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SUN TZU — THE ART OF WAR: Timeless Strategies for Success, Leadership, Victory & Power · SECRETS OF SUCCESS & WEALTH: Hidden Laws of Money, Power & Success

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Sun Tzu, The Art of War Chapter 1, Laying Plans
• 0:06
  Speaker 1: Sun Tzu said, The art of war is of vital
• 0:08
  Speaker 1: importance to the state. It is a matter of life
• 0:12
  Speaker 1: and death, a road either to safety or to ruin.
• 0:16
  Speaker 1: Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on
• 0:18
  Speaker 1: no account be neglected. The art of war, then, is
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  Speaker 1: governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account
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  Speaker 1: in one's deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining
• 0:30
  Speaker 1: in the field. These are 1. The moral law 2.
• 0:36
  Speaker 1: Heaven 3. Earth 4. The commander 5. Method and discipline
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  Speaker 1: The moral law causes the people to be in complete
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  Speaker 1: accord with their ruler, so that they will follow him
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  Speaker 1: regardless of their lives, undismayed by any danger. Heaven signifies
• 0:55
  Speaker 1: night and day, cold and heat, times and seasons. Earth
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  Speaker 1: comprises distances, great and small, danger and security, open ground
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  Speaker 1: and narrow passes, the chances of life and death. The
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  Speaker 1: commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerity, benevolence, courage
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  Speaker 1: and strictness. By method and discipline are to be understood
• 1:18
  Speaker 1: the marshalling of the army in its proper subdivisions, the
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  Speaker 1: gradations of rank among the officers, the maintenance of roads
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  Speaker 1: by which supplies may reach the army, and the control
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  Speaker 1: of military expenditure. These five heads should be familiar to
• 1:32
  Speaker 1: every general, he who knows them will be victorious, he
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  Speaker 1: who knows them not will fail. Therefore, in your deliberations,
• 1:40
  Speaker 1: when seeking to determine the military conditions, let them be
• 1:43
  Speaker 1: made the basis of a comparison, in this wise. 1.
• 1:48
  Speaker 1: Which of the two sovereigns is imbued with the moral law? 2.
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  Speaker 1: Which of the two generals has most ability? 3. With
• 1:57
  Speaker 1: whom lie the advantages derived from heaven and earth? 4.
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  Speaker 1: On which side is discipline most rigorously enforced? 5. Which
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  Speaker 1: army is the stronger? 6. On which side are officers
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  Speaker 1: and men more highly trained? 7. In which army is
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  Speaker 1: there the greater constancy both in reward and punishment? By
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  Speaker 1: means of these seven considerations I can forecast victory or defeat.
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  Speaker 1: The general that hearkens to my counsel and acts upon it,
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  Speaker 1: will conquer, let such a one be retained in command.
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  Speaker 1: The general that hearkens not to my counsel nor acts
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  Speaker 1: upon it, will suffer defeat, let such a one be dismissed.
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  Speaker 1: While heeding the profit of my counsel, avail yourself also
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  Speaker 1: of any helpful circumstances over and beyond the ordinary rules.
• 2:47
  Speaker 1: According as circumstances are favorable, one should modify one's plans.
• 2:52
  Speaker 1: All warfare is based on deception. Hence, when able to attack,
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  Speaker 1: we must seem unable, when using our forces, we must
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  Speaker 1: seem inactive, when we are near, we must make the
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  Speaker 1: enemy believe we are far away, when far away, we
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  Speaker 1: must make him believe we are near. Hold out baits
• 3:10
  Speaker 1: to entice the enemy. Feign disorder, and crush him. If
• 3:15
  Speaker 1: he is secure at all points, be prepared for him.
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  Speaker 1: If he is in superior strength, evade him. If your
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  Speaker 1: opponent is of choleric temper, seek to irritate him. Pretend
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  Speaker 1: to be weak, that he may grow arrogant. If he
• 3:31
  Speaker 1: is taking his ease, give him no rest. If his
• 3:34
  Speaker 1: forces are united, separate them. Attack him where he is unprepared,
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  Speaker 1: appear where you are not expected. These military devices, leading
• 3:44
  Speaker 1: to victory, must not be divulged beforehand. Now the general
• 3:48
  Speaker 1: who wins a battle makes many calculations in his temple
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: ere the battle is fought. The general who loses a
• 3:55
  Speaker 1: battle makes but few calculations beforehand. Thus do many calculations
• 4:00
  Speaker 1: lead to victory, and few calculations to defeat, how much
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  Speaker 1: more no calculation at all. It is by attention to
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  Speaker 1: this point that I can foresee who is likely to
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  Speaker 1: win or lose. Sun Tzu, The Art of War Chapter 2,
• 4:16
  Speaker 1: Waging War Sun Tzu said, In the operations of war,
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  Speaker 1: where there are in the field a thousand swift chariots,
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  Speaker 1: as many heavy chariots, and a hundred thousand mail-clad soldiers,
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  Speaker 1: with provisions enough to carry them a thousand li, the
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  Speaker 1: expenditure at home and at the front, including entertainment of guests,
• 4:34
  Speaker 1: small items such as glue and paint, and some spent
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  Speaker 1: on chariots and armor, will reach the total of a
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  Speaker 1: thousand ounces of silver per day. Such is the cost
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  Speaker 1: of raising an army of 100,000 men. When you engage
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  Speaker 1: in actual fighting, if victory is long in coming, the
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  Speaker 1: men's weapons will grow dull and their ardor will be damped.
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  Speaker 1: If you lay siege to a town, you will exhaust
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  Speaker 1: your strength. Again, if the campaign is protracted, the resources
• 5:02
  Speaker 1: of the state will not be equal to the strain. Now,
• 5:06
  Speaker 1: when your weapons are dulled, your ardor damped, your strength
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  Speaker 1: exhausted and your treasure spent, other chieftains will spring up
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  Speaker 1: to take advantage of your extremity. Then no man, however wise,
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  Speaker 1: will be able to avert the consequences that must ensue. Thus,
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  Speaker 1: though we have heard of stupid haste in war, cleverness
• 5:25
  Speaker 1: has never been seen associated with long delays. There is
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  Speaker 1: no instance of a country having benefited from prolonged warfare.
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  Speaker 1: It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the
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  Speaker 1: evils of war that can thoroughly understand the profitable way
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  Speaker 1: of carrying it on. The skillful soldier does not raise
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  Speaker 1: a second levy, neither are his supply wagons loaded more
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  Speaker 1: than twice. Bring war material with you from home, but
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  Speaker 1: forage on the enemy. Thus the army will have food
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  Speaker 1: enough for its needs. Poverty of the state exchequer causes
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  Speaker 1: an army to be maintained by contributions from a distance.
• 6:02
  Speaker 1: Contributing to maintain an army at a distance causes the
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  Speaker 1: people to be impoverished. On the other hand, the proximity
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  Speaker 1: of an army causes prices to go up, and high
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  Speaker 1: prices cause the people's substance to be drained away. When
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  Speaker 1: their substance is drained away, the peasantry will be afflicted
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  Speaker 1: by heavy exactions. With this loss of substance and exhaustion
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  Speaker 1: of strength, the homes of the people will be stripped bare,
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  Speaker 1: and three-tenths of their incomes will be dissipated, while government
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  Speaker 1: expenses for broken chariots, worn-out horses, breastplates and helmets, bows
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  Speaker 1: and arrows, spears and shields, protective medlets, draft oxen and
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  Speaker 1: heavy wagons, will amount to four-tenths of its total revenue.
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  Speaker 1: Hence a wise general makes a point of foraging on
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  Speaker 1: the enemy. One cartload of the enemy's provisions is equivalent
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  Speaker 1: to twenty of one's own, and likewise a single pickle
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  Speaker 1: of his provender is equivalent to twenty from one's own store.
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  Speaker 1: Now in order to kill the enemy, our men must
• 7:00
  Speaker 1: be roused to anger. that there may be advantage from
• 7:03
  Speaker 1: defeating the enemy, they must have their rewards. Therefore in
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  Speaker 1: chariot fighting, when ten or more chariots have been taken,
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  Speaker 1: those should be rewarded who took the first. Our own
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: flags should be substituted for those of the enemy, and
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  Speaker 1: the chariots mingled and used in conjunction with ours. The
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  Speaker 1: captured soldiers should be kindly treated and kept. This is called,
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  Speaker 1: using the conquered foe to augment one's own strength. In war, then,
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  Speaker 1: let your great object be victory, not lengthy campaigns. Thus
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  Speaker 1: it may be known that the leader of armies is
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  Speaker 1: the arbiter of the people's fate, the man on whom
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  Speaker 1: it depends whether the nation shall be in peace or
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  Speaker 1: in peril. Sun Tzu, The Art of War Chapter 3,
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  Speaker 1: Attack by Stratagem Sun Tzu said, In the practical art
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  Speaker 1: of war, the best thing of all is to take
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  Speaker 1: the enemy's country whole and intact, to shatter and destroy
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  Speaker 1: it is not so good. So, too, it is better
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  Speaker 1: to capture an army entire than to destroy it, to
• 8:05
  Speaker 1: capture a regiment, a detachment or a company entire than
• 8:09
  Speaker 1: to destroy them. Hence to fight and conquer in all
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  Speaker 1: your battles is not supreme excellence, supreme excellence consists in
• 8:16
  Speaker 1: breaking the enemy's resistance without fighting. Thus the highest form
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  Speaker 1: of generalship is to bulk the enemy's plans. The next
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  Speaker 1: best is to prevent the junction of the enemy's forces.
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  Speaker 1: The next in order is to attack the enemy's army
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  Speaker 1: in the field. And the worst policy of all is
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  Speaker 1: to besiege walled cities. The rule is not to besiege
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  Speaker 1: walled cities if it can possibly be avoided. The preparation
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  Speaker 1: of medlets, movable shelters, and various implements of war will
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  Speaker 1: take up three whole months, and the piling up of
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  Speaker 1: mounds over against the walls will take three months more.
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  Speaker 1: The general, unable to control his irritation, will launch his
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  Speaker 1: men to the assault like swarming ants, with the result
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  Speaker 1: that one-third of his men are slain, while the town
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  Speaker 1: still remains untaken. Such are the disastrous effects of a siege.
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  Speaker 1: Therefore the skillful leader subdues the enemy's troops without any fighting,
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  Speaker 1: he captures their cities without laying siege to them, he
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  Speaker 1: overthrows their kingdom without lengthy operations in the field. With
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  Speaker 1: his forces intact he will dispute the mastery of the empire,
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  Speaker 1: and thus, without losing a man, his triumph will be complete.
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  Speaker 1: This is the method of attacking by stratagem. It is
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  Speaker 1: the rule in war, if our forces are ten to
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  Speaker 1: the enemy's one, to surround him, if five to one,
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  Speaker 1: to attack him. If twice as numerous, to divide our
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  Speaker 1: army into two. If equally matched, we can offer battle.
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  Speaker 1: If slightly inferior in numbers, we can avoid the enemy.
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  Speaker 1: If quite unequal in every way, we can flee from him. Hence,
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  Speaker 1: though an obstinate fight may be made by a small force,
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  Speaker 1: in the end it must be captured by the larger force.
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  Speaker 1: Now the general is the bulwark of the state, if
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  Speaker 1: the bulwark is complete at all points, the state will
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  Speaker 1: be strong, if the bulwark is defective, the state will
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  Speaker 1: be weak. There are three ways in which a ruler
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  Speaker 1: can bring misfortune upon his army. 1. by commanding the
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  Speaker 1: army to advance or to retreat, being ignorant of the
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  Speaker 1: fact that it cannot obey. This is called hobbling the army. 2.
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  Speaker 1: By attempting to govern an army in the same way
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  Speaker 1: as he administers a kingdom, being ignorant of the conditions
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  Speaker 1: which obtain in an army. This causes restlessness in the
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  Speaker 1: soldier's minds. 3. By employing the officers of his army
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  Speaker 1: without discrimination, through ignorance of the military principle of adaptation
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  Speaker 1: to circumstances. This shakes the confidence of the soldiers. But
• 10:53
  Speaker 1: when the army is restless and distrustful, trouble is sure
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  Speaker 1: to come from the other feudal princes. This is simply
• 11:00
  Speaker 1: bringing anarchy into the army and flinging victory away. Thus
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  Speaker 1: we may know that there are five essentials for victory. 1.
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  Speaker 1: He will win who knows when to fight and when
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  Speaker 1: not to fight. 2. He will win who knows how
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  Speaker 1: to handle both superior and inferior forces. 3. He will
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  Speaker 1: win whose army is animated by the same spirit throughout
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  Speaker 1: all its ranks. 4. He will win who, prepared himself,
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  Speaker 1: waits to take the enemy unprepared. 5. He will win
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  Speaker 1: who has military capacity and is not interfered with by
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  Speaker 1: the sovereign. Victory lies in the knowledge of these five points.
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  Speaker 1: Hence the saying, if you know the enemy and know yourself,
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  Speaker 1: you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.
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  Speaker 1: If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every
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  Speaker 1: victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you
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  Speaker 1: know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in
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  Speaker 1: every battle. Sun Tzu, The Art of War Chapter 4,
• 12:02
  Speaker 1: Tactical Dispositions Sun Tzu said, The good fighters of old
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  Speaker 1: first put themselves beyond the possibility of defeat, and then
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  Speaker 1: waited for an opportunity of defeating the enemy. To secure
• 12:14
  Speaker 1: ourselves against defeat lies in our own hands, but the
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: opportunity of defeating the enemy is provided by the enemy himself.
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  Speaker 1: Thus the good fighter is able to secure himself against defeat,
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  Speaker 1: but cannot make certain of defeating the enemy. Hence the saying,
• 12:30
  Speaker 1: one may know how to conquer without being able to
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  Speaker 1: do it. Security against defeat implies defensive tactics, ability to
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  Speaker 1: defeat the enemy means taking the offensive. Standing on the
• 12:41
  Speaker 1: defensive indicates insufficient strength, attacking, a superabundance of strength. The
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  Speaker 1: general who is skilled in defense hides in the most
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  Speaker 1: secret recesses of the earth, he who is skilled in
• 12:53
  Speaker 1: attack flashes forth from the topmost heights of heaven. Thus
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  Speaker 1: on the one hand we have ability to protect ourselves,
• 13:00
  Speaker 1: on the other, a victory that is complete. To see
• 13:03
  Speaker 1: victory only when it is within the ken of the
• 13:06
  Speaker 1: common herd is not the acme of excellence. Neither is
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  Speaker 1: it the acme of excellence if you fight and conquer
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  Speaker 1: and the whole empire says, well done. To lift an
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  Speaker 1: autumn hair is no sign of great strength, to see
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  Speaker 1: sun and moon is no sign of sharp sight, to
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  Speaker 1: hear the noise of thunder is no sign of a
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  Speaker 1: quick ear. What the ancients called a clever fighter is
• 13:28
  Speaker 1: one who not only wins, but excels in winning with ease.
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  Speaker 1: Hence his victories bring him neither reputation for wisdom nor
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  Speaker 1: credit for courage. He wins his battles by making no mistakes.
• 13:41
  Speaker 1: Making no mistakes is what establishes the certainty of victory,
• 13:44
  Speaker 1: for it means conquering an enemy that is already defeated.
• 13:48
  Speaker 1: Hence the skillful fighter puts himself into a position which
• 13:51
  Speaker 1: makes defeat impossible, and does not miss the moment for
• 13:54
  Speaker 1: defeating the enemy. Thus it is that in war the
• 13:58
  Speaker 1: victorious strategist only seeks battle after the victory has been won,
• 14:02
  Speaker 1: whereas he who is destined to defeat first fights and
• 14:05
  Speaker 1: afterwards looks for victory. The consummate leader cultivates the moral law,
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  Speaker 1: and strictly adheres to method and discipline, thus it is
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  Speaker 1: in his power to control success. In respect of military method,
• 14:17
  Speaker 1: we have, firstly, measurement, secondly, estimation of quantity, thirdly, calculation, fourthly,
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  Speaker 1: balancing of chances, fifthly, victory. Measurement owes its existence to earth,
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  Speaker 1: estimation of quantity to measurement, calculation to estimation of quantity,
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  Speaker 1: balancing of chances to calculation, and victory to balancing of chances.
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  Speaker 1: A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as
• 14:44
  Speaker 1: a pound's weight placed in the scale against a single grain.
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  Speaker 1: The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting
• 14:50
  Speaker 1: of pent-up waters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: So much for tactical dispositions. Sun Tzu, The Art of
• 14:59
  Speaker 1: War Chapter 5 Energy Sun Tzu said, The control of
• 15:05
  Speaker 1: a large force is the same principle as the control
• 15:08
  Speaker 1: of a few men, it is merely a question of
• 15:10
  Speaker 1: dividing up their numbers. Fighting with a large army under
• 15:14
  Speaker 1: your command is no wise different from fighting with a
• 15:17
  Speaker 1: small one, it is merely a question of instituting signs
• 15:20
  Speaker 1: and signals. To ensure that your whole host may withstand
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: the brunt of the enemy's attack and remain unshaken, this
• 15:27
  Speaker 1: is effected by maneuvers direct and indirect. That the impact
• 15:32
  Speaker 1: of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against
• 15:34
  Speaker 1: an egg, this is effected by the science of weak
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: points and strong. In all fighting, the direct method may
• 15:41
  Speaker 1: be used for joining battle, but indirect methods will be
• 15:44
  Speaker 1: needed in order to secure victory. Indirect tactics, efficiently applied,
• 15:50
  Speaker 1: are inexhaustible as heaven and earth, unending as the flow
• 15:53
  Speaker 1: of rivers and streams, like the sun and moon, they
• 15:56
  Speaker 1: end but to begin anew, like the four seasons, they
• 15:59
  Speaker 1: pass away but to return once more. There are not
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: more than five musical notes. yet the combinations of these
• 16:06
  Speaker 1: five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.
• 16:10
  Speaker 1: There are not more than five primary colors, blue, yellow, red, white,
• 16:15
  Speaker 1: and black, yet in combination they produce more hues than
• 16:18
  Speaker 1: can ever be seen. There are not more than five
• 16:22
  Speaker 1: cardinal tastes, sour, acrid, salt, sweet, bitter, yet combinations of
• 16:27
  Speaker 1: them yield more flavors than can ever be tasted. In battle,
• 16:32
  Speaker 1: there are not more than two methods of attack. the
• 16:34
  Speaker 1: direct and the indirect, yet these two in combination give
• 16:38
  Speaker 1: rise to an endless series of maneuvers. The direct and
• 16:41
  Speaker 1: the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It
• 16:45
  Speaker 1: is like moving in a circle, you never come to
• 16:47
  Speaker 1: an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?
• 16:52
  Speaker 1: The onset of troops is like the rush of a
• 16:54
  Speaker 1: torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.
• 16:58
  Speaker 1: The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of
• 17:01
  Speaker 1: a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.
• 17:05
  Speaker 1: Therefore the good fighter will be terrible in his onset,
• 17:08
  Speaker 1: and prompt in his decision. Energy may be likened to
• 17:12
  Speaker 1: the bending of a crossbow, decision, to the releasing of
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: the trigger. Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there
• 17:19
  Speaker 1: may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all,
• 17:22
  Speaker 1: amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat. Simulated
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear postulates courage, simulated weakness
• 17:36
  Speaker 1: postulates strength. Hiding order beneath the cloak of disorder is
• 17:40
  Speaker 1: simply a question of subdivision, concealing courage under a show
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: of timidity presupposes a fund of latent energy, masking strength
• 17:47
  Speaker 1: with weakness is to be affected by tactical dispositions. Thus
• 17:52
  Speaker 1: one who is skillful at keeping the enemy on the
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act.
• 17:59
  Speaker 1: He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it.
• 18:04
  Speaker 1: By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march,
• 18:07
  Speaker 1: then with a body of picked men he lies in
• 18:09
  Speaker 1: wait for him. The clever combatant looks to the effect
• 18:12
  Speaker 1: of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals.
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: Hence his ability to pick out the right men and
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: utilize combined energy. When he utilizes combined energy, his fighting
• 18:25
  Speaker 1: men become as it were like unto rolling logs or stones.
• 18:29
  Speaker 1: For it is the nature of a log or stone
• 18:31
  Speaker 1: to remain motionless on level ground, and to move when
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: on a slope, if forecornered, to come to a standstill,
• 18:38
  Speaker 1: but if round-shaped, to go rolling down. Thus the energy
• 18:42
  Speaker 1: developed by good fighting men is as the momentum of
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: a round stone rolled down a mountain thousands of feet
• 18:48
  Speaker 1: in height. So much on the subject of energy. Sun Tzu,
• 18:53
  Speaker 1: The Art of War Chapter 6 Weak Points and Strong
• 18:59
  Speaker 1: Sun Tzu said, whoever is first in the field and
• 19:02
  Speaker 1: awaits the coming of the enemy, will be fresh for
• 19:04
  Speaker 1: the fight, whoever is second in the field and has
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: to hasten to battle, will arrive exhausted. Therefore the clever
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: combatant imposes his will on the enemy, but does not
• 19:15
  Speaker 1: allow the enemy's will to be imposed on him. By
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: holding out advantages to him, he can cause the enemy
• 19:21
  Speaker 1: to approach of his own accord, or, by inflicting damage,
• 19:25
  Speaker 1: he can make it impossible for the enemy to draw near.
• 19:28
  Speaker 1: If the enemy is taking his ease, he can harass him,
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: if well supplied with food, he can starve him out,
• 19:35
  Speaker 1: if quietly encamped, he can force him to move. Appear
• 19:39
  Speaker 1: at points which the enemy must hasten to defend, march
• 19:42
  Speaker 1: swiftly to places where you are not expected. An army
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: may march great distances without distress, if it marches through
• 19:50
  Speaker 1: country where the enemy is not. You can be sure
• 19:53
  Speaker 1: of succeeding in your attacks if you only attack places
• 19:56
  Speaker 1: which are undefended. You can ensure the safety of your
• 19:59
  Speaker 1: defense if you only hold positions that cannot be attacked.
• 20:04
  Speaker 1: Hence that general is skillful in attack whose opponent does
• 20:07
  Speaker 1: not know what to defend. and he is skillful in
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: defense whose opponent does not know what to attack. O
• 20:13
  Speaker 1: divine art of subtlety and secrecy! Through you we learn
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: to be invisible, through you inaudible, and hence we can
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: hold the enemy's fate in our hands. You may advance
• 20:24
  Speaker 1: and be absolutely irresistible, if you make for the enemy's
• 20:27
  Speaker 1: weak points, you may retire and be safe from pursuit
• 20:30
  Speaker 1: if your movements are more rapid than those of the enemy.
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: If we wish to fight, the enemy can be forced
• 20:37
  Speaker 1: to an engagement even though he be sheltered behind a
• 20:39
  Speaker 1: high rampart and a deep ditch. All we need do
• 20:43
  Speaker 1: is attack some other place that he will be obliged
• 20:45
  Speaker 1: to relieve. If we do not wish to fight, we
• 20:49
  Speaker 1: can prevent the enemy from engaging us even though the
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: lines of our encampment be merely traced out on the ground.
• 20:55
  Speaker 1: All we need do is to throw something odd and
• 20:57
  Speaker 1: unaccountable in his way. By discovering the enemy's dispositions and
• 21:02
  Speaker 1: remaining invisible ourselves, we can keep our forces concentrated, while
• 21:06
  Speaker 1: the enemies must be divided. We can form a single
• 21:10
  Speaker 1: united body, while the enemy must split up into fractions.
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: Hence there will be a whole pitted against separate parts
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: of a whole, which means that we shall be many
• 21:18
  Speaker 1: to the enemy's few. And if we are able thus
• 21:22
  Speaker 1: to attack an inferior force with a superior one, our
• 21:25
  Speaker 1: opponents will be in dire straits. The spot where we
• 21:29
  Speaker 1: intend to fight must not be made known. For then
• 21:31
  Speaker 1: the enemy will have to prepare against a possible attack
• 21:34
  Speaker 1: at several different points, and his forces being thus distributed
• 21:38
  Speaker 1: in many directions, the numbers we shall have to face
• 21:40
  Speaker 1: at any given point will be proportionately few. For should
• 21:44
  Speaker 1: the enemy strengthen his van, he will weaken his rear,
• 21:47
  Speaker 1: should he strengthen his rear, he will weaken his van,
• 21:50
  Speaker 1: should he strengthen his left, he will weaken his right,
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: should he strengthen his right, he will weaken his left.
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: If he sends reinforcements everywhere, he will everywhere be weak.
• 22:02
  Speaker 1: Numerical weakness comes from having to prepare against possible attacks,
• 22:06
  Speaker 1: numerical strength, from compelling our adversary to make these preparations
• 22:10
  Speaker 1: against us. Knowing the place and the time of the
• 22:13
  Speaker 1: coming battle, we may concentrate from the greatest distances in
• 22:17
  Speaker 1: order to fight. But if neither time nor place be known,
• 22:21
  Speaker 1: then the left wing will be impotent to succor the right,
• 22:24
  Speaker 1: the right equally impotent to succor the left, the van
• 22:27
  Speaker 1: unable to relieve the rear, or the rear to support
• 22:29
  Speaker 1: the van. How much more so if the furthest portions
• 22:33
  Speaker 1: of the army are anything under a hundred li apart,
• 22:36
  Speaker 1: and even the nearest are separated by several li. Though
• 22:40
  Speaker 1: according to my estimate the soldiers of you exceed our
• 22:43
  Speaker 1: own in number, that shall advantage them nothing in the
• 22:45
  Speaker 1: matter of victory. I say then that victory can be achieved.
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: Though the enemy be stronger in numbers, we may prevent
• 22:54
  Speaker 1: him from fighting. Scheme so as to discover his plans
• 22:58
  Speaker 1: and the likelihood of their success. Rouse him and learn
• 23:02
  Speaker 1: the principle of his activity or inactivity. Force him to
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: reveal himself so as to find out his vulnerable spots.
• 23:10
  Speaker 1: Carefully compare the opposing army with your own, so that
• 23:13
  Speaker 1: you may know where strength is superabundant and where it
• 23:16
  Speaker 1: is deficient. In making tactical dispositions, the highest pitch you
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: can attain is to conceal them, conceal your dispositions, and
• 23:24
  Speaker 1: you will be safe from the prying of the subtlest spies,
• 23:27
  Speaker 1: from the machinations of the wisest brains. How victory may
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: be produced for them out of the enemy's own tactics,
• 23:34
  Speaker 1: that is what the multitude cannot comprehend. All men can
• 23:38
  Speaker 1: see the tactics whereby I conquer, but what none can
• 23:41
  Speaker 1: see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved.
• 23:45
  Speaker 1: Do not repeat the tactics which have gained you one victory,
• 23:48
  Speaker 1: but let your methods be regulated by the infinite variety
• 23:51
  Speaker 1: of circumstances. Military tactics are like unto water, for water
• 23:56
  Speaker 1: in its natural course runs away from high places and
• 23:59
  Speaker 1: hastens downwards. So in war, the way is to avoid
• 24:03
  Speaker 1: what is strong and to strike at what is weak.
• 24:06
  Speaker 1: Water shapes its course according to the nature of the
• 24:09
  Speaker 1: ground over which it flows, the soldier works out his
• 24:12
  Speaker 1: victory in relation to the foe whom he is facing. Therefore,
• 24:16
  Speaker 1: just as water retains no constant shape, so in warfare
• 24:19
  Speaker 1: there are no constant conditions. He who can modify his
• 24:23
  Speaker 1: tactics in relation to his opponent and thereby succeed in winning,
• 24:27
  Speaker 1: may be called a heaven-born captain. The five elements— water, fire, wood, metal,
• 24:34
  Speaker 1: earth— are not always equally predominant, the four seasons make way
• 24:38
  Speaker 1: for each other in turn. There are short days and long,
• 24:42
  Speaker 1: the moon has its periods of waning and waxing. Sun Tzu,
• 24:46
  Speaker 1: The Art of War Chapter 7 Maneuvering Sun Tzu said,
• 24:53
  Speaker 1: In war, the general receives his commands from the sovereigns.
• 24:57
  Speaker 1: Having collected an army and concentrated his forces, he must
• 25:01
  Speaker 1: blend and harmonize the different elements thereof before pitching his camp.
• 25:06
  Speaker 1: After that, comes tactical maneuvering, than which there is nothing
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: more difficult. The difficulty of tactical maneuvering consists in turning
• 25:14
  Speaker 1: the devious into the direct, and misfortune into gain. Thus,
• 25:19
  Speaker 1: to take a long and circuitous route, after enticing the
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: enemy out of the way, and those starting after him,
• 25:25
  Speaker 1: to contrive to reach the goal before him, shows knowledge
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: of the artifice of deviation. Maneuvering with an army is advantageous,
• 25:33
  Speaker 1: with an undisciplined multitude, most dangerous. If you set a
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: fully equipped army in march in order to snatch an advantage,
• 25:41
  Speaker 1: the chances are that you will be too late. On
• 25:44
  Speaker 1: the other hand, to detach a flying column for the
• 25:47
  Speaker 1: purpose involves the sacrifice of its baggage and stores. Thus,
• 25:52
  Speaker 1: if you order your men to roll up their buffcoats,
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: and make forced marches without halting day or night, covering
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: double the usual distance at a stretch, doing a hundred
• 26:01
  Speaker 1: Li in order to rest in advantage, the leaders of
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: all your three divisions will fall into the hands of
• 26:06
  Speaker 1: the enemy. The stronger men will be in front, the
• 26:09
  Speaker 1: jaded ones will fall behind, and on this plan only
• 26:12
  Speaker 1: one-tenth of your army will reach its destination. If you
• 26:16
  Speaker 1: march fifty Li in order to outmaneuver the enemy, you
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: will lose the leader of your first division, and only
• 26:22
  Speaker 1: half your force will reach the goal. If you march
• 26:25
  Speaker 1: thirty li with the same object, two-thirds of your army
• 26:28
  Speaker 1: will arrive. We may take it then that an army
• 26:32
  Speaker 1: without its baggage train is lost, without provisions it is lost,
• 26:36
  Speaker 1: without bases of supply it is lost. We cannot enter
• 26:40
  Speaker 1: into alliances until we are acquainted with the designs of
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: our neighbors. We are not fit to lead an army
• 26:46
  Speaker 1: on the march unless we are familiar with the face
• 26:48
  Speaker 1: of the country, its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices,
• 26:53
  Speaker 1: its marshes and swamps. We shall be unable to turn
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: natural advantages to account unless we make use of local guides.
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: In war, practice dissimulation, and you will succeed. Move only
• 27:07
  Speaker 1: if there is a real advantage to be gained. Whether
• 27:10
  Speaker 1: to concentrate or to divide your troops must be decided
• 27:13
  Speaker 1: by circumstances. Let your rapidity be that of the wind,
• 27:18
  Speaker 1: your compactness that of the forest. In raiding and plundering
• 27:22
  Speaker 1: be like fire, in immovability like a mountain. Let your
• 27:26
  Speaker 1: plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when you move,
• 27:29
  Speaker 1: fall like a thunderbolt. When you plunder a countryside, let
• 27:33
  Speaker 1: the spoil be divided amongst your men, when you capture
• 27:36
  Speaker 1: new territory, cut it up into allotments for the benefit
• 27:39
  Speaker 1: of the soldiery. Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
• 27:44
  Speaker 1: He will conquer who has learnt the artifice of deviation.
• 27:48
  Speaker 1: Such is the art of maneuvering. The Book of Army
• 27:52
  Speaker 1: Management says, On the field of battle, the spoken word
• 27:56
  Speaker 1: does not carry far enough, hence the institution of gongs
• 27:59
  Speaker 1: and drums. Nor can ordinary objects be seen clearly enough,
• 28:04
  Speaker 1: hence the institution of banners and flags. Gongs and drums,
• 28:09
  Speaker 1: banners and flags, are means whereby the ears and eyes
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: of the host may be focused on one particular point.
• 28:16
  Speaker 1: The host thus forming a single united body, is it
• 28:19
  Speaker 1: impossible either for the brave to advance alone, or for
• 28:23
  Speaker 1: the cowardly to retreat alone. This is the art of
• 28:26
  Speaker 1: handling large masses of men. In night fighting, then, make
• 28:30
  Speaker 1: much use of signal fires and drums, and in fighting
• 28:34
  Speaker 1: by day, of flags and banners, as a means of
• 28:37
  Speaker 1: influencing the ears and eyes of your army. A whole
• 28:41
  Speaker 1: army may be robbed of its spirit, a commander-in-chief may
• 28:44
  Speaker 1: be robbed of his presence of mind. Now a soldier's
• 28:48
  Speaker 1: spirit is keenest in the morning, by noonday it has
• 28:51
  Speaker 1: begun to flag, and in the evening, his mind is
• 28:54
  Speaker 1: bent only on returning to camp. A clever general, therefore,
• 28:58
  Speaker 1: avoids an army when its spirit is keen, but attacks
• 29:01
  Speaker 1: it when it is sluggish and inclined to return. This
• 29:05
  Speaker 1: is the art of studying moods. Disciplined and calm, to
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: await the appearance of disorder and hubbub amongst the enemy,
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: this is the art of retaining self-possession. To be near
• 29:16
  Speaker 1: the goal while the enemy is still far from it,
• 29:19
  Speaker 1: to wait at ease while the enemy is toiling and struggling,
• 29:22
  Speaker 1: to be well fed while the enemy is famished, this
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: is the art of husbanding one's strength. To refrain from
• 29:28
  Speaker 1: intercepting an enemy whose banners are in perfect order, to
• 29:31
  Speaker 1: refrain from attacking an army drawn up in calm and
• 29:34
  Speaker 1: confident array, this is the art of studying circumstances. It
• 29:39
  Speaker 1: is a military act axiom not to advance uphill against
• 29:42
  Speaker 1: the enemy, nor to oppose him when he comes downhill.
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: Do not pursue an enemy who simulates flight, do not
• 29:49
  Speaker 1: attack soldiers whose temper is keen. Do not swallow a
• 29:53
  Speaker 1: bait offered by the enemy. Do not interfere with an
• 29:56
  Speaker 1: army that is returning home. When you surround an army,
• 30:00
  Speaker 1: leave an outlet free. Do not press a desperate foe
• 30:04
  Speaker 1: too hard. Such is the art of warfare. Sun Tzu,
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: The Art of War Chapter 8 Variation of Tactics Sun
• 30:15
  Speaker 1: Tzu said, In war, the general receives his commands from
• 30:19
  Speaker 1: the sovereign, collects his army and concentrates his forces. When
• 30:23
  Speaker 1: in difficult country, do not encamp. In country where high
• 30:27
  Speaker 1: roads intersect, join hands with your allies. Do not linger
• 30:32
  Speaker 1: in dangerously isolated positions. In hemmed-in situations, you must resort
• 30:37
  Speaker 1: to stratagem. In a desperate position, you must fight. There
• 30:42
  Speaker 1: are roads which must not be followed, armies which must
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: be not attacked, towns which must not be besieged, positions
• 30:49
  Speaker 1: which must not be contested, commands of the sovereign which
• 30:52
  Speaker 1: must not be obeyed. The general who thoroughly understands the
• 30:56
  Speaker 1: advantages that accompany variation of tactics knows how to handle
• 31:00
  Speaker 1: his troops. The general who does not understand these may
• 31:04
  Speaker 1: be well acquainted with the configuration of the country, yet
• 31:07
  Speaker 1: he will not be able to turn his knowledge to
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: practical account. So, the student of war who is unversed
• 31:13
  Speaker 1: in the art of war of varying his plans, even
• 31:16
  Speaker 1: though he be acquainted with the five advantages, will fail
• 31:19
  Speaker 1: to make the best use of his men. Hence in
• 31:22
  Speaker 1: the wise leader's plans, considerations of advantage and of disadvantage
• 31:26
  Speaker 1: will be blended together. If our expectation of advantage be
• 31:30
  Speaker 1: tempered in this way, we may succeed in accomplishing the
• 31:33
  Speaker 1: essential part of our schemes. If, on the other hand,
• 31:37
  Speaker 1: in the midst of difficulties we are always ready to
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: seize an advantage, we may extricate ourselves from misfortune. Reduce
• 31:45
  Speaker 1: the hostile chiefs by inflicting damage on them, and make
• 31:48
  Speaker 1: trouble for them, and keep them constantly engaged. hold out
• 31:51
  Speaker 1: specious allurements, and make them rush to any given point.
• 31:55
  Speaker 1: The art of war teaches us to rely not on
• 31:57
  Speaker 1: the likelihood of the enemy's not coming, but on our
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: own readiness to receive him, not on the chance of
• 32:02
  Speaker 1: his not attacking, but rather on the fact that we
• 32:05
  Speaker 1: have made our position unassailable. There are five dangerous faults
• 32:09
  Speaker 1: which may affect a general, one, recklessness, which leads to destruction, two, cowardice,
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: which leads to capture, 3. A hasty temper, which can
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: be provoked by insults. 4. A delicacy of honor which
• 32:23
  Speaker 1: is sensitive to shame. 5. Oversolicitude for his men, which
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: exposes him to worry and trouble. These are the five
• 32:30
  Speaker 1: besetting sins of a general, ruinous to the conduct of war.
• 32:35
  Speaker 1: When an army is overthrown and its leader slain, the
• 32:38
  Speaker 1: cause will surely be found among these five dangerous faults.
• 32:42
  Speaker 1: Let them be a subject of meditation. Chapter 9 The
• 32:47
  Speaker 1: Army on the March Sun Tzu said, We come now
• 32:51
  Speaker 1: to the question of encamping the army and observing signs
• 32:54
  Speaker 1: of the enemy. Pass quickly over mountains and keep in
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: the neighborhood of valleys. Camp in high places, facing the sun.
• 33:03
  Speaker 1: Do not climb heights in order to fight. So much
• 33:07
  Speaker 1: for mountain warfare. After crossing a river, you should get
• 33:11
  Speaker 1: far away from it. When an invading force crosses a
• 33:15
  Speaker 1: river in its onward march, Do not advance to meet
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: it in midstream. It will be best to let half
• 33:21
  Speaker 1: the army get across, and then deliver your attack. If
• 33:25
  Speaker 1: you are anxious to fight, you should not go to
• 33:27
  Speaker 1: meet the invader near a river which he has to cross.
• 33:31
  Speaker 1: More your craft higher up than the enemy, and facing
• 33:34
  Speaker 1: the sun. Do not move upstream to meet the enemy.
• 33:38
  Speaker 1: So much for river warfare. In crossing salt marshes, your
• 33:43
  Speaker 1: sole concern should be to get over them quickly, without
• 33:46
  Speaker 1: any delay. If forced to fight in a salt marsh,
• 33:49
  Speaker 1: you should have water and grass near you and get
• 33:52
  Speaker 1: your back to a clump of trees. So much for
• 33:55
  Speaker 1: operations in salt marshes. In dry, level country, take up
• 34:00
  Speaker 1: an easily accessible position with rising ground to your right
• 34:03
  Speaker 1: and on your rear so that the danger may be
• 34:06
  Speaker 1: in front and safety lie behind. So much for campaigning
• 34:10
  Speaker 1: in flat country. These are the four useful branches of
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: military knowledge which enabled the Yellow Emperor to vanquish for
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: several sovereigns. All armies prefer high ground to low, and
• 34:22
  Speaker 1: sunny places to dark. If you are careful of your men,
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: and camp on hard ground, the army will be free
• 34:29
  Speaker 1: from disease of every kind, and this will spell victory.
• 34:33
  Speaker 1: When you come to a hill or a bank, occupy
• 34:35
  Speaker 1: the sunny side, with the slope on your right rear.
• 34:39
  Speaker 1: Thus you will at once act for the benefit of
• 34:41
  Speaker 1: your soldiers and utilize the natural advantages of the ground. When,
• 34:46
  Speaker 1: in consequence of heavy rains up country, a river which
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: you wish to ford is swollen and flecked with foam,
• 34:52
  Speaker 1: you must wait until it subsides. Country in which there
• 34:56
  Speaker 1: are precipitous cliffs with torrents running between, deep natural hollows,
• 35:00
  Speaker 1: confined places, tangled thickets, quagmires and crevasses, should be left
• 35:05
  Speaker 1: with all possible speed and not approached. While we keep
• 35:09
  Speaker 1: away from such places, we should get the enemy to
• 35:11
  Speaker 1: approach them, while we face them, we should let the
• 35:14
  Speaker 1: enemy have them on his rear. If in the neighborhood
• 35:17
  Speaker 1: of your camp there should be any hilly country, ponds
• 35:20
  Speaker 1: surrounded by aquatic grass, hollow basins filled with reeds, or
• 35:24
  Speaker 1: woods with thick undergrowth, they must be carefully routed out
• 35:27
  Speaker 1: and searched, for these are places where men in ambush
• 35:30
  Speaker 1: or insidious spies are likely to be lurking. When the
• 35:34
  Speaker 1: enemy is close at hand and remains quiet, he is
• 35:37
  Speaker 1: relying on the natural strength of his position. When he
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: keeps aloof and tries to provoke a battle, he is
• 35:44
  Speaker 1: anxious for the other side to advance. If his place
• 35:47
  Speaker 1: of encampment is easy of access, he is tendering a bait.
• 35:52
  Speaker 1: Movement amongst the trees of a forest shows that the
• 35:54
  Speaker 1: enemy is advancing. The appearance of a number of screens
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: in the midst of thick grass means that the enemy
• 36:01
  Speaker 1: wants to make us suspicious. The rising of birds in
• 36:04
  Speaker 1: their flight is the sign of an ambuscade. Startled beasts
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: indicate that a sudden attack is coming. When there is
• 36:12
  Speaker 1: dust rising in a high column, it is the sign
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: of chariots advancing, when the dust is low, but spread
• 36:18
  Speaker 1: over a wide area, it betokens the approach of infantry.
• 36:22
  Speaker 1: When it branches out in different directions, it shows that
• 36:25
  Speaker 1: parties have been sent to collect firewood. A few clouds
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: of dust moving to and fro signify that the army
• 36:32
  Speaker 1: is encamping. Humble words and increased preparations are signs that
• 36:36
  Speaker 1: the enemy is about to advance. Violent language and driving
• 36:41
  Speaker 1: forward as if to the attack are signs that he
• 36:43
  Speaker 1: will retreat. When the light chariots come out first and
• 36:47
  Speaker 1: take up a position on the wings, it is a
• 36:49
  Speaker 1: sign that the enemy is forming for battle. Peace proposals
• 36:53
  Speaker 1: unaccompanied by a sworn covenant indicate a plot. When there
• 36:58
  Speaker 1: is much running about and the soldiers fall into rank,
• 37:01
  Speaker 1: it means that the critical moment has come. When some
• 37:04
  Speaker 1: are seen advancing and some retreating, it is a lure.
• 37:08
  Speaker 1: When the soldiers stand leaning on their spears, they are
• 37:11
  Speaker 1: faint from want of food. If those who are sent
• 37:14
  Speaker 1: to draw water begin by drinking themselves, the army is
• 37:17
  Speaker 1: suffering from thirst. If the enemy sees an advantage to
• 37:21
  Speaker 1: be gained and makes no effort to secure it, the
• 37:24
  Speaker 1: soldiers are exhausted. If birds gather on any spot, it
• 37:28
  Speaker 1: is unoccupied. Clamor by night betokens nervousness. If there is
• 37:34
  Speaker 1: disturbance in the camp, the general's authority is weak. If
• 37:38
  Speaker 1: the banners and flags are shifted about, sedition is afoot.
• 37:43
  Speaker 1: If the officers are angry, it means that the men
• 37:46
  Speaker 1: are weary. When an army feeds its horses with grain
• 37:49
  Speaker 1: and kills its cattle for food, and when the men
• 37:52
  Speaker 1: do not hang their cooking pots over the campfires, showing
• 37:55
  Speaker 1: that they will not return to their tents, you may
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: know that they are determined to fight to the death.
• 38:01
  Speaker 1: The sight of men whispering together in small knots or
• 38:04
  Speaker 1: speaking in subdued tones points to disaffection amongst the rank
• 38:07
  Speaker 1: and file. Too frequent rewards signify that the enemy is
• 38:11
  Speaker 1: at the end of his resources, too many punishments betray
• 38:14
  Speaker 1: a condition of dire distress. To begin by bluster, but
• 38:19
  Speaker 1: afterwards to take fright at the enemy's numbers, shows a
• 38:22
  Speaker 1: supreme lack of intelligence. When envoys are sent with compliments
• 38:26
  Speaker 1: in their mouths, it is a sign that the enemy
• 38:29
  Speaker 1: wishes for a truce. If the enemy's troops march up
• 38:32
  Speaker 1: angrily and remain facing ours for a long time without
• 38:35
  Speaker 1: either joining battle or taking themselves off again, the situation
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: is one that demands great vigilance and circumspection. If our
• 38:43
  Speaker 1: troops are no more in number than the enemy, that
• 38:46
  Speaker 1: is amply sufficient, it only means that no direct attack
• 38:49
  Speaker 1: can be made. What we can do is simply to
• 38:53
  Speaker 1: concentrate all our available strength, keep a close watch on
• 38:56
  Speaker 1: the enemy, and obtain reinforcements. He who exercises no forethought
• 39:01
  Speaker 1: but makes light of his opponents is sure to be
• 39:03
  Speaker 1: captured by them. If soldiers are punished before they have
• 39:07
  Speaker 1: grown attached to you, they will not prove submissive, and,
• 39:11
  Speaker 1: unless submissive, then will be practically useless. If, when the
• 39:15
  Speaker 1: soldiers have become attached to you, punishments are not enforced,
• 39:19
  Speaker 1: they will still be useless. Therefore soldiers must be treated
• 39:23
  Speaker 1: in the first instance with humanity, but kept under control
• 39:26
  Speaker 1: by means of iron discipline. This is a... certain road
• 39:30
  Speaker 1: to victory. If in training soldiers' commands are habitually enforced,
• 39:35
  Speaker 1: the army will be well disciplined, if not, its discipline
• 39:39
  Speaker 1: will be bad. If a general shows confidence in his
• 39:42
  Speaker 1: men but always insists on his orders being obeyed, the
• 39:45
  Speaker 1: gain will be mutual. Sun Tzu, The Art of War
• 39:50
  Speaker 1: Chapter 10. Terrain. Sun Tzu said, We may distinguish six
• 39:56
  Speaker 1: kinds of terrain, to wit, 1. Accessible ground, 2. Entangling ground, 3.
• 40:03
  Speaker 1: Temporizing ground, 4. Narrow passes, 5. Precipitous heights, 6. Positions
• 40:09
  Speaker 1: at a great distance from the enemy. Ground which can
• 40:13
  Speaker 1: be freely traversed by both sides is called accessible. With
• 40:17
  Speaker 1: regard to ground of this nature, be before the enemy
• 40:20
  Speaker 1: in occupying the raised and sunny spots, and carefully guard
• 40:23
  Speaker 1: your line of supplies. Then you will be able to
• 40:26
  Speaker 1: fight with advantage. Ground which can be abandoned but is
• 40:30
  Speaker 1: hard to reoccupy is called entangling. From a position of
• 40:35
  Speaker 1: this sort, if the enemy is unprepared, you may sally
• 40:38
  Speaker 1: forth and defeat him. But if the enemy is prepared
• 40:41
  Speaker 1: for your coming, and you fail to defeat him, then,
• 40:45
  Speaker 1: return being impossible, disaster will ensue. When the position is
• 40:49
  Speaker 1: such that neither side will gain by making the first move,
• 40:53
  Speaker 1: it is called temporizing ground. In a position of this sort,
• 40:57
  Speaker 1: even though the enemy should offer us an attractive bait,
• 41:00
  Speaker 1: it will be advisable not to stir forth, but rather
• 41:03
  Speaker 1: to retreat, thus enticing the enemy in his turn, then,
• 41:06
  Speaker 1: when part of his army has come out, we may
• 41:09
  Speaker 1: deliver our attack with advantage. With regard to narrow passes,
• 41:13
  Speaker 1: if you can occupy them first, let them be strongly
• 41:16
  Speaker 1: garrisoned and await the advent of the enemy. Should the
• 41:20
  Speaker 1: enemy forestall you in occupying a pass, do not go
• 41:23
  Speaker 1: after him if the pass is fully garrisoned, but only
• 41:26
  Speaker 1: if it is weakly garrisoned. With regard to precipitous heights,
• 41:31
  Speaker 1: if you are beforehand with your adversary, you should occupy
• 41:34
  Speaker 1: the raised and sunny spots, and there wait for him
• 41:36
  Speaker 1: to come up. If the enemy has occupied them before you,
• 41:40
  Speaker 1: do not follow him, but retreat and try to entice
• 41:43
  Speaker 1: him away. If you are situated at a great distance
• 41:47
  Speaker 1: from the enemy, and the strength of the two armies
• 41:49
  Speaker 1: is equal, it is not easy to provoke a battle,
• 41:52
  Speaker 1: and fighting will be to your disadvantage. These six are
• 41:56
  Speaker 1: the principles connected with earth. The general who has attained
• 42:00
  Speaker 1: a responsible post must be careful to study them. Now
• 42:04
  Speaker 1: an army is exposed to six several calamities, not arising
• 42:08
  Speaker 1: from natural causes, but from faults for which the general
• 42:11
  Speaker 1: is responsible. These are, 1. Flight, 2. Insubordination, 3. collapse, four, ruin, five, disorganization, six, rout.
• 42:23
  Speaker 1: Other conditions being equal, if one force is hurled against
• 42:27
  Speaker 1: another ten times its size, the result will be the
• 42:29
  Speaker 1: flight of the former. When the common soldiers are too
• 42:33
  Speaker 1: strong and their officers too weak, the result is insubordination.
• 42:38
  Speaker 1: When the officers are too strong and the common soldiers
• 42:41
  Speaker 1: too weak, the result is collapse. When the higher officers
• 42:45
  Speaker 1: are angry and insubordinate, and on meeting the enemy give
• 42:48
  Speaker 1: battle on their own account from a feeling of resentment,
• 42:51
  Speaker 1: before the commander-in-chief can tell whether or no he is
• 42:54
  Speaker 1: in a position to fight, the result is ruin. When
• 42:58
  Speaker 1: the general is weak and without authority, when his orders
• 43:01
  Speaker 1: are not clear and distinct, when there are no fixed
• 43:03
  Speaker 1: duties assigned to officers and men, and the ranks are
• 43:06
  Speaker 1: formed in a slovenly haphazard manner, the result is utter disorganization.
• 43:12
  Speaker 1: When a general, unable to estimate the enemy's strength, allows
• 43:15
  Speaker 1: an inferior force to engage a larger one, or hurls
• 43:18
  Speaker 1: a weak detachment against a powerful one, and neglects to
• 43:21
  Speaker 1: place picked soldiers in the front rank, the result must
• 43:24
  Speaker 1: be a rout. These are six ways of courting defeat,
• 43:28
  Speaker 1: which must be carefully noted by the general who has
• 43:31
  Speaker 1: attained a responsible post. The natural formation of the country
• 43:35
  Speaker 1: is the soldier's best ally, but a power of estimating
• 43:38
  Speaker 1: the adversary, of controlling the forces of victory, and of
• 43:42
  Speaker 1: shrewdly calculating difficulties, dangers, and distances, constitutes the test of
• 43:47
  Speaker 1: a great general. He who knows these things, and in
• 43:51
  Speaker 1: fighting puts his knowledge into practice, will win his battles.
• 43:55
  Speaker 1: He who knows them not, nor practices them, will surely
• 43:58
  Speaker 1: be defeated. If fighting is sure to result in victory,
• 44:02
  Speaker 1: then you must fight, even though the ruler forbid it,
• 44:05
  Speaker 1: if fighting will not result in victory, then you must
• 44:08
  Speaker 1: not fight even at the ruler's bidding. The general who
• 44:11
  Speaker 1: advances without coveting fame and retreats without fearing disgrace, whose
• 44:15
  Speaker 1: only thought is to protect his country and do good
• 44:18
  Speaker 1: service for his sovereign, is the jewel of the kingdom.
• 44:21
  Speaker 1: Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow
• 44:24
  Speaker 1: you into the deepest valleys, look on them as your
• 44:27
  Speaker 1: own beloved sons, and they will stand by you even
• 44:30
  Speaker 1: unto death. If, however, you are indulgent, but unable to
• 44:34
  Speaker 1: make your authority felt, kind-hearted, but unable to enforce your commands,
• 44:39
  Speaker 1: and incapable, moreover, of quelling disorder, then your soldiers must
• 44:43
  Speaker 1: be likened to spoiled children, they are useless for any
• 44:46
  Speaker 1: practical purpose. If we know that our own men are
• 44:50
  Speaker 1: in a condition to attack, but are unaware that the
• 44:53
  Speaker 1: enemy is not open to attack, we have gone only
• 44:56
  Speaker 1: halfway towards victory. If we know that the enemy is
• 45:00
  Speaker 1: open to attack, but are unaware that our own men
• 45:02
  Speaker 1: are not in a condition to attack, we have gone
• 45:05
  Speaker 1: only halfway towards victory. If we know that the enemy
• 45:09
  Speaker 1: is open to attack, and also know that our men
• 45:12
  Speaker 1: are in a condition to attack, but are unaware that
• 45:15
  Speaker 1: the nature of the ground makes fighting impracticable, we have
• 45:18
  Speaker 1: still gone only halfway towards victory. Hence the experienced soldier,
• 45:23
  Speaker 1: once in motion, is never bewildered, once he has broken camp,
• 45:27
  Speaker 1: he is never at a loss. Hence the saying, if
• 45:30
  Speaker 1: you know the enemy and know yourself, your victory will
• 45:33
  Speaker 1: not stand in doubt, if you know heaven and know earth.
• 45:36
  Speaker 1: you may make your victory complete. Sun Tzu, The Art
• 45:40
  Speaker 1: of War Chapter 11 The Nine Situations Sun Tzu said,
• 45:47
  Speaker 1: The Art of War recognizes nine varieties of ground, 1.
• 45:51
  Speaker 1: dispersive ground, 2. facile ground, 3. contentious ground, 4. open ground, 5.
• 45:58
  Speaker 1: ground of intersecting highways, 6. serious ground, 7. difficult ground, 8.
• 46:05
  Speaker 1: hemmed and ground, 9. desperate ground. When a chieftain is
• 46:09
  Speaker 1: fighting in his own territory, it is dispersive ground. When
• 46:14
  Speaker 1: he has penetrated into hostile territory, but to no great distance,
• 46:18
  Speaker 1: it is facile ground. Ground the possession of which imports
• 46:22
  Speaker 1: great advantage to either side is contentious ground. Ground on
• 46:27
  Speaker 1: which each side has liberty of movement is open ground.
• 46:31
  Speaker 1: Ground which forms the key to three contiguous states, so
• 46:34
  Speaker 1: that he who occupies it first has most of the
• 46:36
  Speaker 1: empire at his command, is ground of intersecting highways. When
• 46:41
  Speaker 1: an army has penetrated into the heart of a hostile country,
• 46:44
  Speaker 1: leaving a number of fortified cities in its rear, it
• 46:47
  Speaker 1: is serious ground. Mountain forests, rugged steeps, marshes and fens,
• 46:53
  Speaker 1: all country that is hard to traverse, this is difficult ground.
• 46:57
  Speaker 1: Ground which is reached through narrow gorges, and from which
• 47:00
  Speaker 1: we can only retire by tortuous paths, so that a
• 47:03
  Speaker 1: small number of the enemy would suffice to crush a
• 47:05
  Speaker 1: large body of our men, this is hemmed in ground.
• 47:09
  Speaker 1: Ground on which we can only be saved from destruction
• 47:12
  Speaker 1: by fighting without delay, is desperate ground. On dispersive ground, therefore,
• 47:18
  Speaker 1: fight not. On facile ground, halt not. On contentious ground,
• 47:24
  Speaker 1: attack not. On open ground, do not try to block
• 47:28
  Speaker 1: the enemy's way. On ground of intersecting highways, join hands
• 47:32
  Speaker 1: with your allies. On serious ground, gather in plunder. In
• 47:38
  Speaker 1: difficult ground, keep steadily on the march. On hemmed in ground,
• 47:43
  Speaker 1: resort to stratagem. On desperate ground, fight. Those who were
• 47:48
  Speaker 1: called skillful leaders of old knew how to drive a
• 47:51
  Speaker 1: wedge between the enemy's front and rear. to prevent cooperation
• 47:55
  Speaker 1: between his large and small divisions, to hinder the good
• 47:58
  Speaker 1: troops from rescuing the bad, the officers from rallying their men.
• 48:02
  Speaker 1: When the enemy's men were scattered, they prevented them from concentrating,
• 48:06
  Speaker 1: even when their forces were united, they managed to keep
• 48:09
  Speaker 1: them in disorder. When it was to their advantage, they
• 48:13
  Speaker 1: made a forward move, when otherwise, they stopped still. If
• 48:17
  Speaker 1: asked how to cope with a great host of the
• 48:19
  Speaker 1: enemy in orderly array and on the point of marching
• 48:22
  Speaker 1: to the attack, I should say, begin by seizing something
• 48:25
  Speaker 1: which your opponent holds dear, then he will be amenable
• 48:28
  Speaker 1: to your will. Rapidity is the essence of war, take
• 48:32
  Speaker 1: advantage of the enemy's unreadiness, make your way by unexpected
• 48:36
  Speaker 1: routes and attack unguarded spots. The following are the principles
• 48:41
  Speaker 1: to be observed by an invading force, the further you
• 48:43
  Speaker 1: penetrate into a country, the greater will be the solidarity
• 48:47
  Speaker 1: of your troops, and thus the defenders will not prevail
• 48:50
  Speaker 1: against you. Make forays in fertile country in order to
• 48:54
  Speaker 1: supply your army with food. Carefully study the well-being of
• 48:58
  Speaker 1: your men and do not overtax them. Concentrate your energy
• 49:02
  Speaker 1: and hoard your strength. Keep your army continually on the
• 49:06
  Speaker 1: move and devise unfathomable plans. Throw your soldiers into positions
• 49:11
  Speaker 1: whence there is no escape and they will prefer death
• 49:14
  Speaker 1: to flight. If they will face death, there is nothing
• 49:18
  Speaker 1: they may not achieve. Officers and men alike will put
• 49:21
  Speaker 1: forth their uttermost strength. Soldiers when in desperate straits lose
• 49:26
  Speaker 1: the sense of fear. If there is no place of
• 49:29
  Speaker 1: refuge they will stand firm. If they are in the
• 49:33
  Speaker 1: heart of a hostile country they will show a stubborn front.
• 49:37
  Speaker 1: If there is no help for it they will fight hard. Thus,
• 49:41
  Speaker 1: without waiting to be marshaled, the soldiers will be constantly
• 49:44
  Speaker 1: on the convive, without waiting to be asked, they will
• 49:47
  Speaker 1: do your will, without restrictions, they will be faithful, without
• 49:51
  Speaker 1: giving orders, they can be trusted. Prohibit the taking of omens,
• 49:56
  Speaker 1: and do away with superstitious doubts. Then, until death itself comes,
• 50:01
  Speaker 1: no calamity need be feared. If our soldiers are not
• 50:05
  Speaker 1: overburdened with money, it is not because they have a
• 50:07
  Speaker 1: distaste for riches. if their lives are not unduly long,
• 50:11
  Speaker 1: it is not because they are disinclined to longevity. On
• 50:14
  Speaker 1: the day they are ordered out to battle, your soldiers
• 50:17
  Speaker 1: may weep, those sitting up bedewing their garments, and those
• 50:20
  Speaker 1: lying down letting the tears run down their cheeks. But
• 50:24
  Speaker 1: let them once be brought to bay, and they will
• 50:26
  Speaker 1: display the courage of a Chu or a Kay. The
• 50:29
  Speaker 1: skillful tactician may be likened to the Shuaijian. Now the
• 50:34
  Speaker 1: Shuaijian is a snake that is found in the Chong Mountains.
• 50:38
  Speaker 1: Strike at its head, and you will be attacked by
• 50:40
  Speaker 1: its tail, strike at its tail, and you will be
• 50:43
  Speaker 1: attacked by its head, strike at its middle, and you
• 50:46
  Speaker 1: will be attacked by head and tail both. Asked if
• 50:49
  Speaker 1: an army can be made to imitate the Shuaijian, I
• 50:52
  Speaker 1: should answer, yes. For the men of Wu and the
• 50:55
  Speaker 1: men of Yu are enemies, yet if they are crossing
• 50:58
  Speaker 1: a river in the same boat and are caught by
• 51:00
  Speaker 1: a storm, they will come to each other's assistance just
• 51:03
  Speaker 1: as the left hand helps the right. Hence it is
• 51:06
  Speaker 1: not enough to put one's trust in the tethering of horses,
• 51:09
  Speaker 1: and the burying of chariot wheels in the ground. The
• 51:12
  Speaker 1: principle on which to manage an army is to set
• 51:15
  Speaker 1: up one standard of courage which all must reach. How
• 51:19
  Speaker 1: to make the best of both strong and weak, that
• 51:21
  Speaker 1: is a question involving the proper use of ground. Thus
• 51:25
  Speaker 1: the skillful general conducts his army just as though he
• 51:28
  Speaker 1: were leading a single man, willy-nilly, by the hand. It
• 51:32
  Speaker 1: is the business of a general to be quiet and
• 51:34
  Speaker 1: thus ensure secrecy, upright and just and thus maintain order.
• 51:39
  Speaker 1: He must be able to mystify his officers and men
• 51:42
  Speaker 1: by false reports and appearances and thus keep them in
• 51:45
  Speaker 1: total ignorance. By altering his arrangements and changing his plans,
• 51:50
  Speaker 1: he keeps the enemy without definite knowledge. By shifting his
• 51:54
  Speaker 1: camp and taking circuitous routes, he prevents the enemy from
• 51:58
  Speaker 1: anticipating his purpose. At the critical moment, the leader of
• 52:02
  Speaker 1: an army acts like one who has climbed up a
• 52:04
  Speaker 1: height and then kicks away the ladder behind him. He
• 52:08
  Speaker 1: carries his men deep into hostile territory before he shows
• 52:11
  Speaker 1: his hand. He burns his boats and breaks his cooking pots,
• 52:15
  Speaker 1: like a shepherd driving a flock of sheep, he drives
• 52:18
  Speaker 1: his men this way and that, and none knows whither
• 52:21
  Speaker 1: he is going. To muster his host and bring it
• 52:24
  Speaker 1: into danger, this may be termed the business of the general.
• 52:28
  Speaker 1: The different measures suited to the nine varieties of ground,
• 52:31
  Speaker 1: the expediency of aggressive or defensive tactics, and the fundamental
• 52:35
  Speaker 1: laws of human nature, these are things that must most
• 52:38
  Speaker 1: certainly be studied. When invading hostile territory, the general principle
• 52:43
  Speaker 1: is that penetrating deeply brings cohesion, penetrating but a short
• 52:48
  Speaker 1: way means dispersion. When you leave your own country behind
• 52:52
  Speaker 1: and take your army across neighborhood territory, you find yourself
• 52:55
  Speaker 1: on critical ground. When there are means of communication on
• 52:59
  Speaker 1: all four sides, the ground is one of intersecting highways.
• 53:04
  Speaker 1: When you penetrate deeply into a country, it is serious ground.
• 53:09
  Speaker 1: When you penetrate but a little way, it is facile ground.
• 53:13
  Speaker 1: When you have the enemy's strongholds on your rear, and
• 53:16
  Speaker 1: narrow passes in front, it is hemmed in ground. When
• 53:20
  Speaker 1: there is no place of refuge at all, it is
• 53:22
  Speaker 1: desperate ground. Therefore, on dispersive ground, I would inspire my
• 53:27
  Speaker 1: men with unity of purpose. On facile ground, I would
• 53:31
  Speaker 1: see that there is close connection between all parts of
• 53:34
  Speaker 1: my army. On contentious ground, I would hurry up my rear.
• 53:39
  Speaker 1: On open ground, I would keep a vigilant eye on
• 53:41
  Speaker 1: my defenses. On ground of intersecting highways, would consolidate my alliances.
• 53:48
  Speaker 1: On serious ground, I would try to ensure a continuous
• 53:51
  Speaker 1: stream of supplies. On difficult ground, I would keep pushing
• 53:56
  Speaker 1: on along the road. On Hendon ground I would block
• 53:59
  Speaker 1: any way of retreat. For it is the soldier's disposition
• 54:03
  Speaker 1: to offer an obstinate resistance when surrounded, to fight hard
• 54:07
  Speaker 1: when he cannot help himself, and to obey promptly when
• 54:09
  Speaker 1: he has fallen into danger. We cannot enter into alliance
• 54:13
  Speaker 1: with neighboring princes until we are acquainted with their designs.
• 54:18
  Speaker 1: We are not fit to lead an army on the
• 54:20
  Speaker 1: march unless we are familiar with the face of the country,
• 54:23
  Speaker 1: its mountains and forests, its pitfalls and precipices, its marshes
• 54:27
  Speaker 1: and swamps. We shall be unable to turn natural advantages
• 54:31
  Speaker 1: to account unless we make use of local guides. To
• 54:35
  Speaker 1: be ignorant of any one of the following four or
• 54:37
  Speaker 1: five principles does not befit a warlike prince. When a
• 54:41
  Speaker 1: warlike prince attacks a powerful state, his generalship shows itself
• 54:46
  Speaker 1: in preventing the concentration of the enemy's forces. He overawes
• 54:50
  Speaker 1: his opponents, and their allies are prevented from joining against him.
• 54:54
  Speaker 1: Hence he does not strive to ally himself with all
• 54:57
  Speaker 1: and sundry, nor does he foster the power of other states.
• 55:01
  Speaker 1: He carries out his own secret designs, keeping his antagonists
• 55:05
  Speaker 1: in awe. Thus he is able to capture their cities
• 55:08
  Speaker 1: and overthrow their kingdoms. Bestow rewards without regard to rule,
• 55:13
  Speaker 1: issue orders without regard to previous arrangements, and you will
• 55:17
  Speaker 1: be able to handle a whole army as though you
• 55:19
  Speaker 1: had to do with but a single man. Confront your
• 55:22
  Speaker 1: soldiers with the deed itself. never let them know your design.
• 55:26
  Speaker 1: When the outlook is bright, bring it before their eyes,
• 55:29
  Speaker 1: but tell them nothing when the situation is gloomy. Place
• 55:33
  Speaker 1: your army in deadly peril, and it will survive, plunge
• 55:36
  Speaker 1: it into desperate straits, and it will come off in safety.
• 55:40
  Speaker 1: For it is precisely when a force has fallen into
• 55:43
  Speaker 1: harm's way that is capable of striking a blow for victory.
• 55:47
  Speaker 1: Success in warfare is gained by carefully accommodating ourselves to
• 55:50
  Speaker 1: the enemy's purpose. By persistently hanging on the enemy's flank,
• 55:55
  Speaker 1: we shall succeed in the long run in killing the commander-in-chief.
• 55:59
  Speaker 1: This is called ability to accomplish a thing by sheer cunning.
• 56:04
  Speaker 1: On the day that you take up your command, block
• 56:06
  Speaker 1: the frontier passes, destroy the official tallies, and stop the
• 56:10
  Speaker 1: passage of all emissaries. Be stern in the council chamber,
• 56:14
  Speaker 1: so that you may control the situation. If the enemy
• 56:18
  Speaker 1: leaves a door open, you must rush in. Forstall your
• 56:21
  Speaker 1: opponent by seizing what he holds dear, and subtly contrive
• 56:25
  Speaker 1: to time his arrival on the ground. Walk in the
• 56:28
  Speaker 1: path defined by rule, and accommodate yourself to the enemy
• 56:31
  Speaker 1: until you can fight a decisive battle. At first, then,
• 56:36
  Speaker 1: exhibit the coyness of a maiden, until the enemy gives
• 56:39
  Speaker 1: you an opening, afterwards emulate the rapidity of a running hare,
• 56:42
  Speaker 1: and it will be too late for the enemy to
• 56:44
  Speaker 1: oppose you. Sun Tzu, The Art of War Chapter 12
• 56:51
  Speaker 1: the attack by fire. Sun Tzu said, there are five
• 56:55
  Speaker 1: ways of attacking with fire. The first is to burn
• 56:59
  Speaker 1: soldiers in their camp, the second is to burn stores,
• 57:02
  Speaker 1: the third is to burn baggage trains, the fourth is
• 57:05
  Speaker 1: to burn arsenals and magazines, the fifth is to hurl
• 57:09
  Speaker 1: dropping fire amongst the enemy. In order to carry out
• 57:13
  Speaker 1: an attack, we must have means available. The material for
• 57:17
  Speaker 1: raising fire should always be kept in readiness. There is
• 57:20
  Speaker 1: a proper season for making attacks with fire, and special
• 57:24
  Speaker 1: days for starting a conflagration. The proper season is when
• 57:28
  Speaker 1: the weather is very dry, the special days are those
• 57:31
  Speaker 1: when the moon is in the constellations of the sieve,
• 57:34
  Speaker 1: the wall, the wing or the crossbar, for these four
• 57:37
  Speaker 1: are all days of rising wind. In attacking with fire,
• 57:41
  Speaker 1: one should be prepared to meet five possible developments. 1.
• 57:46
  Speaker 1: When fire breaks out inside the enemy's camp, respond at
• 57:49
  Speaker 1: once with an attack from without. 2. If there is
• 57:53
  Speaker 1: an outbreak of fire, but the enemy's soldiers remain quiet,
• 57:57
  Speaker 1: bide your time and do not attack. 3. When the
• 58:01
  Speaker 1: force of the flames has reached its height, follow it
• 58:03
  Speaker 1: up with an attack, if that is practicable, if not,
• 58:07
  Speaker 1: stay where you are. 4. If it is possible to
• 58:10
  Speaker 1: make an assault with fire from without, do not wait
• 58:13
  Speaker 1: for it to break out within. but deliver your attack
• 58:16
  Speaker 1: at a favorable moment. 5. When you start a fire,
• 58:20
  Speaker 1: be to windward of it. Do not attack from the leeward.
• 58:25
  Speaker 1: A wind that rises in the daytime lasts long, but
• 58:28
  Speaker 1: a night breeze soon falls. In every army, the five
• 58:32
  Speaker 1: developments connected with fire must be known, the movements of
• 58:36
  Speaker 1: the stars calculated, and a watch kept for the proper days.
• 58:40
  Speaker 1: Hence those who use fire as an aid to the
• 58:42
  Speaker 1: attack show intelligence. those who use water as an aid
• 58:46
  Speaker 1: to the attack gain an accession of strength. By means
• 58:49
  Speaker 1: of water, an enemy may be intercepted, but not robbed
• 58:53
  Speaker 1: of all his belongings. Unhappy is the fate of one
• 58:56
  Speaker 1: who tries to win his battles and succeed in his
• 58:59
  Speaker 1: attacks without cultivating the spirit of enterprise, for the result
• 59:02
  Speaker 1: is waste of time and general stagnation. Hence the saying,
• 59:07
  Speaker 1: the enlightened ruler lays his plans well ahead, the good
• 59:10
  Speaker 1: general cultivates his resources. Move not unless you see an advantage,
• 59:15
  Speaker 1: use not your troops unless there is something to be gained,
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  Speaker 1: fight not unless the position is critical. No ruler should
• 59:22
  Speaker 1: put troops into the field merely to gratify his own spleen,
• 59:25
  Speaker 1: no general should fight a battle simply out of pique.
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  Speaker 1: If it is to your advantage, make a forward move,
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  Speaker 1: if not, stay where you are. Anger may in time
• 59:36
  Speaker 1: change to gladness, vexation may be succeeded by content. But
• 59:40
  Speaker 1: a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come
• 59:43
  Speaker 1: again into being, nor can the dead ever be brought
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  Speaker 1: back to life. Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and
• 59:50
  Speaker 1: the good general full of caution. This is the way
• 59:53
  Speaker 1: to keep a country at peace and an army intact.
• 59:57
  Speaker 1: Chapter 13 THE USE OF SPIES Sun Tzu said, Raising
• 1:00:03
  Speaker 1: a host of 100,000 men and marching them great distances
• 1:00:06
  Speaker 1: entails heavy loss on the people and a drain on
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 1: the resources of the state. The daily expenditure will amount
• 1:00:13
  Speaker 1: to a thousand ounces of silver. There will be commotion
• 1:00:17
  Speaker 1: at home and abroad, and men will drop down exhausted
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 1: on the highways. As many as 700,000 families will be
• 1:00:24
  Speaker 1: impeded in their labor. Hostile armies may face each other
• 1:00:28
  Speaker 1: for years, striving for the victory which is decided in
• 1:00:32
  Speaker 1: a single day. This being so, to remain in ignorance
• 1:00:36
  Speaker 1: of the enemy's condition simply because one grudges the outlay
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 1: of a hundred ounces of silver in honors and emoluments,
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 1: is the height of inhumanity. One who acts thus is
• 1:00:46
  Speaker 1: no leader of men, no present help to his sovereign,
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 1: no master of victory. Thus, what enables the wise sovereign
• 1:00:53
  Speaker 1: and the good general to strike and conquer, and achieve
• 1:00:56
  Speaker 1: things beyond the reach of ordinary men, is foreknowledge. Now
• 1:01:01
  Speaker 1: this foreknowledge cannot be elicited from spirits, it cannot be
• 1:01:04
  Speaker 1: obtained inductively from experience, nor by any deductive calculation. Knowledge
• 1:01:10
  Speaker 1: of the enemy's dispositions can only be obtained from other men.
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 1: Hence the use of spies, of whom there are five classes, 1.
• 1:01:19
  Speaker 1: local spies, 2. inward spies, 3. converted spies, 4. doomed spies. 5.
• 1:01:26
  Speaker 1: Surviving spies. When these five kinds of spy are all
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 1: at work, none can discover the secret system. This is
• 1:01:35
  Speaker 1: called divine manipulation of the threats. It is the sovereign's
• 1:01:39
  Speaker 1: most precious faculty. Having local spies means employing the services
• 1:01:44
  Speaker 1: of the inhabitants of a district. Having inward spies, making
• 1:01:49
  Speaker 1: use of officials of the enemy. Having converted spies, getting
• 1:01:53
  Speaker 1: hold of the enemy's spies and using them for our
• 1:01:55
  Speaker 1: own purposes. Having doomed spies, doing certain things openly for
• 1:02:00
  Speaker 1: purposes of deception, and allowing our own spies to know
• 1:02:04
  Speaker 1: of them and report them to the enemy. Surviving spies, finally,
• 1:02:09
  Speaker 1: are those who bring back news from the enemy's camp.
• 1:02:12
  Speaker 1: Hence it is that with none in the whole army
• 1:02:14
  Speaker 1: are more intimate relations to be maintained than with spies.
• 1:02:18
  Speaker 1: None should be more liberally rewarded. In no other business
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 1: should greater secrecy be preserved. Spies cannot be usefully employed
• 1:02:27
  Speaker 1: without a certain intuitive sagacity. They cannot be properly managed
• 1:02:32
  Speaker 1: without benevolence and straightforwardness. Without subtle ingenuity of mind, one
• 1:02:38
  Speaker 1: cannot make certain of the truth of their reports. Be subtle.
• 1:02:43
  Speaker 1: Be subtle. And use your spies for every kind of business.
• 1:02:48
  Speaker 1: If a secret piece of news is divulged by a
• 1:02:50
  Speaker 1: spy before the time is ripe, he must be put
• 1:02:53
  Speaker 1: to death together with the man to whom the secret
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 1: was told. Whether the object be to crush an army,
• 1:02:59
  Speaker 1: to storm a city, or to assassinate an individual, it
• 1:03:02
  Speaker 1: is always necessary to begin by finding out the names
• 1:03:05
  Speaker 1: of the attendants, the aides-de-camp, the doorkeepers and sentries of
• 1:03:10
  Speaker 1: the general in command. Our spies must be commissioned to
• 1:03:14
  Speaker 1: ascertain these. The enemy's spies who have come to spy
• 1:03:18
  Speaker 1: on us must be sought out, tempted with bribes, led
• 1:03:21
  Speaker 1: away and comfortably housed. Thus they will become converted spies
• 1:03:25
  Speaker 1: and available for our service. It is through the information
• 1:03:29
  Speaker 1: brought by the converted spy that we are able to
• 1:03:31
  Speaker 1: acquire and employ local and inward spies. It is owing
• 1:03:36
  Speaker 1: to his information, again, that we can cause the doomed
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 1: spy to carry false tidings to the enemy. Lastly, it
• 1:03:43
  Speaker 1: is by his information that the surviving spy can be
• 1:03:46
  Speaker 1: used on appointed occasions. The end and aim of spying
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 1: in all its five varieties is knowledge of the enemy,
• 1:03:53
  Speaker 1: and this knowledge can only be derived, in the first instance,
• 1:03:56
  Speaker 1: from the converted spy. Hence it is essential that the
• 1:04:00
  Speaker 1: converted spy be treated with the utmost liberality. Of old,
• 1:04:05
  Speaker 1: the rise of the Yin dynasty was due to Ai
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 1: Qi who had served under the Xia. Likewise, the rise
• 1:04:11
  Speaker 1: of the Zhou dynasty was due to Luya who had
• 1:04:14
  Speaker 1: served under the yin. Hence it is only the enlightened
• 1:04:17
  Speaker 1: ruler and the wise general who will use the highest
• 1:04:20
  Speaker 1: intelligence of the army for purposes of spying and thereby
• 1:04:23
  Speaker 1: they achieve great results. Spies are a most important element
• 1:04:28
  Speaker 1: in war because on them depends an army's ability to move.