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Voyager – Humanity’s Farthest Messengers · Talking Science

0:00
So I want you to just think for a second about
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the electronic key fob that you probably have
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sitting in your pocket, or maybe it's like on
0:06
your kitchen counter right now. Oh yeah, the
0:08
little plastic thing for your car. Right, exactly.
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You know that little piece of plastic that you
0:11
just press to unlock your car doors? And it is
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something you likely use every single day, completely
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without a second thought. But I want you to hold
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that object in your mind for a minute, because...
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humanity's farthest reaching and most extraordinary
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space mission was launched with literally less
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computing power than that little piece of plastic.
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It really is wild. It frames the reality of 1970s
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engineering in a way that sounds almost completely
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impossible to us today. Because when we think
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of interstellar exploration now, we immediately
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imagine supercomputers and artificial intelligence.
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technology that predates the home personal computer.
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Exactly. So welcome to today's deep dive. Today,
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we are tracing how two machines, Voyager 1 and
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Voyager 2, managed to pull off what is basically
1:02
the ultimate cosmic road trip using that exact
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primitive tech. We've got this beautifully written
1:08
essay detailing the mission. And our goal today
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is to really unpack the brilliant engineering,
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the... Undeniable cosmic luck and the poetic
1:18
legacy of two small robotic spacecraft that are
1:21
still somehow calling home from the absolute
1:24
dark. It's such a great source text, too. It
1:26
really is. So I invite you, the listener, to
1:29
just settle in, set a warm, you know, unhurried
1:31
pace for yourself today. We need to travel all
1:34
the way back to 1977. Ah, the 70s. Right. An
1:37
era of bell bottoms and eight track tapes. Mobile
1:40
phones do not exist at this point. And from that
1:43
baseline, we are going to follow the Voyagers
1:45
out into the void. Yeah. And establishing that
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1977 context right away, I think, really highlights
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the central engineering problem of this entire
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endeavor. How so? We are talking about spacecraft
1:55
with incredibly limited computing brains. Sure.
1:59
But they also had these severe constraints on
2:02
physical power and fuel. Right. I mean, they're
2:04
tiny. Exactly. The engineers couldn't just, you
2:07
know, strap a massive rocket engine to these
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probes and hit the gas for decades. So the logical
2:12
problem immediately becomes, how do you get a
2:15
spacecraft with a tiny little fuel tank to cross
2:17
the entirety of our solar system? So if I'm understanding
2:20
the physics of this correctly from the essay,
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they actually weren't relying on their own engines
2:24
to travel billions of miles. The source mentions
2:27
this really rare opportunity called the Grand
2:30
Tour. And that relied on like a specific alignment
2:33
of the outer planets. That's the crux of the
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whole thing. Yeah. In the late 1970s and early
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1980s, the four giant outer planets. So that's
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Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. They all happen
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to line up on the exact same side of the solar
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system. Which is pretty rare, right? Oh, incredibly
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rare. You have to remember that these planets
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are all moving at vastly different speeds in
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these massive sprawling orbits. They do not sync
2:56
up often. This specific geometric configuration
2:59
where they're basically in a row. only occurs
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about once every 176 years. Wait, 176 years?
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Meaning, like, if NASA missed this window in
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the late 70s, there is literally no second chance
3:13
for anyone alive at the time. None. You'd just
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have to wait the better part of two centuries
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for the planets to align like that again. Precisely.
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So, NASA astronomers realized that because these
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giants were lined up, a single spacecraft could,
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theoretically, visit all four in one continuous
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journey. But to actually make that leap from
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one planet to the next without just running out
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of fuel, they had to execute this maneuver called
3:37
a gravity assist or slingshot. OK, here is where
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I want to push back just a little on the terminology
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in the essay, because it describes the spacecraft
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as stealing speed, quote, entirely for free.
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No fuel spent. End quote. Yes. And my understanding
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of thermodynamics is that you cannot get something
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from nothing. If the spacecraft is suddenly accelerating
3:56
toward the outer solar system, that energy has
3:58
to come from somewhere. Right. Is it literally
4:00
stealing Jupiter's orbital momentum? Like, does
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a giant planet actually slow down? That is a
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really highly perceptive question, actually.
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And you are in. right to challenge that idea
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of free energy. Okay, good. Because it isn't
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magic. You know, it's a strict mechanical exchange.
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When the tiny spacecraft approaches Jupiter,
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it falls into the planet's immense gravitational
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well. It whips around the back of the moving
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planet and then basically shoots back out. Right.
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And by aiming it at a very specific trajectory,
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the engineers ensure that the spacecraft leeches
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a microscopic fraction of Jupiter's own momentum
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as the planet orbits the sun. So the energy is
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literally coming from Jupiter's movement through
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space. Correct. And because it is an equal exchange
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of momentum, Jupiter actually does slow down.
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Wait, really? Yes. But the scale of that exchange
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must be just incredibly disproportionate. Oh,
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vastly disproportionate. Jupiter is so unimaginably
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massive that giving up that energy slows its
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orbit by an utterly immeasurable amount. We're
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talking fractions of a millimeter over billions
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of years. You could never, ever detect the change.
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But transferring that exact same amount of kinetic
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energy into a tiny 2 ,000 -pound spacecraft,
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that results in a colossal speed boost. No fuel
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is burned. by the probe to gain that acceleration,
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it just leverages the mass of the solar system
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against itself. That is wild. The source uses
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this really beautiful analogy of a stone skipping
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across a pond. Voyager 1 used Jupiter's gravity
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to accelerate towards Saturn. And then Voyager
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2 took it even further, using Saturn to slingshot
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to Uranus and then Uranus to slingshot to Neptune.
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Right. They were just gathering velocity from
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each giant they passed like they were skipping
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across the cosmic pond. Exactly. And armed with
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that stolen momentum, they weren't just racing
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the clock. You know, their cameras and sensors
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were wide open. And what they were hurtling toward
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completely shattered our existing understanding
5:54
of the solar system. I mean, we really have to
5:55
consider what humanity actually knew about. these
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places before 1979. Yeah, let's talk about that,
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because if you point a high -powered telescope
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at the sky in the mid -70s, you are essentially
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just looking at faint, blurry smudges, right?
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Exactly. Faint smudges. We knew they were massive
6:11
planets, of course, but they lacked any kind
6:13
of sharp definition. The Voyagers were about
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to provide our very first close -up portraits
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of these distant worlds, and they found systems
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that were far more dynamic and honestly more
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violent than anyone predicted. The sheer variety
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is just staggering. The essay details how they
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looked at Jupiter and revealed that its great
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red spot isn't just like a flat surface feature.
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No, not at all. It's a colossal high pressure
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anticyclonic storm that is actually larger than
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Earth itself. Yep. And then they showed us the
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intricate, almost record groove complexity of
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Saturn's rings. They looked at Saturn's largest
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moon, Titan, and found it wrapped in this thick,
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hazy, orange atmosphere of nitrogen and methane.
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Right. They proved that these weren't just dead,
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frozen spheres of gas and ice floating out there.
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They were active, evolving systems. But the detail
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that really made me pause was their discovery
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on Jupiter's moon, Io. The text points out that
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Voyager found Io to be completely covered in
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active volcanoes. Oh, that was huge. It's amazing.
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This was the first time active volcanism had
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ever been seen anywhere beyond Earth. But what
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I don't fully grasp is the actual mechanism.
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Io is a tiny moon sitting in the absolute freezing
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depths of space, hundreds of millions of miles
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away from the warmth of the sun. Why on Earth
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is it hot enough inside to have erupting volcanoes?
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Well, that is the crucial aha moment of the Jupiter
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encounter. It all comes down to a phenomenon
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called tidal heating. Tidal heating, so like
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ocean tides on Earth. Similar principle, yeah,
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but applied to solid rock instead of water. So
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Io is caught in this massive gravitational tug
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of war. On one side, you have the immense crushing
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gravity of Jupiter just pulling on it. And then
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on the other side, you have the gravity of Jupiter's
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other large moons, specifically Europa and Ganymede,
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pulling it in the exact opposite direction. So
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as Io orbits, it is literally being squeezed,
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stretched, and distorted. by these competing
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gravitational forces. Wait, so the moon is physically
8:09
bulging out of shape? Yes. The solid ground of
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Io bulges up and down by over 300 feet as it
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orbits. 300 feet of solid rock moving. That's
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insane. It is. Now, think about if you take a
8:21
metal wire, like a paper clip, and you bend it
8:24
back and forth rapidly in your hands. What happens
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to the metal at the bend? Oh, it gets hot, like
8:29
really hot. Right. That is internal friction.
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So the immense friction from all that solid rock
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grinding and stretching inside Io generates intense
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heat. Enough heat to completely melt the interior
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of the moon, forcing magma out to the surface.
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Voyager didn't just find volcanoes. It discovered
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a brand new geological mechanism for heating
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a world. Oh, wow. That makes so much more sense
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now. And while Voyager 1's path took it upward
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and kind of out of the planetary plane after
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Saturn, Voyager 2 capitalized on that rare alignment
9:02
to push onto Uranus and Neptune. Yeah, get going.
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And almost 50 years later, Voyager 2 is still
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the only spacecraft humanity has ever sent to
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visit those two planets. And its findings there
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were equally paradigm shifting, honestly. Yeah.
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At Neptune, which is a planet so far from the
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sun it receives barely any solar energy at all,
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Voyager 2 recorded supersonic winds tearing through
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the atmosphere. atmosphere at over 1 ,000 miles
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per hour. 1 ,000 miles per hour. Yep. And on
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Neptune's moon, Triton, it found active geysers
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erupting into space. Okay, wait. Geysers on Triton.
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If it's even farther out than Io and much, much
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colder, what is actually erupting? Because it
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can't be magma, right? Right. It isn't magma.
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It's a process called cryovolcanism, basically.
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Cold volcanoes. Cold volcanoes. Yeah. The surface
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of Triton is essentially just deep frozen nitrogen.
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And the Voyager data suggests that the faint
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sunlight penetrates the surface ice, heating
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up a dark layer of material underneath. This
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turns the frozen nitrogen into a high -pressure
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gas that eventually ruptures the ice crust. And
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it shoots plumes of dark dust and nitrogen gas
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miles into space. That is phenomenal. So you
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have two small probes carrying these ancient
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computers. And during just a handful of brief
10:12
flybys, they completely rewrote the science textbooks.
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They really did. They transformed four distant,
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blurry smudges into real, complicated worlds
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driven by tidal heating, supersonic winds, and
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cold volcanoes. But, you know, the planetary
10:25
flybys were just the primary objective. They
10:27
didn't hit a wall after Neptune. Physics dictates
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that an object in motion stays in motion. Right.
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Right. So without atmospheric friction to slow
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them down, their projectories carried them onward.
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They just kept coasting. And this takes us from
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the charted solar system into a completely different
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environment. Yeah, the text refers to this as
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the second stranger chapter of their journey,
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leaving the solar system entirely. But to really
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grasp what that means, we need to clarify what
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the boundary of the solar system actually is.
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Because it's not just a line on a map past Pluto.
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No, it is a physical, measurable boundary created
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by our sun. Because we naturally think of space
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as this perfect empty vacuum, right? But the
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space inside our solar system is actually filled
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with a constant outward stream of charged particles
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and magnetic fields blown out by the sun. Okay.
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This stream is called the solar wind. So the
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sun is continuously exhaling this plasma wind
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in all directions. Constantly exhaling. And the
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solar wind is pushing outward. At over a million
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miles an hour, it inflates a vast protective
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bubble around all the planets. That bubble is
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called the heliosphere. The heliosphere, got
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it. And for decades after they passed the outer
11:37
planets, the Voyagers were still sailing through
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this bubble, firmly within the sun's magnetic
11:43
sphere of influence. But eventually, that solar
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wind starts to lose its strength as it pushes
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against the interstellar medium. And the interstellar
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medium is? Oh, that's just the gas and dust that
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exists in the open space between the stars. Okay,
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so the essay uses a really great porch light
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analogy here that I want to adapt for you, the
12:02
listener, based on what you just explained about
12:04
the physics. Imagine you are inside a warm, brightly
12:08
lit house on a freezing winter night. I love
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this analogy. It's so good. The heliosphere is
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like the glow of your porch light. You walk out
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the front door, across the yard, and you are
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still bathed in the glow of the house. That's
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where the planets are. But as you keep walking
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out toward the dark woods, the light begins to
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fade. Right, and that fading light is a perfect
12:28
representation of a region called the termination
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shock. That's where the solar wind abruptly slows
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down as it encounters the heavy pressure of interstellar
12:37
space. Right. So eventually you step past the
12:39
very edge of the porch light's reach. You hit
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a definitive border where the wind from the dark
12:44
woods finally overpowers the warmth of your house.
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And suddenly you're just out in the freezing,
12:49
totally dark wilderness. And that definitive
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border is called the heliopause. It is the exact
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boundary where the outward pressure of the solar
12:58
wind is perfectly balanced by the inward pressure
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of the interstellar medium. And after decades
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of traveling, Voyager 1 actually reached that
13:06
invisible border. In 2012, it pierced the heliopause
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and became the very first human -made object
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to cross into interstellar space. Into the space
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between the stars. Yes, and Voyager 2 followed,
13:18
making its own crossing into the interstellar
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medium a few years later in 2018. It is a profound
13:24
milestone. A machine built by human hands had
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finally left the sun's protective bubble and
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entered the wider ocean of the Milky Way galaxy.
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See, what really bends my mind about this milestone
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isn't just the physics, it's the sheer scale
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of the distance we are talking about here. The
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scale is almost impossible to intuit, honestly.
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We have to measure these distances not in miles,
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but in light hours. And, you know, light travels
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at 186 ,000 miles per second. Which is fast.
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Very fast. It is the absolute speed limit of
13:51
the universe. And even at that speed, the radio
13:54
signals that these spacecraft are sending back
13:55
right now take an agonizingly long time to reach
13:59
our antennas here on Earth. The essay notes that
14:02
for Voyager 1, A single ping takes over 22 hours
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to arrive. Just think about that for a second.
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Over 22 hours traveling at the speed of light.
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It's crazy. And yet from that unimaginable abyss,
14:15
using a 1970s radio transmitter that literally
14:18
operates on less power than a refrigerator light
14:20
bulb, they are still successfully beaming back
14:23
data. They are literally telling us what the
14:25
plasma environment of the interstellar ocean
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feels like today. Now, knowing that these spacecraft
14:29
were heading into an infinite, timeless void
14:31
raises an entirely different kind of question
14:33
for the creators. Because in the vacuum of interstellar
14:36
space, there is no wind, no rain, no oxygen to
14:40
rust the metal. Nothing to break them down. Right.
14:42
So the engineers realized that these probes were
14:46
going to physically outlast the mountains on
14:48
Earth. They will very likely outlast human civilization
14:51
itself. So they faced this profound philosophical
14:54
dilemma. If you are sending a machine into eternity,
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what you pack. Exactly. If there is even a microscopic
15:01
non -zero chance that in some distant epoch,
15:04
millions of years from now, another intelligence
15:07
might intercept this craft. Yeah. What is the
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message you want to leave them about who we were?
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So the committee tasked with answering that massive
15:14
question was led by the astronomer Carl Sagan.
15:16
And their solution was a cultural payload known
15:19
as the Golden Record. It's so iconic. It is.
15:22
It is a physical 12 -inch gold -plated copper
15:25
phonograph record designed to survive for a billion
15:28
years in space. And it is just bolted right to
15:30
the side of both spacecraft. It was really intended
15:33
as a portrait of humanity. The cover of the record
15:36
features these etched instructions on how to
15:37
physically build a stylus to play it, along with
15:40
a map using glass. acting pulsars to show exactly
15:42
where our sun is located in the Milky Way. But
15:45
the contents of the record itself are what truly
15:47
resonate. Yeah, they encoded 115 images of life
15:51
on Earth. They included spoken readings in 55
15:54
different human languages. And they dedicated
15:57
a vast amount of space to music. I mean, everything
16:00
from classical pieces by Bach and Beethoven to
16:03
Navajo chants and even rock and roll with Chuck
16:06
Berry. But beyond the music and the languages,
16:08
they included a curated selection of audio designed
16:10
to represent the planet itself. And this is the
16:13
part that I find so moving, honestly. You have
16:15
this incredibly cold, highly engineered feat
16:17
of astrophysics, right? Titanium, nuclear generators
16:21
and gravity assists. Yeah. And bolted to the
16:24
side of it is the audio of rain, wind and thunder.
16:26
There is birdsong and the haunting clicks of
16:28
a... whale. And then there are these remarkably
16:30
intimate human sounds. The sound of mother's
16:33
kiss, the sound of a human heartbeat. It creates
16:36
such a poignant contrast. The spacecraft represents
16:39
our mathematical and technical prowess, sure,
16:41
but the record represents our emotional and biological
16:43
reality. It is literally a message in a bottle
16:47
cast into a sea of stars. And the engineers did
16:50
this knowing full well that the vast emptiness
16:53
of space means it will almost certainly never
16:55
be found. It wasn't just a science experiment.
16:58
It was a deeply hopeful expression of our existence.
17:02
Absolutely. You just have to wonder, for anyone
17:04
listening to this deep dive right now, if you
17:07
were on Sagan's committee, what one sound would
17:11
you want to represent us to the universe? Boy,
17:13
that's a tough one. It really forces you to distill
17:16
humanity down to its absolute essence. It does.
17:19
Now, before the Voyagers completely lost sight
17:22
of us in the darkness, they executed one final
17:24
maneuver that captures that exact same philosophical
17:27
weight. We've explored the message they carry
17:30
out to the universe, but we really have to discuss
17:32
the final visual message they sent back to us.
17:35
Yes. This occurred in 1990. Voyager 1 had been
17:38
flying for 13 years and was roughly 6 billion
17:41
kilometers away, sailing far, far beyond the
17:45
orbit of Neptune. And Carl Sagan, who spearheaded
17:47
the golden record, goes back to NASA and lobbies
17:49
for them to turn Voyager 1's camera around. Which
17:52
was a big deal at the time. Huge deal. He asked
17:54
them to point it back toward the inner solar
17:56
system and take one last series of photographs,
17:59
including a shot of Earth. Because from 6 billion
18:02
kilometers away, Earth doesn't look like a giant
18:05
blue marble anymore. No, not at all. In the resulting
18:08
image, which is famously known as the pale blue
18:10
dot, Earth barely registers. The essay describes
18:14
the photograph so vividly. You see this vast,
18:17
overwhelming ocean of... black space intersected
18:20
by a scattered ray of sunlight that just happens
18:22
to be hitting the camera lens and suspended right
18:25
in the middle of that sunbeam is a single tiny
18:28
point of light. It is less than a single pixel
18:31
in size. That pale blue dot is us. It's incredibly
18:34
humbling. Sagan's reflection on that specific
18:37
pixel of light remains, I think, one of the most
18:40
powerful pieces of scientific prose ever written.
18:42
Definitely. He observed that on that tiny speck
18:44
is everyone you love, everyone you know, everyone
18:46
you ever heard of, every creature. creator and
18:48
destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant,
18:51
every couple in love. The entirety of human history,
18:53
all of our joy and suffering, happened right
18:56
there on a moat of dust suspended in a sunbeam.
18:58
Just a single pixel. Right. And he argued that
19:01
seeing our world reduced to that single pixel
19:04
underscores our immense responsibility to deal
19:07
more kindly with one another and to preserve
19:09
and cherish the only home we've ever known. The
19:11
mission provided us with unparalleled data about
19:14
gas giants and the interstellar medium. Arguably,
19:18
its greatest contribution was that vital shift
19:21
in perspective. But, you know, bringing our focus
19:24
back to the reality of the present day, this
19:26
incredible journey is nearing its functional
19:29
end. Right. The source notes that the Voyagers
19:31
are finally running out of power. Because they
19:33
are way too far from the sun for solar panels
19:35
to work, how are they actually powered right
19:37
now? So they are powered by radioisotope thermoelectric
19:41
generators, or RTGs. RTGs, okay. Essentially,
19:43
they run on the heat generated by decaying spheres
19:46
of plutonium. But after nearly 50 years in space,
19:49
that plutonium has decayed significantly. The
19:51
generators are producing less and less electrical
19:53
power each year. So the engineers at NASA are
19:56
basically having to play this delicate game of
19:58
survival. Exactly. To keep the core communication
20:01
systems and vital sensors alive, they are systematically
20:05
shutting down everything else. They turned off
20:08
the cameras long ago, and now they are shutting
20:11
down the onboard heaters, letting the remaining
20:13
scientific instruments literally freeze in the
20:16
cold of space, all just to save a few watts of
20:18
power. But the reality is just a math problem
20:21
at this point. Within the next few years, the
20:23
RTGs simply won't generate enough wattage to
20:26
power the transmitters. The spacecraft will eventually
20:29
fall completely silent. No more pings from the
20:32
dark. Right. They will lose their voice, but
20:34
they will not lose their momentum. Physics guarantees
20:36
that. Without friction to slow them down, they
20:39
will continue to coast outward at over 35 ,000
20:42
miles per hour. Silent, gold -plated, and completely
20:45
intact, they will just drift through the Milky
20:46
Way for millions upon millions of years. Long
20:49
after the last of us is gone, they will just
20:51
be out there. A testament to curious, hopeful
20:53
creatures who looked up, wondered what was in
20:55
the dark, and just built a machine to find out.
20:57
It is the ultimate enduring legacy of human curiosity.
21:01
You know, it brings my mind back to where we
21:03
started today. We opened by discussing the computing
21:06
power of your car key fob. Right. We recognize
21:09
how incredibly fast our technology has advanced
21:12
since 1977. And it leaves me with one final thought,
21:16
something that's not explicitly in the essay,
21:18
but something to really ponder for a second.
21:21
We instinctively assume that the Golden Record
21:23
is meant for extraterrestrials, right? We assume
21:26
it's for some alien intelligence to find. But
21:29
what if the Voyagers are never intercepted by
21:31
aliens at all? Well, given the vast emptiness
21:33
of space, that is statistically the most likely
21:36
outcome. Right, but think about the trajectory
21:38
of human innovation. What if humanity actually
21:41
survives its adolescence? What if over the next
21:44
thousands or millions of years we continue to
21:47
evolve and we eventually crack the physics of
21:49
faster -than -light travel? Oh, I see where you're
21:51
going with this. The universe is unimaginably
21:53
vast, and Voyagers... incredibly small and silent,
21:57
the first people to eventually stumble upon this
21:59
ultimate message in a bottle drifting out in
22:02
the dark might just be our very own distant descendants.
22:07
They could be traveling out into the stars only
22:09
to unexpectedly cross paths with our civilization's
22:12
own childhood footprints. Exactly. Imagine humanity
22:16
millions of years in the future, finding a golden
22:19
record bolted to a machine with less computing
22:21
power than a piece of plastic and realizing this
22:25
is the fragile, ambitious beginning of where
22:27
we started. That's a wonderfully grounding thought
22:29
to leave off on. Thanks for joining us for this
22:32
deep dive. Keep looking up and we'll catch you
22:33
next time.