it, and then I give them a test on it.
• 3:23
  SPEAKER_01: Okay, and and when they after they take the test, then I spend, you know, whether it's a day or two days, I need to talk about mass wasting with them.
• 3:33
  SPEAKER_01: And the reason I do it that way is because I just have to, I have so much material that I have to get through to get them ready for the exam at the end of the year from Dr.
• 3:40
  SPEAKER_01: Maddox, you know.
• 3:41
  SPEAKER_01: So I just I do it this way.
• 3:43
  SPEAKER_01: It allows me to cover mass wasting because they're already familiar with it.
• 3:47
  SPEAKER_01: But every time I assign it, they look at me and they they're questioning, and I'm like, what?
• 3:52
  SPEAKER_01: What's going on?
• 3:53
  SPEAKER_01: And I always forget, and they're like, What is this mass wasting thing that you speak of?
• 3:58
  SPEAKER_01: You know, like what is this?
• 4:00
  SPEAKER_01: What the heck does that term mean?
• 4:02
  SPEAKER_01: It is one of my favorite things to teach, though.
• 4:06
  SPEAKER_01: And I didn't know that you knew that about me.
• 4:07
  SPEAKER_00: Oh, okay.
• 4:08
  SPEAKER_00: No, I I didn't know that.
• 4:09
  SPEAKER_00: I just have kind of uh it was a guess, it was a random guess.
• 4:12
  SPEAKER_00: But I have two questions for you, and I want you to answer them in order.
• 4:15
  SPEAKER_00: First of all, define mass wasting.
• 4:17
  SPEAKER_00: Can you do that for us?
• 4:18
  SPEAKER_00: And then second of all, tell me why it's your favorite.
• 4:21
  SPEAKER_00: Why do you like teaching it so much?
• 4:22
  SPEAKER_00: First, define it because I think you know the listener are listeners.
• 4:27
  SPEAKER_00: What the heck are they talking about?
• 4:28
  SPEAKER_00: What the heck are we talking about in this episode?
• 4:29
  SPEAKER_00: So let's get that out front.
• 4:31
  SPEAKER_01: Mass wasting is the movement of material down slope.
• 4:35
  SPEAKER_01: And it's always governed by gravity, of course.
• 4:38
  SPEAKER_01: So weathering happens first, then mass wasting happens, and then erosion happens, right?
• 4:45
  SPEAKER_00: It'll be removed in a in a different sort of way.
• 4:48
  SPEAKER_00: So mass wasting can be, you know, rock falls, soil creep, which we're going to talk about today, you know, landslides, uh, what other ones?
• 4:56
  SPEAKER_00: We can have solar fluction.
• 4:57
  SPEAKER_00: We talked about solar fluction earlier, um, when we kind of briefly touched on soil creep.
• 5:02
  SPEAKER_00: So there's a whole bunch of stuff that could be kind of mass wasting, movement of mass downslope, usually at a a decent clip, except for soil creep.
• 5:09
  SPEAKER_00: So why are you why so excited to teach it, Chris?
• 5:13
  SPEAKER_01: Because mass wasting and humanity have a really interesting intersection.
• 5:20
  SPEAKER_01: Where we put roads.
• 5:21
  SPEAKER_01: I I think about this when I drive through the Smoky Mountains.
• 5:24
  SPEAKER_01: You have these road cuts that really go in kind of precarious places.
• 5:31
  SPEAKER_01: It makes me a little bit nervous, actually, when you see this like metamorphic fill light and schist rock that's foliated in the direction of the slope.
• 5:40
  SPEAKER_01: And you have these signs then that say watch for falling rock.
• 5:44
  SPEAKER_01: And then you look up at the cliff, you know, you look at the edge, and you see this net kind of holding everything back.
• 5:50
  SPEAKER_01: And I'm like, oh, good.
• 5:52
  SPEAKER_01: I was worried until I saw net.
• 5:54
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, right.
• 5:55
  SPEAKER_00: This mountain might fall, and the net is gonna catch it, sure.
• 5:58
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, pure sarcasm.
• 6:00
  SPEAKER_01: But yeah, it's this interesting intersection between like retaining walls, for instance.
• 6:05
  SPEAKER_01: What happens with retaining walls and the way that they kind of move and lean over time?
• 6:11
  SPEAKER_01: It has a lot of practical application.
• 6:14
  SPEAKER_00: So that's a great reason to do it, Chris.
• 6:16
  SPEAKER_00: I I think that's a that's a great answer to the question of you know, why are you more interested in this than other chapters, maybe or above average interested in teaching mass wasting.
• 6:25
  SPEAKER_01: Uh, yeah, but I can't really say I can't really say that it's above I don't know if that's the right way to put it, because everything that I teach, I I do get excited about.
• 6:35
  SPEAKER_00: I I just what I mean by above average, you're you're more excited than the average teacher of earth science classes.
• 6:42
  SPEAKER_00: You're you get more excited about mass wasting than the average person.
• 6:46
  SPEAKER_00: So that's a that's a great reason.
• 6:48
  SPEAKER_00: And let's maybe move into the narrower version.
• 6:52
  SPEAKER_00: So mass wasting is this big catch-all term for a bunch of different processes.
• 6:56
  SPEAKER_00: One of the processes, the one we're going to talk about today, is soil creep.
• 6:59
  SPEAKER_00: I think, Chris, the best way to visualize this is if you've ever walked, I have this vision of walking through the streets of Washington, D.C., where the house is built up a little bit above the sidewalk on a hill, and there's a retaining wall, an old retaining wall, like a stone retaining wall from many, many, many decades, if not a century ago.
• 7:18
  SPEAKER_00: And that retaining wall, the top of it is tilted in.
• 7:21
  SPEAKER_00: So you kind of have to walk with your shoulders sort of to one side if you're and if you're passing somebody on the sidewalk and they're on the outside and you're on the inside, it gets a little uncomfortably close because you kind of are being pushed away because the wall is tilted, the top of the wall is tilted out into the sidewalk.
• 7:37
  SPEAKER_00: That's what I have in my head.
• 7:39
  SPEAKER_00: Tilted trees also represent mass wasting, like when the when the stump of the tree is kind of tilted down slope, even though the trunk is very straight, right?
• 7:48
  SPEAKER_00: That's another example of this.
• 7:50
  SPEAKER_00: What do you picture when you're teaching this very passionately?
• 7:53
  SPEAKER_00: What what do you what slide do you show of soil creep?
• 7:56
  SPEAKER_01: I always show a slide of the dunes along Lake Michigan where these trees are coming out on this really steep slope.
• 8:04
  SPEAKER_01: And one of the dead giveaways to soil creep and this movement of soil really slowly, almost imperceptibly down slope.
• 8:13
  SPEAKER_01: You can see the bend along the base of the trunk, almost like right above the root system.
• 8:18
  SPEAKER_01: It's bending down slope.
• 8:19
  SPEAKER_01: But then, like you just said, the trees straighten back out.
• 8:22
  SPEAKER_01: So I start with that, and then you know, and that's a picture that I took.
• 8:26
  SPEAKER_01: And then I also show a picture of um a cut a few years ago.
• 8:30
  SPEAKER_01: I was walking through Harper's Ferry, the cemetery there in um right along the the triple junction, the states, the three states there.
• 8:39
  SPEAKER_01: And these old headstones in this cemetery, it's on a hillside.
• 8:43
  SPEAKER_01: That's a good one.
• 8:44
  SPEAKER_01: And the headstones are tilted like at a 45 degree angle.
• 8:47
  SPEAKER_00: That's a great one.
• 8:48
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah, yeah, yeah.
• 8:49
  SPEAKER_00: The headstone tilting, that's a great one to show for sure.
• 8:51
  SPEAKER_00: So soil creep is the slowest of the mass wasting processes, but it does take place on human timescales, as you said, on tree growing timescales.
• 9:00
  SPEAKER_00: Like this happens over uh maybe not in a year, but in decades for sure.
• 9:05
  SPEAKER_00: You can see this with older buildings, you can see this with older sidewalks, you can see this with older retaining walls or headstones, etc., or trees that are you know more than a decade old.
• 9:14
  SPEAKER_01: Even in cracks in a road or a driveway, for instance, you can see this this kind of uneven movement of the surface, and it causes cracks in concrete and asphalt, too.
• 9:25
  SPEAKER_01: So that's a another one, too, that is a nuisance to a lot of people, actually.
• 9:30
  SPEAKER_00: So how um how do you explain this?
• 9:34
  SPEAKER_00: Do you have a great analogy for soil creep or the process of it?
• 9:38
  SPEAKER_00: I guess how how do we get into it?
• 9:39
  SPEAKER_00: We've kind of described what it is, so everybody's got the visual in their head.
• 9:42
  SPEAKER_00: What is it?
• 9:42
  SPEAKER_00: What's going on?
• 9:43
  SPEAKER_00: What's the amazing geologic process that's that's sort of driving this?
• 9:47
  SPEAKER_01: Well, like I said before, it's driven by gravity.
• 9:50
  SPEAKER_01: But there are three things that really play in to making soil creep a big deal.
• 9:58
  SPEAKER_01: And those things are, first of all, water.
• 10:01
  SPEAKER_01: Water plays a big role in this whole thing because it makes the soil less cohesive and it just kind of aids, it lubricates the movement downslope, if you will.
• 10:11
  SPEAKER_01: And so the steeper the slope, obviously, and the wetter the soil is, uh, the faster the soil's gonna creep down slope.
• 10:18
  SPEAKER_01: So that's one thing, right?
• 10:19
  SPEAKER_01: But the other thing, and I'm gonna throw this back to you because when we talked about this before, you explained it quite well, actually, was the the role of ice wedging on little tiny particles right at the surface.
• 10:35
  SPEAKER_01: So what happens with that?
• 10:37
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah, so uh the way I think about this is when I'm kind of thinking of it like the hillside breathing in and out.
• 10:45
  SPEAKER_00: And if the hillside breathes in, meaning it gets saturated with water, it's going to expand.
• 10:50
  SPEAKER_00: And how does it expand?
• 10:52
  SPEAKER_00: Like think of one particle right on the edge of the hill.
• 10:55
  SPEAKER_00: Let's say it's this big hill that we can kind of envision.
• 10:58
  SPEAKER_00: The particle right at the peak of the hill, it's gonna go straight up.
• 11:01
  SPEAKER_00: When the whole hill expands, that particle is gonna go straight up.
• 11:04
  SPEAKER_00: But a particle on the side of the hill is not going to expand straight up, it's gonna expand outwards at like a 45 degree angle, right?
• 11:12
  SPEAKER_00: And it's expanding because of freezing, right?
• 11:15
  SPEAKER_00: Or, you know, water, if it gets saturated with water, that water can kind of push the whole hill out just a little bit.
• 11:21
  SPEAKER_00: Um, so many factors temperature can do this, it can kind of breathe in and out slightly because of temperature fluctuations, but ice wedging is a big one.
• 11:28
  SPEAKER_00: So when the hill like breathes in, expands, the particles are going to move outwards at like a 90 degree angle to the slope.
• 11:37
  SPEAKER_00: So if we're looking at this hill, the top one moves straight up, but on the sides, they're moving out to the side.
• 11:42
  SPEAKER_00: Those particles are moving out to the side.
• 11:45
  SPEAKER_00: Now, when it relaxes, when it breathes out and the hill relaxes back down, where do those grains go?
• 11:50
  SPEAKER_00: Well, gravity pulls them straight down.
• 11:52
  SPEAKER_00: So, Chris, we had this great analogy.
• 11:55
  SPEAKER_00: I think it's kind of similar to longshore current in this way.
• 11:59
  SPEAKER_00: When a wave hits the shore at an angle, it moves the grain up at an angle, then gravity pulls that grain straight down the beach front.
• 12:06
  SPEAKER_00: And so over time, the grains are moving to the left or the right, depending upon which way the waves are hitting the shore.
• 12:13
  SPEAKER_00: The same thing is happening here with the hill.
• 12:15
  SPEAKER_00: When ice wedging kind of makes the hill breathe in and expand, the grains are moving out at an angle, and then when the thaw happens and the hill relaxes, they're moving straight down.
• 12:26
  SPEAKER_00: So they go out than down.
• 12:28
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah, the zigzag.
• 12:29
  SPEAKER_00: It's the perfect zigzag.
• 12:31
  SPEAKER_01: I have a picture of this that I show.
• 12:33
  SPEAKER_01: I was in the Smoky Mountains in February.
• 12:36
  SPEAKER_01: Jenny and I like to take a midwinter break and go out in the mountains for like three or four days.
• 12:41
  SPEAKER_00: Famously, you get into big hiking competitions with high schoolers on the trail down there in the wintertime, if I remember correctly.
• 12:48
  SPEAKER_01: That is true.
• 12:50
  SPEAKER_01: Um, anyway, if the conditions are just right, you get these ice formations.
• 12:55
  SPEAKER_01: I think they're called ice curls, actually.
• 12:57
  SPEAKER_01: It's really long, skinny ice crystals that grow out from the ground.
• 13:03
  SPEAKER_01: Oh, yeah.
• 13:03
  SPEAKER_01: There's so I got yeah, they are really cool.
• 13:06
  SPEAKER_01: And I saw at the tip of one of these ice crystals, soil particles.
• 13:12
  SPEAKER_01: They had been heaved out.
• 13:14
  SPEAKER_01: So I got down with my phone and I took a really good picture of it all, right?
• 13:17
  SPEAKER_01: It's it's really a cool thing.
• 13:19
  SPEAKER_01: And you can see exactly what's happening.
• 13:21
  SPEAKER_01: It's exactly what you described.
• 13:22
  SPEAKER_01: These ice curls shove that those little soil particles perpendicular away from the slope, and then during the day they'll melt and they'll drop it straight down.
• 13:32
  SPEAKER_01: And so that little particle just moved, you know, just a couple millimeters down slope, right?
• 13:38
  SPEAKER_01: And it's like you should you throw that picture up there, and it's like, oh my gosh, you can actually see soil creep in action.
• 13:46
  SPEAKER_01: That's super cool.
• 13:47
  SPEAKER_00: And I think, Chris, one one last point is that this doesn't happen in flat areas, right?
• 13:51
  SPEAKER_00: Flat areas, the soil is just breathing up and then down, up and then down, up and then down.
• 13:54
  SPEAKER_00: On a hill slope, it goes out and then down, out and then down.
• 13:58
  SPEAKER_00: That's the important point here.
• 13:59
  SPEAKER_00: And so what's so okay, water was the first one.
• 14:03
  SPEAKER_00: This sort of ice wedging phenomenon was the second one.
• 14:05
  SPEAKER_00: What's the third one, Chris?
• 14:07
  SPEAKER_01: It's just simply rain splash, which makes sense.
• 14:10
  SPEAKER_01: Rain hits a slope and it's gonna splash the particles down slope.
• 14:14
  SPEAKER_01: So those are the three things that really contribute to soil care.
• 14:17
  SPEAKER_01: But uh look, we're talking about just a few centimeters a year usually.
• 14:21
  SPEAKER_01: Now it can be faster than that, but this is we're talking an inch, two inches, just a few centimeters on a like a year-to-year basis.
• 14:29
  SPEAKER_01: So this is not fast movement, but it's unrelenting.
• 14:33
  SPEAKER_00: It's a real force to be reckoned with, actually.
• 14:35
  SPEAKER_00: Totally, totally.
• 14:36
  SPEAKER_00: And and I think one important thing here, Chris, is that the edges or the tops of the soil move a lot faster than the interior of it.
• 14:44
  SPEAKER_00: So that's why we get this sort of tilting.
• 14:46
  SPEAKER_00: And if you imagine that headstone that you were talking about, that's a great example.
• 14:50
  SPEAKER_00: You know, maybe two-thirds of the headstone is above ground and one third is down in the ground, and the surface of the soil is moving down slope faster than the interior.
• 14:59
  SPEAKER_00: So right at the surface is moving downhill faster than an inch down into the soil.
• 15:04
  SPEAKER_00: And so that's why this thing tilts.
• 15:06
  SPEAKER_00: It kind of tilts down because you're getting this more rapid movement right near the surface, and as you go into the soil, there's less rapid movement.
• 15:13
  SPEAKER_00: That's a I think an important kind of uh point to make here as we're thinking about this.
• 15:19
  SPEAKER_01: That's right.
• 15:19
  SPEAKER_01: And I I actually uh you know I'm ashamed to say this, but I have a retaining wall, but I didn't do this.
• 15:25
  SPEAKER_01: Uh okay, I I bought the house that I live in, but I do have a retaining wall, it's a concrete wall, and it has a gigantic crack running right through the middle of it.
• 15:33
  SPEAKER_01: It's not structural or anything like that, but it's a result of you know, soil creep 100%.
• 15:39
  SPEAKER_01: You know, so it does that.
• 15:40
  SPEAKER_01: It it can damage the foundations of buildings, can damage roads and sidewalks and and obviously retaining walls, and so it it's a it's a thing to be dealt with, it's a it's a force to be reckoned with.
• 15:53
  SPEAKER_01: So how can we slow it down?
• 15:55
  SPEAKER_01: You know, how can we kind of mitigate or or deal with this phenomenon?
• 16:01
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah, well, unfortunately, biology comes into play here, but biology, vegetation is the great like soil immobilizer.
• 16:10
  SPEAKER_00: Anytime we don't want soil to move, you can put vegetation on it, especially trees with deeper roots.
• 16:15
  SPEAKER_00: Those are great at sort of locking soil into place.
• 16:18
  SPEAKER_00: So that's one kind of relatively simple one.
• 16:21
  SPEAKER_00: That's not always feasible, though, especially when you're like making a retaining wall around the house.
• 16:25
  SPEAKER_00: You don't want to plant a tree that's going to dig its roots into your foundation right next door, right?
• 16:28
  SPEAKER_00: So, what are some other ways?
• 16:30
  SPEAKER_00: There's some cool engineering things I think that people have figured out.
• 16:33
  SPEAKER_01: There's a thing called tough cells, and there are different brands of this, but it's basically this honeycomb network that it can be made up of many different materials, but think of like this honeycomb plastic thing that you set on the slope and then put sediment in the honeycomb spaces.
• 16:51
  SPEAKER_01: All right.
• 16:52
  SPEAKER_01: Does that make sense when honey?
• 16:53
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah, these honeycombs are like a couple inches wide.
• 16:55
  SPEAKER_00: So you think of like a beehive honeycomb, except the cells are a couple inches wide or so.
• 17:00
  SPEAKER_00: That's kind of the scale of what we're thinking of, roundabout, maybe a foot or something like that.
• 17:04
  SPEAKER_01: But and basically then what it does is it just arrests the downhill movement of material because it's all connected to each other, because it's in these spaces, it has nowhere to go.
• 17:15
  SPEAKER_01: And so, like, I guess that's one way to, you know, maybe even stop soil creep from happening altogether if you're on a steep slope.
• 17:24
  SPEAKER_00: Yeah, that's right.
• 17:25
  SPEAKER_00: That's a that's a good one, Chris.
• 17:26
  SPEAKER_00: And there's there's a few that some people would put reinforcements into a concrete wall, like you have, like retaining walls with big rebar running in and put an anchor way back in the hill that is kind of anchoring the wall in place.
• 17:38
  SPEAKER_00: Those are like structural things that are just trying to make the wall more forceful, but it's not actually stopping that pressure movement, whereas these tough cells are kind of distributing that downslope movement pressure a bit more and kind of changing the physics of the hill slope as opposed to just trying to make your wall stronger, right?
• 17:56
  SPEAKER_00: There's a kind of two different approaches to the the problem here.
• 18:00
  SPEAKER_00: So, but it's a difficult one, and it's and it happens over a long time frame.
• 18:04
  SPEAKER_00: So we might not be thinking, you know, 40 years ahead of when we're building, but we should be many times.
• 18:09
  SPEAKER_01: Well, you know, it's hard to stop geology, Jesse.
• 18:12
  SPEAKER_00: It's very hard to stop geology.
• 18:16
  SPEAKER_00: Uh you need a shirt with that.
• 18:18
  SPEAKER_00: It's hard to stop geology.
• 18:20
  SPEAKER_01: I I you know that's a good really good idea, actually.
• 18:23
  SPEAKER_01: It's a good one.
• 18:24
  SPEAKER_00: What was the other shirt we were gonna have?
• 18:25
  SPEAKER_00: We're gonna have erosion happens, right?
• 18:27
  SPEAKER_00: Erosion happens.
• 18:28
  SPEAKER_00: Is that the one?
• 18:28
  SPEAKER_00: Erosion happens, and it's hard to stop geology.
• 18:30
  SPEAKER_00: Crystal heist.
• 18:33
  SPEAKER_01: I'm not gonna claim the erosion happens one day.
• 18:35
  SPEAKER_01: I think that one is I think the Grand Canyon came up with that.
• 18:40
  SPEAKER_01: They have it on a bunch of those shirts.
• 18:42
  SPEAKER_01: Erosion happens, and it doesn't get any more appropriate than that shirt at the Grand Canyon.
• 18:47
  SPEAKER_00: So it's hard to stop geology.
• 18:50
  SPEAKER_00: That's a good crispism right there.
• 18:52
  SPEAKER_00: I love it.
• 18:52
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, it just came to me just like that.
• 18:54
  SPEAKER_01: That that is an original.
• 18:55
  SPEAKER_01: Yeah, thank you.
• 18:56
  SPEAKER_01: Appreciate that.
• 18:56
  SPEAKER_00: Hey, Chris, I think that's a wrap.
• 18:58
  SPEAKER_00: If you want to send us an email, we love getting emails.
• 19:00
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• 19:01
  SPEAKER_00: We're always putting together off so episodes.
• 19:03
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• 19:06
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• 19:09
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• 19:11
  SPEAKER_00: A bunch of people have done that recently.
• 19:12
  SPEAKER_00: We really appreciate that, actually.
• 19:14
  SPEAKER_00: If you want to learn about all the basics of geoscience, you can head over to campcourses.
• 19:18
  SPEAKER_00: That's geo.campcourses.com.
• 19:21
  SPEAKER_00: You can learn all about the basics with visuals.
• 19:23
  SPEAKER_00: I think we've done a pretty good job of that.
• 19:25
  SPEAKER_00: And the interface is newly revised, and I think it looks a lot better than it did initially, Chris.
• 19:30
  SPEAKER_00: So head over there, let us know what you think, and as always, leave us a review and a rating.
• 19:35
  SPEAKER_00: We always appreciate it.
• 19:36
  SPEAKER_00: Cheers.
• 19:37
  SPEAKER_00: You can't stop geology.
• 19:40
  SPEAKER_00: True.