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Age of the Earth - or, How to Build a Planet · PlanetGeo: The Geology Podcast

0:03
SPEAKER_01: Welcome to Planet Geo, the podcast where we talk about our amazing planet, how it works, and why it matters to you.
0:15
SPEAKER_01: All right.
0:16
SPEAKER_01: Chris Topher Balhuis.
0:21
SPEAKER_00: That's that, yeah, yeah.
0:23
SPEAKER_00: That when somebody says that on the phone, that's when I hang up.
0:26
SPEAKER_01: That's my Siri.
0:27
SPEAKER_01: I think I've said this before, maybe, but when I say Is that really when I tell Siri to call you, I say call Chris Bahwis.
0:34
SPEAKER_01: And then she knows.
0:35
SPEAKER_00: Hmm.
0:36
SPEAKER_00: Yeah, mine says the big idiot.
0:40
SPEAKER_01: Doctor.
0:41
SPEAKER_01: The big doctor idiot.
0:42
SPEAKER_00: Yeah.
0:42
SPEAKER_00: Professor Idiot.
0:43
SPEAKER_00: I got lots of you.
0:45
SPEAKER_01: Lots of good names.
0:46
SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
0:46
SPEAKER_00: What's going on, Chris?
0:48
SPEAKER_00: Not a whole lot.
0:49
SPEAKER_00: It's good.
0:50
SPEAKER_00: It's a good, it's a good day.
0:51
SPEAKER_00: It's a good week.
0:52
SPEAKER_00: It's a good day.
0:52
SPEAKER_01: You are alive.
0:53
SPEAKER_01: Uh I mean, when is this coming out?
0:55
SPEAKER_01: You probably are out of school and having a good summer.
0:59
SPEAKER_01: That's exciting.
1:00
SPEAKER_00: Yeah, it's a great, it's yeah, it is.
1:01
SPEAKER_00: I'm gonna have a great summer.
1:03
SPEAKER_00: Can't wait.
1:03
SPEAKER_00: Totally.
1:04
SPEAKER_00: Let's go.
1:05
SPEAKER_00: So hey, so Jesse, what are we talking about today?
1:09
SPEAKER_01: We well, this is gonna be a great exercise in Chris keeping Jesse out of the weeds.
1:15
SPEAKER_00: I think I'll do my best.
1:17
SPEAKER_00: I apologize right now.
1:18
SPEAKER_00: I'm gonna try.
1:20
SPEAKER_01: We're talking about the age of the earth.
1:22
SPEAKER_01: And this is near and dear to my heart.
1:26
SPEAKER_01: I there so I don't even know where to begin, Chris.
1:29
SPEAKER_01: Like, I I don't know where are we beginning here?
1:31
SPEAKER_01: You could maybe start by keeping me out of the weeds.
1:34
SPEAKER_00: Okay.
1:35
SPEAKER_00: We're just gonna go ahead and jump right into the episode is how old is the earth?
1:40
SPEAKER_00: And we're gonna get into how do we know this?
1:43
SPEAKER_00: And I mean, this is this is what you do, and you've done this for a long time now.
1:49
SPEAKER_00: So you are definitely the expert in the room.
1:52
SPEAKER_00: I'm really looking forward to this episode.
1:54
SPEAKER_00: I mean, because this is it's an important topic.
1:57
SPEAKER_01: Yeah, so I think a lot of people know that the earth is four and a half billion years old, roundabout, right?
2:04
SPEAKER_01: And people kind of know that number roughly.
2:06
SPEAKER_01: Miss some people might say four, some people may say five billion, something, right?
2:10
SPEAKER_01: Would you agree with that for the most part?
2:11
SPEAKER_00: But they don't know how we came upon that number.
2:14
SPEAKER_00: Like, how was that done, right?
2:16
SPEAKER_00: And that's what today is all about.
2:18
SPEAKER_01: And then there's also a couple really interesting questions in that because people assume, oh, that's the age of the earth, and then oh, that's must be the age of the solar system, probably too.
2:27
SPEAKER_01: And those are two very different things, and we know them to very different levels.
2:32
SPEAKER_00: However, what you just said, first of all, I don't agree that most people assume that the solar system is the same age as the earth.
2:40
SPEAKER_00: I like I don't I don't think a lot of people have that connection.
2:45
SPEAKER_00: And also, you always are quick to point out that they're two really different things.
2:50
SPEAKER_00: However, I want to say, and this is really a big part of our episode today, is how actually things in the solar system and how the solar system forms plays into how we got the number of how old the earth is.
3:07
SPEAKER_01: That is exactly right.
3:08
SPEAKER_01: So, Chris, the question we have to start out with is how old is the earth?
3:12
SPEAKER_01: And what so what is that?
3:15
SPEAKER_01: When did we figure this out?
3:16
SPEAKER_01: You know, give us a little intro to the history of this.
3:19
SPEAKER_00: So it all happened around or not really around 1955.
3:24
SPEAKER_00: Up until that point, we really didn't know.
3:27
SPEAKER_00: I mean, some people thought it was a billion years old, some people thought it was six billion years old.
3:33
SPEAKER_00: But then we used techniques and methods that were developed during the Manhattan Project.
3:38
SPEAKER_00: And I think most people are familiar with the Manhattan Project, the development of nuclear energy, right?
3:46
SPEAKER_00: New the development of nuclear bombs.
3:49
SPEAKER_00: And we really honed in on uranium to lead.
3:55
SPEAKER_00: Uh the decay of uranium 238 to lead 206 and uranium-235 to lead-207.
4:02
SPEAKER_00: We really, really honed in on those rates of decay.
4:08
SPEAKER_00: And we also used the same elements or isotopes, I should say, in meteorites during that same time.
4:15
SPEAKER_01: Yeah, and this was the real revolution in nuclear weapons and using uranium for nuclear weapons and nuclear energy, is that we really got to understand how those two isotopes, uranium-238 and uranium-235, the two flavors of uranium, how those decay and break down and end up in lead.
4:32
SPEAKER_01: And then this is a massively useful tool for my life today in geochronology.
4:38
SPEAKER_01: I mean, that is what we measure in the lab, uranium and lead.
4:41
SPEAKER_01: And those two things are clocks, and we can use those two clocks together, leverage them against each other, and measure ages.
4:48
SPEAKER_01: And so what people did in this time, I'm sorry, I gotta interject.
4:53
SPEAKER_00: Those two clocks run at different rates, and they run independently of each other, which is hugely important.
5:00
SPEAKER_00: So we can like cross-check using those two clocks.
5:06
SPEAKER_01: Yeah, and if you want to have a more detailed rundown, I don't think we're gonna get too much more into detail about uranium-lead today, Chris, but if you want to have a more detailed rundown, we've covered this before in the ancient nukes episode of, I don't know, probably a year and a half ago, maybe something like that.
5:19
SPEAKER_01: So go back to that.
5:20
SPEAKER_01: We cover how nuclear reactors work and some really cool stories about that, and get into the details of uranium and how it breaks down to lead.
5:27
SPEAKER_01: But in 1955, after around about a decade of work, a research group led by Claire Patterson determined the age of the earth.
5:37
SPEAKER_01: And I'm gonna throw some numbers out here, Chris.
5:39
SPEAKER_01: You said before we didn't know at that point in time whether the earth was a billion years old or six billion, somewhere in there.
5:44
SPEAKER_01: That's a pretty big range.
5:46
SPEAKER_01: They determined the age of huge range.
5:48
SPEAKER_01: They determined the age of the earth to be 4.55 billion years old, so that's 4,550 million years, plus or minus 0.07 billion years.
5:58
SPEAKER_01: So 4.55 plus or minus 0.07.
6:02
SPEAKER_01: So that 0.07 billion years, that's a 70 million year uncertainty, which is a lot.
6:12
SPEAKER_00: Okay, I gotta put this in perspective.
6:16
SPEAKER_00: 70 million years is a ton of time.
6:22
SPEAKER_00: 65 million years ago, our planet got hit with a game-changing meteor.
6:31
SPEAKER_00: That was 65 million years ago.
6:33
SPEAKER_00: That's the time that the dinosaurs met their extinction.
6:36
SPEAKER_00: So we're talking about a plus or minus here in the age of the earth that exceeds that difference.
6:43
SPEAKER_00: That's a lot of time.
6:44
SPEAKER_00: Now, Jesse, you and I, like we're used to dealing with numbers that are in billions and millions, and I think we get desensitized.
6:52
SPEAKER_01: Well, first let's consider that before this number, we're gonna kind of rip on this number a little bit, but before this number, we had a range between 1 billion and 6 billion, which is a huge range.
7:02
SPEAKER_01: Basically, we had no idea.
7:03
SPEAKER_01: Now it's 4.55 plus or minus 0.07.
7:06
SPEAKER_01: So a lot better.
7:08
SPEAKER_01: But let's put this into some real life context.
7:10
SPEAKER_01: The average American lifespan is around about 79 years.
7:13
SPEAKER_01: So if we shrink the age of the earth down to 79 years, that uncertainty, 70 million year uncertainty at 4.5 billion years ago, is basically like knowing when you will die down to the closest one year, two months, and 12 days.
7:30
SPEAKER_01: So that's like saying, I'm gonna die 79 years from the day I was born, but I might die one year, two months, and 12 days before my 79th birthday, or I might die one year, two months, and 12 days after my 79th birthday.
7:45
SPEAKER_01: So you kind of have an age range of two and a half years.
7:49
SPEAKER_01: So you might die on your 79th birthday, somewhere within two and a half years on either side of that.
7:55
SPEAKER_01: Does that make sense?
7:55
SPEAKER_00: It does.
7:56
SPEAKER_00: It makes great sense, actually.
7:57
SPEAKER_00: And I'm a little conflicted by that.
7:59
SPEAKER_00: Like would you want I am because a part of me is like, Whoa, that's pretty good.
8:05
SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
8:06
SPEAKER_00: But then the other part of me is like, well, that sucks.
8:08
SPEAKER_00: I don't know where to go.
8:09
SPEAKER_00: No, like I don't and actually honestly.
8:11
SPEAKER_01: I think it's better if I just for me personally, it's better if I just don't know when I'm gonna die.
8:14
SPEAKER_01: I think for me for my mental sanity, it's better.
8:18
SPEAKER_00: I was just gonna say that the interesting thing is that we have not improved on the edge of the earth since that time, 1955.
8:28
SPEAKER_00: We've really like, what the hell, Jesse?
8:31
SPEAKER_00: What's going on?
8:31
SPEAKER_01: So, our methods, just to kind of give you a sense of how much our methods have improved, that number, 4.55 plus or minus 0.07 billion years, that took years to develop the lab techniques in order to make those measurements.
8:44
SPEAKER_01: They were reproduced in multiple labs, so it's a solid number.
8:47
SPEAKER_01: Our lab at Penn State, you know, we don't do the exact same stuff, but we can make an age measurement with the uranium-led system in 45 seconds.
8:57
SPEAKER_01: So we can do hundreds of analyses a day.
9:00
SPEAKER_01: And so our lab techniques have improved massively since 1955, as you would expect, right?
9:06
SPEAKER_01: But you're exactly right.
9:09
SPEAKER_01: Our understanding of the age of the earth has not really improved since then.
9:13
SPEAKER_01: I could talk about this in what we know, what we do know, what we have improved upon.
9:17
SPEAKER_01: In the Earth's oldest rocks, some of which I studied during my PhD, are 4.0 billion year old rocks.
9:23
SPEAKER_01: And we know the age of those rocks to plus or minus 800,000 years.
9:28
SPEAKER_01: So that's 4.030 billion years, plus or minus 0.0008.
9:36
SPEAKER_01: So much, much better.
9:38
SPEAKER_01: That's really accurate, very accurate, very precise.
9:41
SPEAKER_01: That's a solid age.
9:42
SPEAKER_01: There are some rocks in northern Canada that people have suggested are about 4.28 billion years old.
9:48
SPEAKER_01: Now, there's a bit of debate about that.
9:51
SPEAKER_01: I myself, I sort of generally agree with the idea that those are old rocks, but there is some debate about whether these rocks are actually 4.28.
9:59
SPEAKER_01: So the oldest, well accepted aged rocks are 4.02, which is 500 million years younger than the Earth.
10:09
SPEAKER_01: And that's one ninth of Earth history, and that's almost as much as we've had multicellular life on Earth.
10:17
SPEAKER_01: So this is a huge age range.
10:19
SPEAKER_01: Like this is a massive amount of time.
10:21
SPEAKER_01: So that we do have very old pieces of earth, though, that are not rocks.
10:24
SPEAKER_01: We have actually what are called detrital mineral grains.
10:27
SPEAKER_01: So these are zircons, it's a certain mineral that is eroded and deposited in beach sands.
10:33
SPEAKER_01: We have individual zircon grains that are 4.38 billion years old.
10:38
SPEAKER_01: Now, those zircons crystallized into magma 4.38 billion years ago.
10:43
SPEAKER_01: That rock then got eroded and deposited in older sediments.
10:47
SPEAKER_01: So we don't have the rock itself, but we have little tiny fragments of the rock.
10:51
SPEAKER_01: And those are the oldest pieces of earth, which are still 200 million years younger than the earth.
10:56
SPEAKER_01: And so this kind of begs the question: how do we know the age of the earth?
11:00
SPEAKER_01: And so I need to go back to that 1950.
11:03
SPEAKER_00: Well, okay, Jesse, I gotta interject a second then, because I think we need to, I need you to do this because you're the expert in the room, and I know the answer to the question, but I'm gonna ask it.
11:14
SPEAKER_00: What starts the clock or what can reset the clock?
11:20
SPEAKER_00: Because you're talking about ages that are are in the oldest possible grains, those Detrato grains of 4.35 billion years.
11:29
SPEAKER_00: That still doesn't get us to 4.55 billion years.
11:33
SPEAKER_00: So what resets the clock?
11:35
SPEAKER_00: We need to talk about that first.
11:37
SPEAKER_01: Yeah, absolutely.
11:38
SPEAKER_01: Great, great question.
11:39
SPEAKER_01: What resets the clock depends on what type of material you are looking at.
11:43
SPEAKER_01: For individual grains, it's either heating them up to high temperature or melting them, recrystallizing the grains with a rock, basically, mostly any kind of really high temperature metamorphism or melting.
11:55
SPEAKER_01: So if you melt a rock, it resets all the clocks in there.
11:59
SPEAKER_01: And you basically reset the chronometers, re you know, flip the sand dial over and start it again.
12:05
SPEAKER_01: So this kind of begs the question.
12:08
SPEAKER_00: Can you explain that a second though to Joyce, my mom?
12:12
SPEAKER_00: Why does melting a grain reset the clock?
12:16
SPEAKER_00: You know, you got 30 seconds go.
12:19
SPEAKER_00: Why does that happen?
12:20
SPEAKER_01: Yeah.
12:20
SPEAKER_01: These particular grains are very useful because they have a lot of uranium, no lead, and so any uranium that starts there decays away to lead.
12:29
SPEAKER_01: Most of the lead that we see in the grain is by radioactive decay, which means it's a very accurate and precise clock.
12:34
SPEAKER_01: As soon as you melt that grain, all those uranium and lead atoms from that grain mix back in with the magma, get mixed up again, and the new grain grows and it grows with a lot of uranium and no lead again.
12:45
SPEAKER_01: So it kind of overprints this clock.
12:47
SPEAKER_01: It's just like the sand dial.
12:49
SPEAKER_01: The sand in the top is uranium.
12:50
SPEAKER_01: The sand as it trickles down is turning into lead at the bottom of the sand dial.
12:54
SPEAKER_01: When you melt it, you'd flip that thing over.
12:57
SPEAKER_01: You just have uranium in the top, and the sand is down in the bottom, it starts to fall back down into the bottom.
13:03
SPEAKER_01: So you basically reset this entire clock by removing the product or the daughter isotope, the lead in this case.
13:11
SPEAKER_00: Hey, well done.
13:14
SPEAKER_00: I liked that.
13:15
SPEAKER_00: You've never busted that one up before.
13:18
SPEAKER_00: Well, thank you.
13:19
SPEAKER_00: I don't think you've ever done the little sandal thing.
13:21
SPEAKER_00: The sand dial one?
13:22
SPEAKER_00: Joyce, I think, can understand.
13:23
SPEAKER_00: Well, there we go.
13:24
SPEAKER_00: Joyce gets it.
13:24
SPEAKER_01: Okay, all right.
13:25
SPEAKER_01: Well, good, good on you, Joyce.
13:26
SPEAKER_01: I'm glad.
13:27
SPEAKER_00: I like it.
13:28
SPEAKER_01: So all this conversation kind of begs the question: how do we know the age of the earth?
13:33
SPEAKER_01: Like, where did this 4.55 number come from?
13:35
SPEAKER_01: So I'm going to spend again 30 seconds on that really quick, Chris, just to get us level set together.
13:40
SPEAKER_00: You've gone over your allotment, so hurry up.
13:42
SPEAKER_00: Okay.
13:42
SPEAKER_01: All right, I'm over time.
13:44
SPEAKER_01: Let's go.
13:45
SPEAKER_01: So this 1955 age was basically doing uranium-led geocronometers, except comparing the earth, the crust of the earth, the mantle of the earth, to the core of the earth, except it wasn't the core of the earth because we can't sample that.
14:00
SPEAKER_01: It was using meteorites to sort of predict what the core of the earth would look like.
14:05
SPEAKER_01: And so if you use uranium-led chronometers on the crust, the mantle, and the core, you get an age, basically a planetary, what's called a planetary isochron, but you get an age for the entire earth for this, and that gives us that 4.55 plus or minus 0.07 billion year number, which we have not improved upon since 1955.
14:25
SPEAKER_01: But Chris, I've described how we made the age of the earth measurement.
14:30
SPEAKER_01: I've described what we know about the oldest rocks and minerals.
14:33
SPEAKER_01: Why do we not know more about the age of the earth since 1955?
14:37
SPEAKER_00: Well, the earth doesn't have any original rocks.
14:41
SPEAKER_00: It doesn't have any rocks that exist at the surface that are gonna be 4.55 billion years old.
14:49
SPEAKER_00: And that has to do with well, perhaps the most like famous event that happened is the forming of the moon.
15:00
SPEAKER_00: Okay, our moon.
15:02
SPEAKER_00: And this happened when a planet that's the size of Mars, so roughly half the size of Earth, collided with Earth between 4.5 and 4.35 billion years ago.
15:19
SPEAKER_00: So early on in the formation of planet Earth, there was a just this devastating collision that happened.
15:27
SPEAKER_00: So what happens when something like that occurs?
15:31
SPEAKER_00: This event is so big that the entire surface of the planet is resurfaced.
15:37
SPEAKER_00: In other words, it melts and then begins to cool.
15:42
SPEAKER_00: And like you said, and we already hit about this, this is why I asked the question earlier, is that when you melt rocks, it resets the clock.
15:52
SPEAKER_00: So if that event happened 4.35 billion years ago, no rocks will show an age older than that.
16:03
SPEAKER_01: That's right.
16:04
SPEAKER_01: Just a planetary resetting event right there, just completely overbringing the entire almost the entire planet.
16:12
SPEAKER_00: Which is super interesting because we know that uh this happened as many as eight times actually, where Earth was just blasted during a part of our formation, which is called the heavy bombardment era, where we got blasted with such big impactors that it resurfaced our entire planet.
16:36
SPEAKER_00: When an object the size of Mars slams into us, that's a massive ordeal.
16:42
SPEAKER_00: And so that's why we're never gonna be able to like improve upon the age of the earth with earth-based rocks, you know.
16:53
SPEAKER_00: So we have to look then to other things, and so Jesse, let's talk about meteorites then.
17:01
SPEAKER_00: We have like you know, big meteorites, we get little tiny meteorites all the time that are adding mass to our planet.
17:09
SPEAKER_00: What do they say in terms of age?
17:13
SPEAKER_00: Because when a meteorite forms, nothing really happens to it after it forms.
17:18
SPEAKER_00: There is no resetting.
17:20
SPEAKER_00: So the age we get is the age that that thing formed.
17:25
SPEAKER_01: Yeah, there's no plate tectonics on most meteorites, this overprinting that happens on Earth all the time, this resetting of clocks, of rock clocks all the time.
17:35
SPEAKER_01: So there are tiny parts of meteorites, the earliest bits.
17:38
SPEAKER_01: We can date many different stages of meteorite formation, from melting, the first melting from to core formation to the first solids that formed in the solar system.
17:48
SPEAKER_01: And the most primitive ones, the first solids that really condensed in the solar system, give an age of 4.5682 billion years, plus or minus 0.00017 billion years old.
18:05
SPEAKER_01: So let me say those numbers a little bit differently.
18:07
SPEAKER_01: This is that's crazy.
18:10
SPEAKER_01: It's incredible.
18:10
SPEAKER_00: I want everybody to listen up because this is this is amazing.
18:14
SPEAKER_01: I'm gonna say these differently.
18:15
SPEAKER_01: This is 4,568.2 million years, plus or minus 0.17 million years.
18:22
SPEAKER_01: So that's an uncertainty going back 4.568 billion years ago, an uncertainty of 170,000 years.
18:28
SPEAKER_01: So that's plus or minus 170,000 years.
18:31
SPEAKER_01: So let me put that into our age of a human being context, Chris, here is that we were talking about a lifespan of 79 years, you would know it to plus or minus one year, two months, and 12 days.
18:43
SPEAKER_01: This one, if you have this precision in your life when you're going to die, you're gonna know that you're gonna die on your 79th birthday.
18:53
SPEAKER_01: You're gonna actually know the day you die to within one day in one and a half hours.
18:59
SPEAKER_01: So that's you might die on the day before your birthday or the day after your 79th birthday, but you're gonna die one of those three days, right?
19:06
SPEAKER_01: That's spectacularly precise.
19:09
SPEAKER_01: That's incredible.
19:10
SPEAKER_00: Yeah, it is incredible, and again, it's important to highlight two things with this.
19:16
SPEAKER_00: That's how precise our methods are.
19:18
SPEAKER_00: I mean, this is what you do, it's exceedingly precise, okay.
19:23
SPEAKER_00: The other thing is why are we able to do this with meteorites?
19:27
SPEAKER_00: And I know you said it, I just want to I want to come back to it because it's such an important point.
19:32
SPEAKER_00: Meteorites, nothing happens to them, they form and and there's they don't get re-melted ever again.
19:40
SPEAKER_00: But on Earth, Jesse, you as a guy that dates rocks, dates old shit.
19:46
SPEAKER_00: You have to have a love-hate relationship with plate tectonics, then yeah, and your rocks because uh plate tectonics is what makes this an amazing planet, it's what makes our planet so beautiful, but it makes it so difficult for you to do your job because it constantly recycles rocks, and so we got melting, we have metamorphism, which can reset clocks depending on what method you're using.
20:14
SPEAKER_00: Um, it it adds up very frustrating.
20:19
SPEAKER_00: Very frustrating sometimes, absolutely absolutely, and you don't get that with meteors, which is or meteorites, which is why we're able to use those and get a better approximation of the age of the earth.
20:32
SPEAKER_01: And that really brings up the main question, I think, here, Chris, which if you're sitting there listening to this, alarm bells should be kind of going off in your head, right?
20:42
SPEAKER_01: You should be thinking, okay, we can know the age of meteorites really, really precisely, but we haven't improved on the age of the earth since 1955.
20:50
SPEAKER_01: You should be going, like, well, how does a planet actually form, right?
20:54
SPEAKER_01: I mean, I think that's like the sort of natural follow-on to this is like, what the heck does the age of a planet actually mean if the earth, the proto-Earth, got hit by this Mars size impactor and totally reset the planet?
21:07
SPEAKER_01: Like, what is the actual age of the Earth?
21:09
SPEAKER_01: So, Chris, let's let's wrap up this episode on that theme.
21:13
SPEAKER_01: We got to start a little bit earlier than a planet, though, first, to kind of get to this, right?
21:18
SPEAKER_00: So, this is really difficult, Jesse, to do to talk about you know the formation of the solar system in a couple minutes is a tough task.
21:27
SPEAKER_00: But look, it all comes down to what's called the nebula theory, the solar nebula theory.
21:32
SPEAKER_00: And the idea is that our solar system formed from a nebula, this cloud of gas and dust that was contracting due to its own gravity.
21:43
SPEAKER_00: And you know, you get the formation of the sun, and then everything else in our solar system the planets, the Kuiper belt, uh the asteroid belt, and the idea is that as it started to contract, as this nebula began to contract, it began To spin and to rotate.
22:02
SPEAKER_00: And you know, you and I were talking about this earlier, and it's it's kind of like uh somebody taking a ball of dough, like pizza dough, you know, they roll it into this ball.
22:14
SPEAKER_00: And what happens when you take that ball of dough and whip it into the air and rotate it?
22:20
SPEAKER_00: What happens to it?
22:21
SPEAKER_01: Yeah, you get it flattened out, right?
22:23
SPEAKER_01: You can picture the person in the pizza parlor, you know, throwing the dough, tossing the dough up and spinning it out into a pizza shape, right?
22:29
SPEAKER_01: It's kind of what's going on here in this collapsing cloud of gas and dust.
22:34
SPEAKER_01: And then the next thing happens, which is the star ignites, which starts to produce a lot of heat, and that basically moves all of the stuff that has a low condensation temperature, meaning it likes to be in the gas phase, think CO2 or water and hydrogen.
22:54
SPEAKER_01: That all gets kind of pushed out away from the star, kind of gets blown out until it gets cool enough for that stuff to condense.
23:02
SPEAKER_01: That line defines what's called that's called the frost line or the ice line in some textbooks.
23:07
SPEAKER_00: The condensation line is where it's like.
23:09
SPEAKER_00: Exactly.
23:09
SPEAKER_00: It's basically the freezing point.
23:10
SPEAKER_00: The condensation sequence, yeah.
23:12
SPEAKER_01: It's basically the freezing point in the solar system.
23:15
SPEAKER_01: And the inner part of the solar system will be what we call the rocky planets, the ones made of mostly rock.
23:21
SPEAKER_01: The outer ones will be the gas giants, the ones made mostly of gas, like Jupiter and Saturn in our solar system.
23:28
SPEAKER_01: And so, you know, as this dust cloud, now this is mostly rock dust now, those little dust particles will electrostatically cling together and form larger dust particles, and those will get a little bit larger, and then those will get a bit a little bit larger.
23:44
SPEAKER_01: At some point, they'll reach a stage, something larger than the pebble size, where they start to have their own gravity, and then they'll start to attract each other.
23:52
SPEAKER_01: And then you can get one big one that has more gravity, attracts more little ones, which makes it bigger, which means it has more gravity, which attracts more little ones, and it grows exponentially.
24:01
SPEAKER_01: And this is this runaway growth phase, which basically starts to build a planet.
24:06
SPEAKER_00: Eventually it becomes a planetesimal, gets to this certain size where it begins to grow due to its own gravity, it begins to draw things in from outside.
24:16
SPEAKER_00: If it becomes a planetesimal, then astronomers say, well, then it's destined to become a planet.
24:23
SPEAKER_00: And this is what really never happened to Pluto, for instance.
24:27
SPEAKER_00: A lot of people get emotional about Pluto getting demoted to a planetesimal instead of, or or to dwarf planet, I should say, instead of a planet.
24:36
SPEAKER_00: Well, one of the criteria that we have set for something to be classified as a planet is it has to clear its own orbit.
24:45
SPEAKER_00: You know, it has to clear out the vast majority of the debris in its orbital plane.
24:51
SPEAKER_00: Pluto hasn't done that.
24:52
SPEAKER_00: There's a ton of stuff in its orbital plane.
24:55
SPEAKER_00: And so I just want to say that like if this is how it happened, you take this ball of pizza dough and spin it in the air, how does that tie into our solar system?
25:06
SPEAKER_00: Well, there's a bunch of stuff.
25:09
SPEAKER_00: All of the planets are revolving in the same direction.
25:14
SPEAKER_00: And they're all revolving in the same plane, too.
25:17
SPEAKER_00: I mean, it's a very, really small variance in terms of the plane at which they orbit relative to the sun.
25:26
SPEAKER_00: All but Venus and Uranus rotate in the same way.
25:31
SPEAKER_00: Everything rotates counterclockwise except Venus and Uranus.
25:35
SPEAKER_00: All the moons revolve and rotate counterclockwise.
25:42
SPEAKER_00: These are also predictions that are based on this solar nebula theory.
25:47
SPEAKER_00: And sometimes in science, Jesse, like I think you'd agree with this.
25:50
SPEAKER_00: Sometimes the predictions become more important than the theory itself.
25:56
SPEAKER_01: Yeah, exactly.
25:56
SPEAKER_01: Those are the things that become testable in the future, and those are the things that you can go forward and test.
26:02
SPEAKER_01: So you nailed it perfectly there, Chris.
26:04
SPEAKER_01: And this leads us really perfectly to what does the age of a planet mean?
26:07
SPEAKER_01: Because this process we're describing is a potentially a long process.
26:12
SPEAKER_01: This could take a while.
26:13
SPEAKER_01: And so there's a couple other key parts here, and I'm going to put some numbers on some things.
26:16
SPEAKER_01: So as this planetesimal gets big, in the early solar system, there's lots of radioactivity around.
26:22
SPEAKER_01: There's a lot of stuff.
26:24
SPEAKER_01: Think of like a nuclear meltdown, Chernobyl.
26:27
SPEAKER_01: The reason why nobody can really live by that thing is because there's so much radioactivity around there.
26:31
SPEAKER_01: That's the same thing that was going on in the early part of our solar system.
26:34
SPEAKER_01: Loads of radioactive elements all decaying away, producing heat.
26:38
SPEAKER_01: When you get this planetesimal size, you have a lot of heat inside that can't escape quickly.
26:42
SPEAKER_01: So the planetesimal melts.
26:44
SPEAKER_01: That melting event means that you can start to form a core.
26:48
SPEAKER_01: And the core formation is what some people consider to be really like a planetary age event.
26:56
SPEAKER_01: That is this melting that can reset the clocks and can give you this 4.55 plus or minus 0.07 billion-year-old age for the age of the Earth.
27:05
SPEAKER_01: Now, that process can take a while.
27:09
SPEAKER_01: The core formation process on planetary bodies the size of Earth in our solar system kind of is around 30 to 80 million years after the start of the solar system.
27:20
SPEAKER_01: So this whole process we've been describing from nebulae theory forward takes about 30 to 80 million years.
27:26
SPEAKER_01: There's some disagreement about that, but it's kind of in that range for the most part.
27:30
SPEAKER_01: And the Earth is thought to be about 50% of its current mass by that age range, 10 to 50 or 60 million years after the solar system formed.
27:41
SPEAKER_01: So that's about 4.5 billion years old.
27:44
SPEAKER_00: And that's why then meteorites date that same time frame older than Earth.
27:52
SPEAKER_00: Because Earth took time to cool.
27:56
SPEAKER_00: Whereas meteorites being much smaller, they cooled much faster, right?
28:01
SPEAKER_00: And so their age is going to be really indicative of the age of the solar system.
28:08
SPEAKER_00: Whereas Earth is going to be a little bit younger than that.
28:11
SPEAKER_00: It's kind of like this if you take a coffee cup and fill it with hot water and let it sit on the counter and you heat it up to like 104 degrees, the temperature of a hot tub.
28:23
SPEAKER_00: But you compare that to filling a whole hot tub up with 104 degree water, and now just let them both cool.
28:30
SPEAKER_00: Turn off the electricity, let them cool.
28:33
SPEAKER_00: The cup of coffee is going to cool much faster.
28:35
SPEAKER_00: In terms of like age of rocks, that cooling faster, turning it a rock sooner, is means it's going to show up as being older, even though they like formed at the same time.
28:46
SPEAKER_00: The clock is going to be older than the clock of Earth.
28:51
SPEAKER_00: Does that make sense?
28:52
SPEAKER_01: Yeah, absolutely.
28:53
SPEAKER_01: And Earth is still warm, it's still melting.
28:55
SPEAKER_01: There's still a lot of heat inside of Earth that is melting, and so it still hasn't cooled down yet four and a half billion years later, right?
29:02
SPEAKER_00: So which is why Earth still has plate tectonics.
29:06
SPEAKER_00: Mars is, you know, volcanically inactive.
29:10
SPEAKER_00: It's cooled off.
29:10
SPEAKER_00: It's half the size of Earth.
29:12
SPEAKER_00: And so there's very little activity going on there.
29:16
SPEAKER_00: Mercury, same thing.
29:18
SPEAKER_00: Now, look, I'll eat my desk in front of me if Venus does not have volcanism on it right now.
29:27
SPEAKER_00: Right now.
29:28
SPEAKER_00: I'll I'll I'll eat it.
29:29
SPEAKER_00: I'll eat the whole thing.
29:30
SPEAKER_00: Okay.
29:31
SPEAKER_00: That's how confident I am saying because Venus is about the same size as Earth.
29:35
SPEAKER_00: And so it hasn't cooled off yet either.
29:37
SPEAKER_00: It's still an active planet.
29:40
SPEAKER_00: And it's going to have volcanism then because of that.
29:42
SPEAKER_01: Oh, I can't wait to see what these missions to Venus end up uh returning.
29:46
SPEAKER_01: Because it's like the most interesting data point in our solar system is how does Venus compare to Earth?
29:52
SPEAKER_01: So, Chris, I this is sort of a wrap on the information, but I just want to kind of summarize here.
29:56
SPEAKER_01: Like there's to me, there's a few key take-home points.
29:59
SPEAKER_01: First of all, the age of the Earth is about 4.55 plus or minus 0.07.
30:03
SPEAKER_01: We've said that number a whole bunch of times, and we haven't improved on that since 1955, and we kind of discussed the reasons why.
30:09
SPEAKER_01: We know the age of the solar system much, much more precisely than we know the age of the earth.
30:14
SPEAKER_01: And that's point one and two.
30:16
SPEAKER_01: And that brings us to point number three, which is building a planet is a long, complicated, and often violent process.
30:24
SPEAKER_01: And that's really why we don't have a great idea of the age of the earth specifically, but we know the age of the solar system very precisely.
30:34
SPEAKER_00: Yeah.
30:35
SPEAKER_01: That I think is a wrap, Chris.
30:37
SPEAKER_01: This was really fun.
30:38
SPEAKER_01: I I just said, Oh, it's near and dear to my heart.
30:40
SPEAKER_01: I hope I didn't blather on too much and spend too much time down in the weeds about it.
30:44
SPEAKER_01: No, you do such a good idea.
30:45
SPEAKER_01: It's really interesting, and I think it drives home a couple really important points about you know how a planet forms and put that 4.55 number into some context for people, you know, at your at the next dinner party, which everybody loves talking about the age of the earth at dinner parties, right?
30:59
SPEAKER_01: You can pull out the city.
31:00
SPEAKER_00: Joyce is well equipped right now to go.
31:02
SPEAKER_01: Totally.
31:02
SPEAKER_01: That's right.
31:03
SPEAKER_01: She's gonna be rocking it at the next dinner party.
31:06
SPEAKER_01: Oh man.
31:08
SPEAKER_00: This is gonna be a true test to see if she listens to our podcast.
31:11
SPEAKER_00: That's true.
31:12
SPEAKER_01: That's right.
31:12
SPEAKER_01: You're gonna get like a phone call and a Facebook comment from your mom.
31:16
SPEAKER_01: It'll be great.
31:16
SPEAKER_01: That's right.
31:18
SPEAKER_01: That's right.
31:19
SPEAKER_01: All right, man.
31:19
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31:23
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31:23
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31:28
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31:41
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31:41
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31:47
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31:50
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31:51
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31:52
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31:53
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31:54
SPEAKER_01: Say, hey, listen to this.
31:54
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31:56
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31:57
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31:59
SPEAKER_00: That's right.
32:00
SPEAKER_01: That's right.
32:00
SPEAKER_01: Alright.
32:01
SPEAKER_01: Cheers.