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31 - A History of the Roman Empire From Augustus to Aurelius by John Bagnell Bury · A History of the Roman Empire From Augustus to Aurelius

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  Speaker 1: Chapter sixteen, Section two and three of H. B. Bury's
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  Speaker 1: The Students Roman Empire, Part one. This is a LibriVox recording.
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  Speaker 1: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
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  Speaker 1: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The
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  Speaker 1: Students Roman Empire, Part one by John Bucknell Bury, Chapter sixteen,
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  Speaker 1: The Conquest of Britain, Section two and three. Section two
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  Speaker 1: Administration and extension of the province under Plotius, Austorius and Didius.
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  Speaker 1: The true conqueror of Britain was Aldus Plotius, and he
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  Speaker 1: remained there until forty seven a d as legatus proprietory
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  Speaker 1: of the new province. During these years, the progress of
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  Speaker 1: the conquest went on chiefly in the west and south.
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  Speaker 1: Vespasian and his brother Flavius Sabinus played a prominent part
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  Speaker 1: in breaking the resistance of the natives. Vespasian is said
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  Speaker 1: to have fought thirty battles during his command in Britain,
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  Speaker 1: and to have captured twenty places. One of his chief
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  Speaker 1: achievements was the reduction of Vectis the Isle of Wight.
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  Speaker 1: The Romans must also have penetrated to the border of
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  Speaker 1: Somersetshire at this period, for there have been found in
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  Speaker 1: the Mendip Hills two pigs of lead with the names
• 1:36
  Speaker 1: of Claudius and his son, dating from the year forty
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  Speaker 1: nine a d. In the east, the Isene, a powerful
• 1:44
  Speaker 1: tribe who held the regions which after the English conquest
• 1:48
  Speaker 1: became East Anglia, submitted to Roman overlordship. It may be
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  Speaker 1: so roughly that a line drawn from Aquasulis Bath to Londinium,
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  Speaker 1: things through Kaleva Silchester, and extended so as to take
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  Speaker 1: in Camelodunum, may roughly define the limits of Roman Britain.
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  Speaker 1: When Plotius was recalled, Plotius received the reward for an ovation,
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  Speaker 1: a rare distinction under the Empire for anyone not belonging
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  Speaker 1: to the imperial family. The successor of Plotius was p
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  Speaker 1: Ostorius Scapola, and immediately on his arrival towards the close
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  Speaker 1: of the season, he was called upon to subdue a
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  Speaker 1: rising of the Issini. The Iseni were all the more
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  Speaker 1: formidable as their strengths had not yet been weakened by war.
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  Speaker 1: They instigated the surrounding tribes to take up arms and
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  Speaker 1: choose as a battlefield a place enclosed by a rude
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  Speaker 1: barrier with a narrow approach and impenetrable to cavalry. Ostorius
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  Speaker 1: led the auxiliary troops, without the strength of the legions,
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  Speaker 1: whose presence in other parts of the country was necessary,
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  Speaker 1: against these defenses, and attempted to break through them. He
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  Speaker 1: equipped the cavalry to do the duty of infantry and
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  Speaker 1: succeeded in forcing the barriers. The rebels, finding escape impossible,
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  Speaker 1: fought desperately, and the general's son, Marcus Ostorius, won the
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  Speaker 1: Civic Crown for saving a citizen's life. Those tribes, which
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  Speaker 1: were hesitating in between war and peace, were quieted by
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  Speaker 1: this defeat of the Isene, But the main work of
• 3:35
  Speaker 1: Austorius lay in the west. The peoples of the mountainous
• 3:39
  Speaker 1: districts of Wales presented a stubborn resistance to the progress
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  Speaker 1: of Roman arms in that direction, and they were organized
• 3:47
  Speaker 1: by the indomitable spirit of Caractacus, who, when his own people,
• 3:53
  Speaker 1: the Trinovantes, were irretrievably overthrown, retreated to the west and
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  Speaker 1: there maintained with vigor and success the struggle for British independence.
• 4:05
  Speaker 1: The remains of the British entrenchments in the counties which
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  Speaker 1: border on Wales are probably a record of this struggle.
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  Speaker 1: Glebum Leicester seems at this time to have become the
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  Speaker 1: headquarters of the second legion, and Austorius probably drew a
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  Speaker 1: line of forts from this point across country to Camelodonum.
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  Speaker 1: Ostorius first attacked the Dekangi, an obscure tribe who dwelled
• 4:32
  Speaker 1: probably in the neighborhood of Deva, Chester, and then advanced
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  Speaker 1: into the hilly land of the Silurs, whose habitation corresponded
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  Speaker 1: to Hereford, Monmouth and South Wales. The position of Viroquonium
• 4:47
  Speaker 1: Roxeter was occupied as a stronghold against the Ordovices, and
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  Speaker 1: became for some time the headquarters of the fifteenth Legion.
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  Speaker 1: The Britons were far inferior in military strength, but Caractacus
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  Speaker 1: knew how to take advantage of the intricacies of the country.
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  Speaker 1: After a struggle of three years, he changed the scene
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  Speaker 1: of war from the land of the Salute northward to
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  Speaker 1: the territory of the Ordovices, and thus compelled the Roman
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  Speaker 1: army to retrace its steps under great difficulties. Fifty one
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  Speaker 1: a d. His rent resolved on bringing the war to
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  Speaker 1: a final issue. He chose a position for the battle
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  Speaker 1: in which it would be easy for his own forces
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  Speaker 1: and difficult for the Romans either to advance or retreat,
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  Speaker 1: and piled up stone ramparts on some lofty hills wherever
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  Speaker 1: the slope was gentle enough to admit of an approach.
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  Speaker 1: A river lay in front of his position, and he
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  Speaker 1: drew up his men before the defenses. He made a
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  Speaker 1: stirring appeal to his followers to recover their freedom, and
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  Speaker 1: every warrior swore by the gods of his tribe to
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  Speaker 1: shrink neither from the wounds nor weapons. The Roman general
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  Speaker 1: was somewhat daunted by the enthusiasm of the foe, the
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  Speaker 1: river in front of him the frowning hills behind, but
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  Speaker 1: the soldiers insisted on accepting battle. Having made a careful
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  Speaker 1: survey of the assailable points in the enemy's position, Ostorius
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  Speaker 1: led his troops across the river without difficulty and attacked
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  Speaker 1: the barrier. As long as it was a fight with missiles,
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  Speaker 1: the Romans had the worst of it, but when the
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  Speaker 1: testudo was formed and the soldiers advanced with locked shields,
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  Speaker 1: the rude fence was easily thrown down, and the barbarians
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  Speaker 1: were forced to retire up the heights. The Romans pursued
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  Speaker 1: them and As the Britons had no defensive armor, their
• 6:51
  Speaker 1: ranks were soon broken. When they turned to oppose the
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  Speaker 1: light armed Auxiliaries, the Legionaries hewed them down behind and
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  Speaker 1: with swords and javelins. When they turned round to resist
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  Speaker 1: the legendaries, they were attacked by the spears and sabers
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  Speaker 1: of the auxiliaries. It was a great and decisive victory.
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  Speaker 1: The wife and daughter of Caractacus were immediately captured, his
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  Speaker 1: brothers surrendered, and he was soon afterwards taken prisoner through
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  Speaker 1: the treachery of Cartimandua, queen of the Brigandes, to whom
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  Speaker 1: he had fled for refuge, and was sent to Rome.
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  Speaker 1: His fame was celebrated in Italy, and all were eager
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  Speaker 1: to see the hero who had defied the Roman power
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  Speaker 1: for nine years. The people of Rome were summoned as
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  Speaker 1: to a great spectacle. The praetorian cohorts were drawn up
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  Speaker 1: in front of their camp, a procession of the clients
• 7:47
  Speaker 1: of the British prince defiled before the emperor's tribunal. The
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  Speaker 1: ornaments and chains of Caractacus, and the spoils which he
• 7:55
  Speaker 1: had won in war with other tribes were displayed. Then
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  Speaker 1: followed him, his brothers, his wife, and his daughter, last
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  Speaker 1: of all the warrior himself. While all the others were
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  Speaker 1: called into humility, Caractacus did not seek to move compassion,
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  Speaker 1: either by word or lock. Claudius pardoned him and his kinsfolk,
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  Speaker 1: and the captives released from their chains did homage to
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  Speaker 1: the Emperor and Agrippina, who sat on another throne beside him,
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  Speaker 1: although it was an unheard of thing that a woman
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  Speaker 1: should sit on the tribunal of the Imperator surrounded by
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  Speaker 1: the standards. After this solemnity, the Senate assembled and laudatory
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  Speaker 1: speeches were delivered, and the capture of Caractacus, which was
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  Speaker 1: compared to the exhibition of Seafax by Scipio or that
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  Speaker 1: of Perseus by Aemilius Paulus. Caractacus was retained, like the
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  Speaker 1: Suabian Marobodus, in an honorable custody until his death. Ostorius
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  Speaker 1: received the triumphal ornaments. This victory, although decisive, was by
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  Speaker 1: no means equivalent to the subjugation of western Britain. The
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  Speaker 1: quarters of the second Legion were established further west at
• 9:13
  Speaker 1: Isca Silurum carlon On the ask to be distinguished from
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  Speaker 1: Isca Dumnoniorum Exeter, and it was exposed there to great dangers,
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  Speaker 1: sustaining several serious reverses. At the same time, the great
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  Speaker 1: tribe of the Brigandes in the north, who held all
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  Speaker 1: the land north of the Trent, at least as far
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  Speaker 1: as the Tyne, displayed signs of hostility to the Romans.
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  Speaker 1: Scapoola did not long survive his victory. He died in
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  Speaker 1: fifty two a d. Worn out, it was said, by
• 9:47
  Speaker 1: the troublesome and exhausting warfare against the Silurs. During the
• 9:52
  Speaker 1: following sixty years under the administration of Aulustidious Gaulos fifty
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  Speaker 1: two to fifty seven AD and Veranius fifty seven to
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  Speaker 1: fifty eight a d. The limits of the province do
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  Speaker 1: not seem to have been extended. The governorship of Ostorius
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  Speaker 1: Scapola was also marked by the plantation of the first
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  Speaker 1: military colony, the ancient capital of Conohelinus was chosen to
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  Speaker 1: hold somewhat the same position in Britain that Lugodoonnum held
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  Speaker 1: in gaul It is remarkable that this place was preferred
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  Speaker 1: to Londinium, which was commercially the most considerable town in Britain.
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  Speaker 1: Under Conobelunus, Camolodonum had assumed an importance eclipsing that of
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  Speaker 1: all other British opidui, though still apparently resembling the general type,
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  Speaker 1: inconsisting of a large and closed tract of some square miles,
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  Speaker 1: protected on the east, north and south by the tidal
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  Speaker 1: marshes of the Colonne and its small tributary still called
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  Speaker 1: the Roman River, and on its assailable side the west
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  Speaker 1: by strong earthworks, in part still traceable from stream to stream.
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  Speaker 1: The official name given to the new colony was Colonia Victorix,
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  Speaker 1: and the temple was erected to Claudius for the purpose
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  Speaker 1: of establishing a provincial worship like that which Augustus had
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  Speaker 1: instituted in Gaul. A theater and other buildings soon sprang up,
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  Speaker 1: but like Londonium and Verulamium, it was left unwalled and
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  Speaker 1: inadequately defended. When Didius arrived in the province, he found
• 11:39
  Speaker 1: that one of the legions under Molius Valence had been
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  Speaker 1: defeated by the Silurs, who were scoring the country far
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  Speaker 1: and wide. Having dispersed them, he was obliged to turn
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  Speaker 1: his arms against the brigands. A chief of the stribe
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  Speaker 1: named Venutius was, since the capture of Caractacus, the foremost
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  Speaker 1: warrior and the ablest leader in the cause of British independence.
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  Speaker 1: He had for many years been faithful to Rome and
• 12:09
  Speaker 1: had been united in marriage to the Queen Cartimandua, but
• 12:13
  Speaker 1: they quarreled and were divorced. A domestic war followed, and
• 12:17
  Speaker 1: while the queen held to the Romans, Whenutius changed his
• 12:22
  Speaker 1: attitude to them, also by wily stratagems, Carimantua got into
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  Speaker 1: her power the brothers and kinsmen of Benuctius, and this
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  Speaker 1: led to an invasion of her kingdom by the flower
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  Speaker 1: of the British youth. Roman cohorts were sent to the
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  Speaker 1: assistance of the queen and effectually protected her. Desultory warfare
• 12:46
  Speaker 1: seems to have continued during the following years, but no
• 12:50
  Speaker 1: further events of importance are recorded. In the governorship of
• 12:54
  Speaker 1: Didius Veranius, his successor A. No Domini fifty eight made
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  Speaker 1: some small raids upon the Silus, but was prevented by
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  Speaker 1: death from continuing the war. Section three. Governorship of Suetonius Paulinus.
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  Speaker 1: A new advance was made when the able and ambitious
• 13:15
  Speaker 1: Souetonius Paulinus, who had distinguished himself in Mauritania was appointed
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  Speaker 1: legatus in fifty nine a d. It was he probably
• 13:25
  Speaker 1: who occupied Deva and made it the quarters of the
• 13:29
  Speaker 1: twenteenth Legion. The camp, as it came to be called
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  Speaker 1: Castra or Chester. Deva, served as a post against North
• 13:37
  Speaker 1: Wales on the one side, and against the Brigands on
• 13:41
  Speaker 1: the other. It is probable that he spent his first
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  Speaker 1: two years in subduing the northern parts of Wales, and
• 13:49
  Speaker 1: in sixty one a d. He pushed forward with the
• 13:53
  Speaker 1: fifteenth Legion to exterminate the Druidical worship. In its extreme retreat,
• 13:59
  Speaker 1: the British pria ssterhood had retired to the island of Mona,
• 14:03
  Speaker 1: the present Anglesy, where they hoped to be able to
• 14:07
  Speaker 1: protect themselves by the Strait. But Souetonius was not foiled.
• 14:12
  Speaker 1: He prepared rafts for the transport of his infantry across
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  Speaker 1: the stream, and landed on the shore of the island
• 14:19
  Speaker 1: in the face of a dense array of Britons, while
• 14:22
  Speaker 1: in the background the woman dressed in black and with
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  Speaker 1: disheveled hair, brandish torches, and the priests imprecated curses and
• 14:31
  Speaker 1: those who had come to disturb them. Panic seized the Romans,
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  Speaker 1: but not for long. The landing was forced, the enemy
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  Speaker 1: was utterly rooted, and the sacred groves were cut down
• 14:43
  Speaker 1: or burned. It was probably in connection with this expedition
• 14:49
  Speaker 1: that Segontium, whose name is still preserved in caer Seynod,
• 14:53
  Speaker 1: was founded. But while Suetonius was busy in the west,
• 14:58
  Speaker 1: a great insurrection broke out in the east. The Isene
• 15:03
  Speaker 1: were the ringleaders. This tribe, under its king Prasutagus, had
• 15:09
  Speaker 1: been suffered, notwithstanding its former revolt to retain its position
• 15:14
  Speaker 1: of a client tributary state. The heavy exactions imposed by
• 15:18
  Speaker 1: the Fiscus and the violence and insolence of the imperial
• 15:22
  Speaker 1: procurator in levying the Jews excited general discontent. The British
• 15:28
  Speaker 1: communities were compiled to borrow from Roman money lenders in
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: order to meet these exactions, and Seneca is stated to
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: have directly promoted the rebellion by suddenly calling in his investments.
• 15:43
  Speaker 1: On the death of the king, the land of the
• 15:46
  Speaker 1: Isene was annexed to the province. Prosutagus had made the
• 15:51
  Speaker 1: emperor his heir along with his two daughters, thinking that
• 15:56
  Speaker 1: this compliment would secure his family and his kingdom from
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: injury at the hands of the Romans. But it turned
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: out quite the reverse. The agents of the imperial procurator
• 16:08
  Speaker 1: plundered the house of the dead king on the plea
• 16:11
  Speaker 1: of exacting the inheritance, and treated his family with outrage.
• 16:16
  Speaker 1: His wife, Bois Dicaea, was beaten with stripes, and his
• 16:20
  Speaker 1: daughters were dishonored. His relations were made slaves, and the
• 16:25
  Speaker 1: chief men of the tribe were stripped of their poor property.
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: The Isni were roused by these indignities and the fear
• 16:33
  Speaker 1: of wars, and they found allies in the Trinovantes, who
• 16:37
  Speaker 1: smarted under the violence of the veterans settled at Camelodonum.
• 16:42
  Speaker 1: These colonists drew the natives out of their houses in farms,
• 16:46
  Speaker 1: and the priests who officiated at the temple of the
• 16:50
  Speaker 1: Divine Claudius levied heavy exactions for the maintenance of the
• 16:55
  Speaker 1: alien worship. The rebels choose a moment at which all
• 17:00
  Speaker 1: the legions were far away, and marched against Camolodonum. The
• 17:05
  Speaker 1: inhabitants impleaded help from the procurator Catus de Chianus, who
• 17:10
  Speaker 1: sent a reinforcement of two hundred men without regular arms,
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: but the place was undefended either by force or by rampart,
• 17:19
  Speaker 1: and secret accomplices in the revolt hindered them from taking
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: fitting precautions. They did not even remove the women and
• 17:27
  Speaker 1: old men, but all took refuge and the temple of Claudius,
• 17:32
  Speaker 1: hoping that succor might come. An immense host of Briton
• 17:36
  Speaker 1: surrounded the place, and the sanctuary was stormed. After a
• 17:39
  Speaker 1: siege of two days. All the defenders are put to
• 17:43
  Speaker 1: death with the greatest cruelty. The tidings of the outbreak
• 17:47
  Speaker 1: first reached Petilius Cerialis, the commander of Legion nine, which,
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: though its station at this moment is not known, was
• 17:57
  Speaker 1: nearest the scene of the revolt. He hurried to attack
• 18:01
  Speaker 1: the insurgents, but in a great battle the infantry was
• 18:04
  Speaker 1: cut to pieces, and only the cavalry escaped. Ptilius could
• 18:09
  Speaker 1: not do more than hold his intrenchments until the arrival
• 18:13
  Speaker 1: of Suetonius, who was hastening eastward with fourteen s legion
• 18:18
  Speaker 1: from Mona, reinforced by the veterans of the Twenteens, which
• 18:22
  Speaker 1: he picked up at the Deva. Legionaries and auxiliaries. In
• 18:27
  Speaker 1: all his forces amounted to about ten thousand men. He
• 18:31
  Speaker 1: had intended that legion second stationed at Isca Silurum, should
• 18:37
  Speaker 1: also march eastward in this great emergency, but the commander
• 18:41
  Speaker 1: disobeyed the summons on the plea doubtless of troubles with
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: the Siluts. In order not to dissipate his forces. Suetonius
• 18:51
  Speaker 1: was obliged to leave the important and populous towns of
• 18:54
  Speaker 1: Londinium and Verulamium to the fury and greed of the insurgents, who,
• 19:00
  Speaker 1: having burnt the Claudian colony, were marching about bent on destruction.
• 19:06
  Speaker 1: The movements of the Roman general are very uncertain, but
• 19:10
  Speaker 1: the decisive battle seems to have taken place in the
• 19:13
  Speaker 1: neighborhood of Camelodonum. He choose his own battle ground. The
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: position which he selected was approached by a narrow defile
• 19:22
  Speaker 1: and closed at the other end by a forest entront
• 19:27
  Speaker 1: extended an open plain, where there was no danger from ambuscades.
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: In this position he could not be outflanked or surrounded.
• 19:35
  Speaker 1: In the rear, the chief dangers from the superior numbers
• 19:39
  Speaker 1: of the enemy. The legions were drawn up in close
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: array round them, the light armed cohorts and the cavalry
• 19:47
  Speaker 1: were massed on to the wanks. The army of the Britons,
• 19:52
  Speaker 1: consisting of both infantry and cavalry, were confident of victory
• 19:57
  Speaker 1: and had hampered themselves with their wives riding wagons to
• 20:00
  Speaker 1: witness their triumph. Boas Decie, a woman of spirit and determination,
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: had blazoned abroad among her people the treatment she had received,
• 20:11
  Speaker 1: and drove about in her chariot along with her daughters
• 20:14
  Speaker 1: from tribe to tribe, calling upon her countrymen to throw
• 20:18
  Speaker 1: off the foreign yoke. But in spite of their numbers
• 20:22
  Speaker 1: and their order, the Britons experienced a crushing defeat. At first,
• 20:28
  Speaker 1: the legion kept its post in the narrow defile, but
• 20:31
  Speaker 1: when the pila, which were hurled with unerring aim on
• 20:35
  Speaker 1: the advancing foe, had been exhausted, they rushed forward in
• 20:40
  Speaker 1: a wage like column and broke the British center. The
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: auxiliaries and the cavalry completed the victory, and the flight
• 20:48
  Speaker 1: of the conquered enemy was impeded by the wagons. Their
• 20:52
  Speaker 1: losses computed at merely eighty Southern Boadcaire poisoned herself and
• 20:58
  Speaker 1: the commander of second Region, who had disobeyed orders, and
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: thereby Hepty's troops from sharing the glory of the fourteenths,
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: committed suicide. The number of Roman citizens and allies who
• 21:11
  Speaker 1: had perished at the hands of the rebels is stated
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: to have been about seventy thousand, and it was necessary
• 21:19
  Speaker 1: to begin the work of civilization in the eastern districts
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: all over again. Considerable reinforcements arrived from Gaul. The Nines
• 21:29
  Speaker 1: legion was recruited again, and the whole army was brought
• 21:32
  Speaker 1: together to stamp out the remaining sparks of rebellion. Soetonius
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: took a terrible vengeance. He wasted the land of the
• 21:42
  Speaker 1: enemy with fire and sword, and the famine which ensued
• 21:46
  Speaker 1: made great havoc among the Iseni. Perhaps at this time
• 21:51
  Speaker 1: the stronghold Adventa Isnorum was established to control the districts
• 21:56
  Speaker 1: north of Camelodonum. Soetoni Us was a severe ruler. His
• 22:01
  Speaker 1: councils were always of sternness, never of lenity. Charges of
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: oppression were brought against him by a procurator, and Polycletus,
• 22:12
  Speaker 1: an imperial freedmen, was sent to the island to investigate
• 22:15
  Speaker 1: the matter. His decision was practically adverse to Suetonius, who
• 22:21
  Speaker 1: was recalled sixty one a d and replaced in the
• 22:24
  Speaker 1: command by Petronius to Pilianus, a man of more conciliatory temper.
• 22:31
  Speaker 1: Under his auspices, Southern Britain seemed to have become contented
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: with Roman rule. The towns which had been sacked by
• 22:38
  Speaker 1: the Nie were rebuilt and soon resumed their former prosperity,
• 22:43
  Speaker 1: Camelodonum as the center of the Roman administration and Londinium
• 22:49
  Speaker 1: as the center of British commerce. By this time all
• 22:53
  Speaker 1: the most important stations in the province were connected by
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: Roman roads. The two most important reas roads Watling Street
• 23:02
  Speaker 1: leading to the west and Ermine Street to the north.
• 23:05
  Speaker 1: Through Camelodonum met at Londinium. The chief seaports were RUTOPIAI,
• 23:12
  Speaker 1: Ridgeboro and Portos Lemanis, which preserves its old name as Lumn.
• 23:18
  Speaker 1: It is highly probable that these places, as well as
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: inland centers such as Kaleva Silchester near Reading and Corinium
• 23:28
  Speaker 1: kir Ancestor, were already beginning to become centers of Roman civilization.
• 23:37
  Speaker 1: End of chapter sixteen