What the Machine Produced and How It Got There Are Different Questions
The output arrives looking like an answer. The process that generated it stays out of reach, and a confident written explanation doesn’t change that. Berlin, 1904: A retired mathematics teacher named Wilhelm von Osten had spent years convinced that he could teach a horse to think. He sought something beyond training responses or memorized cues. He believed Hans could work through problems the way a student would, arriving at answers through genuine reasoning. He called the horse Hans. The public eventually called him Clever Hans, and the name stuck for a reason. The setup looked like a…
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