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Coffee Break Collection 011 - Science-Various · Maggie, A Girl of the Streets

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  Speaker 1: Rings in the wood Age of Trees by John Gaylord
• 0:05
  Speaker 1: Coulter for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science. This
• 0:11
  Speaker 1: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 0:15
  Speaker 1: public domain. For more information, ought to volunteer, please visit
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: LibriVox dot org. Rings in the wood Age of Trees
• 0:26
  Speaker 1: by John Gaylord Coulter from Plant Life and Plant Uses
• 0:32
  Speaker 1: for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science. Have you
• 0:39
  Speaker 1: ever noticed the cut end of a freshly felled tree?
• 0:43
  Speaker 1: There before you lies the record of a history which
• 0:46
  Speaker 1: has run through many years, perhaps through hundreds of years.
• 0:51
  Speaker 1: To look at the rings in the wood, To notice
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  Speaker 1: carefully the beauty of the layering. To remember the generations
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  Speaker 1: upon generations of green leaves whose work, in each season
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  Speaker 1: sunlight went into the making of this wood. To think
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  Speaker 1: of all the intricate processes and forces of which we
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  Speaker 1: know so little, except that they have been concerned in
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  Speaker 1: this matter. This stirs our wonder and our admiration. If
• 1:18
  Speaker 1: you were there when the tree fell, you smelled its fragrance,
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  Speaker 1: and perhaps saw the sap oozing from that wood which
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  Speaker 1: lies just beneath the bark, You noted that the wood
• 1:29
  Speaker 1: is divided into two quite distinct zones. The outer and
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  Speaker 1: usually lighter zone is the sapwood, the rest is heartwood.
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  Speaker 1: It is common to speak of the sapwood as alive
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  Speaker 1: and of the heartwood as dead, but this is not
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  Speaker 1: exactly accurate. Many of the cells through which sap runs
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  Speaker 1: are already dead, so though the trunk as a whole
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  Speaker 1: may have endured for centuries, only a comparatively small part
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  Speaker 1: of it has been alive at any one time. This
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  Speaker 1: live zone lies between the outer bark and the heartwood,
• 2:06
  Speaker 1: and the most active part of it is, as you know,
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  Speaker 1: the cambium. By understanding the way in which the cambium works,
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  Speaker 1: we can understand how the rings in the wood are formed.
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  Speaker 1: Perhaps you have heard at each one of these rings
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  Speaker 1: indicates a year of growth, and that by counting the
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  Speaker 1: rings you can tell the age of the tree. This
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  Speaker 1: is not strictly true. These rings are often called annual rings,
• 2:34
  Speaker 1: which implies, of course, that each one of them represents
• 2:38
  Speaker 1: the growth of one year. It is better to call
• 2:41
  Speaker 1: than growth rings, for more than one may be formed
• 2:45
  Speaker 1: in a year. It is true that a ring usually
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  Speaker 1: represents a season's growth, but that does not explain why
• 2:53
  Speaker 1: the ring is there. The fact that a bricklayer stops
• 2:57
  Speaker 1: work at night does not mean that the wall of
• 3:00
  Speaker 1: bricks he is building will show by lines where he
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  Speaker 1: left off at night and where he began in the morning.
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  Speaker 1: So with the rings, they are not caused by the
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  Speaker 1: fact that the tree stops work over winter. They are
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  Speaker 1: caused by the fact that the last cells formed in
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  Speaker 1: the fall are much smaller than the first cells formed
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  Speaker 1: in the spring, just so the brick wall would be
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  Speaker 1: marked off into distinct layers if the mason laid small
• 3:28
  Speaker 1: bricks the last thing every night, and large ones the
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  Speaker 1: first thing every morning. The rings are caused then by
• 3:36
  Speaker 1: the difference in size between adjacent cells. Layers of small
• 3:41
  Speaker 1: cells lie against layers of larger cells. During freezing weather,
• 3:46
  Speaker 1: the cambium is not active. When in spring, the sapposcends
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: from the roots and conditions for growth. I write again,
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  Speaker 1: the cambian begins to form what is called springwood, and
• 3:58
  Speaker 1: the cells of this springwood are much larger than the
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  Speaker 1: last cells which were formed the fall before. A long
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  Speaker 1: period of drought may cause the cambium to become inactive,
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  Speaker 1: just as winter causes it to become inactive. In other words,
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  Speaker 1: very dry weather has the same effect upon growth that
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  Speaker 1: freezing has. So if a long summer drought is followed
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  Speaker 1: by a warm, wet fall, two growth rings, as you
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  Speaker 1: can readily see, are likely to be formed. In some
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  Speaker 1: tropical regions, it has been noted that alternating wet and
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  Speaker 1: dry seasons appear to have about the same effect in
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  Speaker 1: producing rings that winter and summer have. End of rings
• 4:44
  Speaker 1: in the wood age of trees by John Gaylord Coolter
• 4:49
  Speaker 1: for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science. Evaporation by
• 5:00
  Speaker 1: John Gaylord Coulter for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science.
• 5:07
  Speaker 1: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 5:11
  Speaker 1: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 5:17
  Speaker 1: visit LibriVox dot org. Evaporation by John Gaylord Coulter from
• 5:24
  Speaker 1: Plant Life and Plant Uses, for the LibriVox Coffee Break
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  Speaker 1: Collection eleven science. Evaporation is the name of a process.
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  Speaker 1: It is the changing of a substance from a liquid
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  Speaker 1: or a solid into a gas. Usually we think only
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  Speaker 1: of liquids as evaporating, but there are a few solids
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  Speaker 1: which change directly into gas. Camphor is an example. Evaporation
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  Speaker 1: is a process with which all living things are much concerned.
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  Speaker 1: It occurs at the surface of your body as well
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  Speaker 1: as at the surface of a plant's body. You have noticed,
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  Speaker 1: on hot summer days that you are much more uncomfortable
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  Speaker 1: when perspiration sticks to you than you are when it
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  Speaker 1: quickly evaporates. People speak of sticky heat and of dry heat.
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  Speaker 1: The former is much more uncomfortable than the latter. This
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  Speaker 1: illustrates a matter which affects plant life as well as
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  Speaker 1: our own. On those sticky, hot days of August, you
• 6:32
  Speaker 1: may have heard the expression that the humidity is great.
• 6:36
  Speaker 1: That expression refers to the air. It refers to the
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  Speaker 1: fact that in the air there is an unusual amount
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  Speaker 1: of water. This water is, of course, in the gaseous state.
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  Speaker 1: The humidity of air is the quality it obtains from
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  Speaker 1: the presence of water particles in it. The more water
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  Speaker 1: particles there are in the air, the less rapidly when
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  Speaker 1: evaporation take place. This reminds you of solution and osmosis.
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  Speaker 1: There is the same principle involved. The rate of diffusion
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  Speaker 1: of particles in both solution and evaporation depends on the
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  Speaker 1: difference in their abundance. Solution is more rapid when the
• 7:20
  Speaker 1: particles of the solute are less abundant in the solvent.
• 7:24
  Speaker 1: Diffusion of sugar in tea is most rapid when it
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  Speaker 1: is first put in it gradually slows down. Evaporation is
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  Speaker 1: more rapid when the air has in it few particles
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  Speaker 1: of the substances evaporating than it is when the air
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  Speaker 1: has in it many of such particles. Water evaporates more
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  Speaker 1: rapidly when the humidity of the air is slight than
• 7:47
  Speaker 1: when it is great. This is a matter which affects
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  Speaker 1: plant life as well as our own, though in different ways.
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  Speaker 1: Evaporation is a cooling process, where it is checked at
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  Speaker 1: the surface of our bodies. The more we feel the heat.
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  Speaker 1: Why is it that evaporation cools the surface at which
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  Speaker 1: it occurs. Remember the molecules. Molecules are always in motion,
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  Speaker 1: Though the mass which they compose may be stationary, The
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  Speaker 1: individual molecules are always dancing about as much as their
• 8:23
  Speaker 1: surroundings will let them. Now, these dancing molecules at the
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  Speaker 1: surface of a liquid tend to dance off into the air,
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  Speaker 1: especially if it is dry air. This is the cause
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  Speaker 1: of evaporation. The warmest molecules are the most vigorous dancers,
• 8:41
  Speaker 1: they are the most likely to fly off into the air,
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  Speaker 1: and as they go they take their heat with them.
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  Speaker 1: This lowers the temperature of the whole surface. If, on
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  Speaker 1: the contrary, the warmest particles do not fly off the
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  Speaker 1: surface on account of the abundance of them already in
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  Speaker 1: the air, and if the surface concerned is a human skin,
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  Speaker 1: the person inside of it is sure to be uncomfortable.
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  Speaker 1: This fact that evaporation causes loss of heat has been
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  Speaker 1: proved to be of advantage to plants that are exposed
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  Speaker 1: to high temperatures. It appears, in some cases to prevent
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  Speaker 1: the internal temperature from rising to a point which seriously
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  Speaker 1: impairs the life processes. With plants. It is rapid evaporation
• 9:28
  Speaker 1: rather than slow evaporation, which is likely to cause trouble.
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  Speaker 1: In fact, plants thrive in greatest abundance in tropical forests,
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  Speaker 1: where the humidity is always great and where evaporation is
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  Speaker 1: much less than in drier climates. On bright, dry days
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  Speaker 1: of summer, especially during a drought, when the soil as
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  Speaker 1: well as the air has become dry, many plants are
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  Speaker 1: likely to suffer water evaporates from them more rapidly than
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  Speaker 1: the roots are able to supply, cells lose their turgidity,
• 10:03
  Speaker 1: and this causes wilting. The grass turns brown, and the
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  Speaker 1: corn in the fields fires. As the farmers say, so
• 10:14
  Speaker 1: far as plants are concerned, evaporation appears to be a
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  Speaker 1: hindrance as well as a help. Plants can stand heat
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  Speaker 1: better than we can, but they cannot stand loss of
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  Speaker 1: water so well. It is easier for us to take
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  Speaker 1: a drink than it is for them to get more water.
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  Speaker 1: Plants which live in dry places as in deserts are
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  Speaker 1: mostly plants whose construction protects them against evaporation. Their power
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  Speaker 1: to retain water is much greater than that of plants
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  Speaker 1: which live in regions where water is more abundant. End
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  Speaker 1: of Evaporation. By John Gaylord Coolter for the LibriVox Coffee
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  Speaker 1: Break Collection eleven Science.
• 11:06
  Speaker 2: The Northern Lights for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science.
• 11:12
  Speaker 2: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 11:16
  Speaker 2: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 11:20
  Speaker 2: visit LibriVox dot org. The Northern Lights from Scientific American
• 11:26
  Speaker 2: Volume fifty six nine February twenty sixth, eighteen eighty seven,
• 11:33
  Speaker 2: when in seventeen fifty two, Franklin succeeded, through a kite
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  Speaker 2: sent up into a storm cloud, in obtaining an electric
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  Speaker 2: spark at the extremity of the cord, which had been
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  Speaker 2: made a conductor through the rain. It was no longer
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  Speaker 2: possible to doubt that lightning was but an immense electric
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  Speaker 2: discharge between two clouds, or a discharge between a cloud
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  Speaker 2: and the Earth. This discovery was of great importance since
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  Speaker 2: it connected with the laws of physics certain phenomena which
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  Speaker 2: until then had passed for marvelous and in which nothing
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  Speaker 2: but supernatural and mysterious manifestations were seen. The Aurora borealis,
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  Speaker 2: which is more difficult to understand and which necessitates more
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  Speaker 2: extended scientific notions, has remained much longer unexplained. This enigmatic
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  Speaker 2: phenomenon was especially striking to the imagination of ancient peoples.
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  Speaker 2: It was regarded as an omen of inauspicious events, and
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  Speaker 2: the historians who describe it affirmed that at times armies
• 12:29
  Speaker 2: have been seen passing through the bloody heavens, and that
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  Speaker 2: the clash of arms has been heard. It is now
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  Speaker 2: known that the aurora borealis has the same origin as lightning,
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  Speaker 2: that it is one of the visible manifestations of atmospheric electricity,
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  Speaker 2: and that it is due to slow movements of that fluid,
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  Speaker 2: while lightning is the result of violent motions. The effects
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  Speaker 2: of the aurora and of the thunderbolt are absolutely different,
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  Speaker 2: but between them there is an intermediary that connects them,
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  Speaker 2: and this is heat lightning. These elementary exetions are now
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  Speaker 2: the property of science, but the study of the aurora
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  Speaker 2: has hitherto been only partially outlined. Travelers and physicists have
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  Speaker 2: indeed given numerous descriptions, but it has remained to find
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  Speaker 2: the bonds that unite these so important phenomena in the
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  Speaker 2: economy of the globe, to study the causes that set
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  Speaker 2: them in action, to observe the correlations that they may offer,
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  Speaker 2: and to discuss theories. This is a labor that mister
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  Speaker 2: s Lemstrom has been engaged in for several years, and
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  Speaker 2: we now propose to analyze the results published by this
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  Speaker 2: great Finnish physicist. The author of this important work, who
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  Speaker 2: has long been occupied in the study of the aurora borealis,
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  Speaker 2: so frequent in his country, was attached to the polar
• 13:42
  Speaker 2: expedition made in eighteen sixty eight by nordenscold, he was
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  Speaker 2: led to begin a series of important observations. In eighteen
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  Speaker 2: seventy one he visited Finnish Lapland, and after a series
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  Speaker 2: of ingenious researches, constructed an apparatus that permitted him to
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  Speaker 2: artificially reproduce the light of them the aurora, and to
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  Speaker 2: present science with a summary of new and incontestable facts.
• 14:05
  Speaker 2: Mister Lemstrom has observed a large number of aroy and
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  Speaker 2: before touching upon theoretical questions, we shall give his description
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  Speaker 2: of one of the phenomena that seems to him to
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  Speaker 2: be the completest. On the eighteenth of October eighteen sixty eight,
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  Speaker 2: the steamer Sophia was nearing the coast of Norway after
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  Speaker 2: battling with a furious sea for three days in succession.
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  Speaker 2: To the west of the horizon, we remark two strata
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  Speaker 2: of clouds that were clearly separated by a blue band
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  Speaker 2: of the heavens, crossed by a band striated with a
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  Speaker 2: pale yellow. It was the feeble beginning of an aurora,
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  Speaker 2: whose splendor was soon to surpass all the phenomena of
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  Speaker 2: the same kind that we had up till then observed
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  Speaker 2: the edges of the upper stratum of clouds gradually lighted up,
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  Speaker 2: and we soon saw isolated flames issuing from them that
• 14:51
  Speaker 2: sometimes rose to the zenith. Suddenly the phenomenon embraced the
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  Speaker 2: entire horizon. Everywhere were flames. Everywhere were jets of brilliant
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  Speaker 2: light yellow below, green in the center, and reddish violet above.
• 15:04
  Speaker 2: In an instant, all the rays united in a regular
• 15:07
  Speaker 2: and dazzling crown situated in the heavens to the south
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  Speaker 2: of the zenith. When the phenomenon reached the maximum of
• 15:13
  Speaker 2: its intensity, it reminded us of the immense vault of
• 15:16
  Speaker 2: a temple with a brilliant chandelier in the center. The
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  Speaker 2: apparition lasted but a few minutes, but on vanishing left
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  Speaker 2: behind it a luminous zone between the banks of clouds.
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  Speaker 2: From the upper bank there continued to emanate at short
• 15:29
  Speaker 2: intervals isolated rays that rose to the zenith, and there
• 15:33
  Speaker 2: formed the fragments of a crown. The edges of the
• 15:36
  Speaker 2: banks of clouds remained luminous, although the rays had disappeared.
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  Speaker 2: According to mister Lemstrom, Figure one gives an idea. Although
• 15:45
  Speaker 2: a feeble one of the phenomenon at its height, it
• 15:48
  Speaker 2: reproduces only half of the horizon, and the reader may
• 15:51
  Speaker 2: supply the missing portion of this grand spectacle in imagination.
• 15:55
  Speaker 2: The streams of light verging toward a common center were
• 15:58
  Speaker 2: alternately rose colored and pale yellow, and overlooked an immense
• 16:02
  Speaker 2: violet zone. The rosette in the center was of a
• 16:05
  Speaker 2: beautiful red and stood out upon a greenish blue circle. Fig.
• 16:09
  Speaker 2: Two represents an aurora that was observed on the nineteenth
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  Speaker 2: of November eighteen seventy one in Finnish Lapland. At the
• 16:16
  Speaker 2: beginning and at thirty degrees above the horizon, it formed
• 16:19
  Speaker 2: an arch from whence rose waves of light and which
• 16:22
  Speaker 2: gradually ascended. The figure shows it when it had reached
• 16:25
  Speaker 2: about sixty degrees above the horizon. The base of the
• 16:28
  Speaker 2: aurora was yellow, and the oblique and very brilliant rays
• 16:32
  Speaker 2: were slightly higher up rosy, violet, and blue. The colors
• 16:36
  Speaker 2: of the polar light are usually clear and bright, but
• 16:39
  Speaker 2: never did they exhibit greater luster than on this occasion.
• 16:43
  Speaker 3: Fig.
• 16:43
  Speaker 2: Three gives an idea of the variety of forms that
• 16:46
  Speaker 2: the phenomenon may effect. It represents an aurora that was
• 16:49
  Speaker 2: observed at the presbytery of an array on the sixteenth
• 16:52
  Speaker 2: of November eighteen seventy one. The aurora this time took
• 16:56
  Speaker 2: on the form of a glowing red band curved as
• 16:59
  Speaker 2: shown in the figure, the two extremities bordered on yellow
• 17:02
  Speaker 2: and green. There is another form of aurora frequently observed
• 17:06
  Speaker 2: in northern countries, and that is the one that is
• 17:08
  Speaker 2: seen to occur above clouds, and that has the appearance
• 17:12
  Speaker 2: of a wide piece of drapery with undulating folds. As
• 17:15
  Speaker 2: it is the form most usually represented, we shall not
• 17:18
  Speaker 2: dwell upon it. On the contrary, we shall speak of
• 17:21
  Speaker 2: other phenomena of the same origin and much less known,
• 17:24
  Speaker 2: that mister Lemstrom describes. It concerns those auroral lights that
• 17:28
  Speaker 2: shine at the edges of clouds, or that form around
• 17:31
  Speaker 2: the tops of the mountains in Spitzbergen or in the
• 17:34
  Speaker 2: alpine districts of Lapland. According to the finished observer, it
• 17:38
  Speaker 2: would be impossible to tell by the naked eye whence
• 17:40
  Speaker 2: this light comes. But by means of a spectroscope we
• 17:43
  Speaker 2: find that it is of the same nature as the aurora.
• 17:46
  Speaker 2: Sometimes these strange lights take on the form of flames
• 17:50
  Speaker 2: of but little brightness, which at short intervals rise from
• 17:53
  Speaker 2: the crest of the mountain and suddenly vanish.
• 17:55
  Speaker 3: Fig.
• 17:56
  Speaker 2: Four. These phenomenas sometimes exhibit themselves at the la level
• 18:00
  Speaker 2: of the Earth's surface or upon the roofs of houses. Finally,
• 18:04
  Speaker 2: mister Lemstrom describes the diffuse light which sometimes fills the
• 18:07
  Speaker 2: atmosphere of the polar regions, thus proving that the phenomenon
• 18:11
  Speaker 2: shows itself from time to time in the vicinity of
• 18:13
  Speaker 2: the Earth. Itself meteors of the same nature as the
• 18:17
  Speaker 2: light of the aurory. Borealites do not occur solely in
• 18:20
  Speaker 2: the polar regions, and the author demonstrates not without attaching
• 18:23
  Speaker 2: much importance to it from the standpoint of the theories
• 18:26
  Speaker 2: to which he has been led that they are observed
• 18:29
  Speaker 2: in other countries of the Earth. In Peru, Bolivia and Chile,
• 18:33
  Speaker 2: the summits of the mountains are often seen illuminated by
• 18:36
  Speaker 2: a brilliant light. This light, which occurs especially in summer,
• 18:40
  Speaker 2: has been compared to heat lightning by scientists. Similar observations
• 18:45
  Speaker 2: have been made in the Swiss Alps. Doctor de Sassuur
• 18:48
  Speaker 2: has seen electricity escape through all the projecting parts of objects,
• 18:52
  Speaker 2: and the same phenomena has been observed upon the high
• 18:55
  Speaker 2: plateaus of Mexico. Again, we may cite the fact that
• 18:58
  Speaker 2: Brewster observed a light upon a church tower during an auroraborealis.
• 19:03
  Speaker 2: In every country, phenomena similar to polarized light may occur
• 19:08
  Speaker 2: Lanachuur end of the Northern Lights.
• 19:16
  Speaker 4: Chinese methods are preserving eggs. For the LibriVox Coffee Break
• 19:21
  Speaker 4: collection eleven Science, This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 19:26
  Speaker 4: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 19:30
  Speaker 4: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Chris Pyle.
• 19:37
  Speaker 4: Chinese methods are preserving eggs. As much has been said
• 19:41
  Speaker 4: of late about the mode of preserving eggs, it may
• 19:44
  Speaker 4: not be uninteresting to say a few words about the
• 19:47
  Speaker 4: Chinese methods, as related by a French chemist, M. Paul Champion,
• 19:52
  Speaker 4: who has lately visited that country and published a very
• 19:55
  Speaker 4: interesting book on the ancient and modern industries of that
• 19:58
  Speaker 4: curious people. A very common method is to place eggs
• 20:02
  Speaker 4: in a mixture of clay and water. The clay hardens
• 20:05
  Speaker 4: around the eggs and is said to preserve them good
• 20:07
  Speaker 4: for a considerable time. But another and much more elaborate
• 20:10
  Speaker 4: method is also commonly practiced. An infusion of three pounds
• 20:14
  Speaker 4: of tea is made in boiling water, and this are
• 20:17
  Speaker 4: added three pounds of quick lime, or seven pounds when
• 20:20
  Speaker 4: the operation is performed in winter, nine pounds of sea salt,
• 20:24
  Speaker 4: and seven pounds of ashes of burnt oak finely powdered.
• 20:28
  Speaker 4: This is all well mixed together into a smooth paste
• 20:31
  Speaker 4: by means of a wooden spatula, and then each egg
• 20:34
  Speaker 4: is covered with it by hand, gloves being worn to
• 20:37
  Speaker 4: prevent the corrosive action of the lime on the hands.
• 20:41
  Speaker 4: When the eggs are all covered with the mixture, they
• 20:43
  Speaker 4: are rolled in a mass of straw ashes and then
• 20:46
  Speaker 4: placed in baskets with balls of rice boiled. We presume
• 20:50
  Speaker 4: to keep the eggs from touching each other. About one
• 20:52
  Speaker 4: hundred to one hundred fifty eggs are placed in one basket.
• 20:56
  Speaker 4: In about three months, the whole becomes hardened into a crust,
• 21:00
  Speaker 4: and then the eggs are sent to market. The retail
• 21:02
  Speaker 4: price of such eggs is generally less than a penny each.
• 21:06
  Speaker 4: These eggs are highly esteemed in China and always served
• 21:09
  Speaker 4: in good houses, but they have undergone a strange transformation
• 21:13
  Speaker 4: which certainly would not recommend them to the English palates.
• 21:17
  Speaker 4: The yolk has assumed at a sign of the green tinge,
• 21:19
  Speaker 4: and the white is set. When broken, they emit that
• 21:22
  Speaker 4: unpleasant sulfurous smell, which would certainly cause their instant banishment
• 21:26
  Speaker 4: from our breakfast tables. However, the Chinese are admitted even
• 21:31
  Speaker 4: by Frenchmen to be great gourmetz and we can only
• 21:34
  Speaker 4: say therefore that in questions of eating, there is certainly
• 21:37
  Speaker 4: no disputing about tastes. End of Chinese methods of preserving
• 21:43
  Speaker 4: eggs from the Scientific American January first, eighteen seventy red
• 21:50
  Speaker 4: for LibriVox dot org by Chris Pyle. Thank you for
• 21:54
  Speaker 4: listening An eclipse in Arabia for the LibriVox Coffee break
• 22:04
  Speaker 4: Collection eleven Science. This is the LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 22:10
  Speaker 4: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 22:13
  Speaker 4: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Chris Pyle.
• 22:20
  Speaker 4: An eclipse in Arabia. Casting my eyes over the bright
• 22:25
  Speaker 4: full moon, I perceived that an eclipse was just coming
• 22:27
  Speaker 4: upon it. What astronomer had calculated this eclipse for Arabia?
• 22:33
  Speaker 4: It was indeed a privilege to witness one in the
• 22:35
  Speaker 4: bright sky that overspread the lonely mountains of Seer. Soon
• 22:39
  Speaker 4: we were seated in a circle with our Arabs round
• 22:41
  Speaker 4: their watch fire, inquiring of them their views of an eclipse,
• 22:45
  Speaker 4: and explaining to them ours. They appeared to have no
• 22:48
  Speaker 4: idea of its real cause, regarding it as a judgment
• 22:51
  Speaker 4: from God, a sign of a bad season and little
• 22:54
  Speaker 4: camel feed And we undertook to explain to them the
• 22:57
  Speaker 4: theory of the Earth being round, turning over every day,
• 23:00
  Speaker 4: sometimes getting between the Sun and the moon. They seemed
• 23:04
  Speaker 4: to look upon us as telling very strange tales. The
• 23:07
  Speaker 4: eclipse was nearly total. I gazed upon it with interest,
• 23:10
  Speaker 4: and then eye the strange scene around me, the wild,
• 23:14
  Speaker 4: lonely landscape of rock and sand, the camels kneeling around
• 23:18
  Speaker 4: the bivouac, the wild faces of the Arabs reflecting the
• 23:21
  Speaker 4: red light of the fire around which they were seated,
• 23:24
  Speaker 4: Their wild voices and strange guttural language, all combined to
• 23:28
  Speaker 4: produce an effect so startling that I felt till then
• 23:32
  Speaker 4: I had never been thoroughly sensible of our complete separation
• 23:35
  Speaker 4: from the civilized world. End of an eclipse in Arabia
• 23:42
  Speaker 4: from the Scientific American September twenty sixth, eighteen forty six
• 23:47
  Speaker 4: recording by Chris Pyle. Thank you for listening The Speaking
• 23:57
  Speaker 4: Telegraph for the LibriVox Coffee Break Election eleven Science. This
• 24:03
  Speaker 4: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 24:06
  Speaker 4: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
• 24:11
  Speaker 4: LibriVox dot org. Recording by Chris Pyle. The Speaking Telegraph.
• 24:20
  Speaker 4: We have heretofore given accounts of the wonderful success of
• 24:23
  Speaker 4: Professor Bell in transmitting the vibrations of the human voice
• 24:26
  Speaker 4: by electrical means over a telegraph wire. He has lately
• 24:30
  Speaker 4: made improvements in his method of transmission, by which he
• 24:33
  Speaker 4: dispenses with the use of the battery and substitutes the
• 24:36
  Speaker 4: magneto electric plan of producing the current. The Boston Transcript
• 24:40
  Speaker 4: describes a recent experiment with the new apparatus by which
• 24:43
  Speaker 4: conversation in singing was successfully carried on between Boston and Malden,
• 24:48
  Speaker 4: a distance of six miles. The telephone in its present
• 24:52
  Speaker 4: form consists of a powerful compound permanent magnet, to the
• 24:56
  Speaker 4: polls of which are attached ordinary telegraph coils of insulated
• 25:00
  Speaker 4: in front of the poles. Surrounded by these coils of
• 25:03
  Speaker 4: wire is placed a diaphragm of iron a mouthpiece to
• 25:07
  Speaker 4: converge the sound upon this diaphragm substantially completes the arrangement.
• 25:12
  Speaker 4: As is well known, the motion of steel or iron
• 25:14
  Speaker 4: in front of the poles of a magnet creates a
• 25:17
  Speaker 4: current of electricity in coils surrounding the poles of the magnet,
• 25:20
  Speaker 4: and the duration of this current of electricity coincides with
• 25:24
  Speaker 4: the duration of the motion of the steel or iron
• 25:26
  Speaker 4: moved or vibrated in the proximity of the magnet. When
• 25:30
  Speaker 4: the human voice causes the diaphragm to vibrate, electrical undulations
• 25:35
  Speaker 4: are induced in the coils environing the magnets, precisely analogous
• 25:40
  Speaker 4: to the undulations of the air produced by that voice.
• 25:43
  Speaker 4: These coils are connected with the line wire, which may
• 25:46
  Speaker 4: be of any length, provided the insulation be good. The
• 25:49
  Speaker 4: undulations which are induced in these coils travel through the
• 25:52
  Speaker 4: line wire, and, passing through the coils of an instrument
• 25:55
  Speaker 4: of precisely similar construction at the distant station, are again
• 25:59
  Speaker 4: resolved into air undulations by the diaphragm of this instrument.
• 26:04
  Speaker 4: The experiments were as follows. Telephones having been connected with
• 26:08
  Speaker 4: the private telegraphic line of the Boston Rubber Shoe Company.
• 26:12
  Speaker 4: Conversation was at once commenced. Stationed at the Boston into
• 26:17
  Speaker 4: the Wire, Professor Bell requested mister Watson, who was at
• 26:20
  Speaker 4: the Malden Inn, to speak in loud tones, with a
• 26:23
  Speaker 4: view of enabling the entire company at once to distinguish
• 26:26
  Speaker 4: the sounds. This was so successful that a smile of
• 26:30
  Speaker 4: mingled pleasure and surprize played on the features of those present.
• 26:33
  Speaker 4: That it, however, might not be supposed that loud speaking
• 26:36
  Speaker 4: was essential to intelligibility. Mister Bell explained that soft tones
• 26:40
  Speaker 4: could be heard across the wires even more distinctly than
• 26:43
  Speaker 4: loud utterances, even a whisper being audible. In confirmation of
• 26:48
  Speaker 4: this statement, mister Watson commenced, speaking in turn with each
• 26:51
  Speaker 4: member of the company, and after the efficiency of this
• 26:54
  Speaker 4: method had been proved to the satisfaction of all, he
• 26:58
  Speaker 4: took up a newspaper and informed the assemblege that Gold
• 27:00
  Speaker 4: had closed the previous evening at New York at one
• 27:03
  Speaker 4: hundred and five and five eighths, as there were quite
• 27:06
  Speaker 4: a number of businessmen present. The effect of that this
• 27:09
  Speaker 4: practical demonstration of the value of the telephone produced can
• 27:12
  Speaker 4: scarcely be exaggerated. Other passages from the daily journals were
• 27:17
  Speaker 4: then given, and by this time the desire for conversation
• 27:20
  Speaker 4: having become general, mister Watson was plied with questions such
• 27:24
  Speaker 4: as is it thawing or freezing at Malden, who will
• 27:28
  Speaker 4: be the next president? Et cetera. It was remarkable that
• 27:31
  Speaker 4: mister Watson was able to distinguish between the voices at
• 27:34
  Speaker 4: the Boston end, he calling at least one gentleman by
• 27:37
  Speaker 4: name as soon as the latter commenced speaking. This went
• 27:41
  Speaker 4: on for some time until lady at the Malden Inns
• 27:43
  Speaker 4: sent the company an invitation to lunch per telephone, and
• 27:46
  Speaker 4: an appropriate response was made by the same medium. At length,
• 27:50
  Speaker 4: the Boston company were requested to remain quiet while lady
• 27:53
  Speaker 4: at the other end conveyed to them the sweet strains
• 27:55
  Speaker 4: of music. The assemblage thereupon listened with rapt attention while
• 28:00
  Speaker 4: the young lady commenced singing in the last rose of summer.
• 28:03
  Speaker 4: The effect was simply charming. The sound of the voice
• 28:06
  Speaker 4: penetrated into the Boston into the telephone with distinctness equal
• 28:10
  Speaker 4: to that attainable in the more distant parts of a
• 28:12
  Speaker 4: large concert. Room, and a unanimous vote of thanks was
• 28:16
  Speaker 4: sent by the handy little instrument which had procured for
• 28:19
  Speaker 4: the assemblage so agreeable an hour. End of the Speaking
• 28:26
  Speaker 4: Telegraph from the Scientific American, February twenty fourth, eighteen seventy seven,
• 28:35
  Speaker 4: read by Chris Pyle, Thank you for listening.
• 28:43
  Speaker 5: A Ballad of evolution for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection
• 28:48
  Speaker 5: eleven Science. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings
• 28:55
  Speaker 5: are in the public domain. For more information or to volunteer,
• 29:00
  Speaker 5: please visit LibriVox dot org. In the mud of the
• 29:05
  Speaker 5: Cambrian main, did our earliest ancestor dive from a shapeless
• 29:10
  Speaker 5: albuminous grain we mortals our being derive? He could split
• 29:16
  Speaker 5: himself up into five or roll himself round like a ball,
• 29:20
  Speaker 5: for the fittest will always survive, while the weakliest go
• 29:24
  Speaker 5: to the wall. As an active assidian again fresh forms,
• 29:30
  Speaker 5: he began to contrive till he grew to a fish
• 29:34
  Speaker 5: with the brain and brought forth a mammal alive. With
• 29:38
  Speaker 5: these rivals, he next had to strive to woo him
• 29:42
  Speaker 5: a mate and a thrall. So the handsomest managed to wive,
• 29:47
  Speaker 5: while the ugliest went to the wall at length as
• 29:51
  Speaker 5: an ape. He was fain the nuts of the forest
• 29:54
  Speaker 5: to arrive, till he took to the low lying plain
• 29:58
  Speaker 5: and preceded his fare to knive. Thus did cannibal men
• 30:03
  Speaker 5: first arrive one another to swallow and more, and the
• 30:08
  Speaker 5: strongest continued to thrive, while the weekliest went to the wall.
• 30:13
  Speaker 5: Envoy Prince in our civilized hive, now moneies the measure
• 30:20
  Speaker 5: of all, and the wealthy in coaches can drive, while
• 30:24
  Speaker 5: the needia go to the wall. End of a Ballad
• 30:29
  Speaker 5: of Evolution by Grant Allen. Recording by Noel Badrian Prickly
• 30:41
  Speaker 5: Pairs for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science. This
• 30:47
  Speaker 5: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 30:51
  Speaker 5: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
• 30:56
  Speaker 5: LibriVox dot org. Prickly Pairs by Grant Allen from The
• 31:02
  Speaker 5: North American Review, Volume one five one. I am sitting
• 31:08
  Speaker 5: on a great white Algerian rock. In the foreground a
• 31:12
  Speaker 5: tiny mosque with a snowy dome behind it, a tall, green,
• 31:18
  Speaker 5: prickly hedge that masks the huts of a straggling Cabyle village.
• 31:24
  Speaker 5: How strange that here on this arid African hillside, an
• 31:29
  Speaker 5: American cactus, the common prickly pear plant, should grow on
• 31:34
  Speaker 5: the bare and unsmitten rock to form this hedge as
• 31:38
  Speaker 5: readily as it grows in its native Mexican desert. It
• 31:43
  Speaker 5: is merely, like myself, a naturalized alien on this side
• 31:47
  Speaker 5: of the Atlantic. To be sure, for the cactuses are
• 31:51
  Speaker 5: all true American citizens by birth and training, wholly peculiar
• 31:56
  Speaker 5: to the Western hemisphere where they were first developed, and
• 32:00
  Speaker 5: none of them are found truly indigenous in any part
• 32:04
  Speaker 5: of the Old World. But Africa suits the cactustribe for
• 32:09
  Speaker 5: all that down to the very ground. And here on
• 32:13
  Speaker 5: the confines of the Burning Sahara itself, the prickly pear
• 32:18
  Speaker 5: basques on the hot soil, like a genuine native to
• 32:21
  Speaker 5: the manner born it has adopted. Algeria. The thrifty colonists
• 32:28
  Speaker 5: introduced it first on their dry hillsides, because it will
• 32:32
  Speaker 5: grow when nothing else can thrive upon the bare rock,
• 32:36
  Speaker 5: and cut up into blocks to disguise its prickles, it
• 32:40
  Speaker 5: forms excellent fodder for the undiscriminating pallet of the North
• 32:45
  Speaker 5: African cow. But once introduced, it took care of itself,
• 32:51
  Speaker 5: and now it often spreads a great deal foster than
• 32:55
  Speaker 5: the thrifty colonists aforesaid, either wished or imagined. The cactuses
• 33:01
  Speaker 5: are very peculiar plants, as peculiar structurally as they are
• 33:06
  Speaker 5: bizarre and grotesque in outer appearance. They have spared no
• 33:11
  Speaker 5: paines and shrunk from no sacrifice in accommodating themselves thoroughly
• 33:16
  Speaker 5: to their niche in nature. In the first place, they
• 33:20
  Speaker 5: have no true leaves. What look like leaves in certain
• 33:24
  Speaker 5: jointed cactuses are rarely flattened and expanded stems. If this
• 33:30
  Speaker 5: seams at first hearing are hard saying, the analogy of
• 33:34
  Speaker 5: the common stone crops, where stem and leaf are hardly distinguishable,
• 33:39
  Speaker 5: will help to make it a little less incredible. In
• 33:43
  Speaker 5: other ways, too, the stone crops, or sedums, as gardeners
• 33:47
  Speaker 5: call them, throw much light upon the nature of the cactuses.
• 33:52
  Speaker 5: All these rock haunting or desert plants naturally get very
• 33:55
  Speaker 5: little water except at long intervals after occasional shower. Hence
• 34:02
  Speaker 5: only those can survive, which form themselves, as it were,
• 34:06
  Speaker 5: into living reservoirs to retain all the moisture they once absorb.
• 34:12
  Speaker 5: As soon as the rain falls in their arid haunts,
• 34:15
  Speaker 5: the roots and rootlets eagerly drink it up in a
• 34:18
  Speaker 5: great hurry and store it away at once in the
• 34:22
  Speaker 5: soft and spongy cellular tissue of which the main part
• 34:25
  Speaker 5: of the plant is wholly formed for this purpose. Both
• 34:30
  Speaker 5: in stone crops and cactuses, the stems have become fleshy
• 34:34
  Speaker 5: and succulent, and being also green and leaf like, they
• 34:39
  Speaker 5: closely resemble true leaves, but they are covered externally with
• 34:43
  Speaker 5: a thick skin which resists evaporation and keeps the moisture
• 34:47
  Speaker 5: once collected at the plant's disposal for an unlimited period.
• 34:53
  Speaker 5: In short, the cactus does as a plant just what
• 34:56
  Speaker 5: the camel does as an animal. It it is obvious
• 35:00
  Speaker 5: that plants thus situated would dry up and shrivel under
• 35:04
  Speaker 5: the sun's heat in a very short time if they
• 35:07
  Speaker 5: had thin leaves of the ordinary type provided with numerous
• 35:11
  Speaker 5: pores and open spiracles. Hence, it almost always happens that
• 35:17
  Speaker 5: sandy or desert species have thick, succulent stems, as we
• 35:21
  Speaker 5: see not only in the stone crops and house leaks,
• 35:24
  Speaker 5: but also in the glass worts and other fleshy plants
• 35:27
  Speaker 5: so commonly found on dry sea beaches, and so necessary
• 35:32
  Speaker 5: is this result that in the deserts of India, where
• 35:36
  Speaker 5: true cactuses are quite unknown, several kinds of spurges have
• 35:41
  Speaker 5: assumed precisely the same outer shape, and, having got rid
• 35:45
  Speaker 5: of their true leaves, have developed jointed, succulent stems exactly
• 35:50
  Speaker 5: mimicking those of the genuine cactus. Old Anglo Indians know
• 35:56
  Speaker 5: them by that name alone, and Pooh pooh science were
• 36:00
  Speaker 5: when it tries to tell them their cactuses are only
• 36:03
  Speaker 5: euphobias in disguise. In both cases, however, the leaves, though
• 36:09
  Speaker 5: greatly reduced, have not entirely or irretrievably disappeared.
• 36:14
  Speaker 6: They or their.
• 36:15
  Speaker 5: Representatives still survive in the prickly spines with which the
• 36:19
  Speaker 5: joints of the cactuses are so plentifully sprinkled. In order
• 36:24
  Speaker 5: to understand this further transformation, we have only to think
• 36:28
  Speaker 5: first of the needs of the cactus plant, and then
• 36:31
  Speaker 5: of the analogies of the stone crops and house leaks.
• 36:35
  Speaker 5: Desert vegetation as exposed to exceptional and peculiar dangers, just
• 36:41
  Speaker 5: in proportion as there is little in the way of
• 36:43
  Speaker 5: green stuff about to eat, does the hungry herbivore greatly
• 36:47
  Speaker 5: desire to eat it. Hence, only those plants were likely
• 36:52
  Speaker 5: to survive in the struggle for existence which rendered themselves
• 36:56
  Speaker 5: peculiarly unpleasant to the assaulting enemy. In the cactus, the
• 37:01
  Speaker 5: leaves have accordingly assumed the form of sharp prickles, which,
• 37:06
  Speaker 5: in the particular species that bears the prickly pear, are
• 37:09
  Speaker 5: arranged on the leaf like stem in a regular quincunx
• 37:13
  Speaker 5: or five starred pattern. How so strange a transformation comes about,
• 37:19
  Speaker 5: is readily shown in the house leaks and their chevarias
• 37:22
  Speaker 5: of our garden bowers, in which each leaf of the
• 37:26
  Speaker 5: rosette ends in a sharp thorn, or still better, in
• 37:30
  Speaker 5: the glass works of the sea side, which seem like
• 37:33
  Speaker 5: stone crops whose fleshies have converted themselves by sharpening into
• 37:38
  Speaker 5: regular prickles. But as the cactuses have got rid of leaves,
• 37:42
  Speaker 5: the stem has to do the work of the foliage.
• 37:46
  Speaker 5: For this purpose it has become green and leaf like,
• 37:49
  Speaker 5: and it performs all the common folia functions. That is
• 37:53
  Speaker 5: to say, it eats for the plant, absorbing carbon from
• 37:56
  Speaker 5: the floating carbonic acid of the air and the sea,
• 38:00
  Speaker 5: immolating it in its tissues with the aid of sunlight. Thus,
• 38:04
  Speaker 5: the young and tender stems are quite leaf like, but
• 38:08
  Speaker 5: as they grow old, they gradually assume the appearance of
• 38:11
  Speaker 5: a trunk, partially lose their jointed look, and a quire
• 38:15
  Speaker 5: bark of a hard, dry, brown and treelike character. Cactuses
• 38:21
  Speaker 5: have a wonderful knack of reproducing themselves under the most
• 38:24
  Speaker 5: adverse conditions. If you take a cutlass and hacker cactus
• 38:29
  Speaker 5: plant into little bits, as I have often seen a
• 38:32
  Speaker 5: Negro do in Jamaica to clear the soil, each tiny
• 38:36
  Speaker 5: fragment that falls upon the ground will grow in time
• 38:40
  Speaker 5: into a separate cactus bush. At first sight, this seems
• 38:44
  Speaker 5: a very marvelous and exceptional power, for sometimes the new
• 38:48
  Speaker 5: plant grows from a most insignificant and unnoticeable scrap of
• 38:53
  Speaker 5: the parent stem. And indeed, in North Africa, the regular
• 38:58
  Speaker 5: way of planting a prickly pear hedge is to chop
• 39:01
  Speaker 5: an old cactus into tiny bits and then lay them
• 39:04
  Speaker 5: along in a shallow trench just traced to receive them,
• 39:08
  Speaker 5: where they straightway grow into big, bristly fences. But when
• 39:14
  Speaker 5: one comes to look a little closer at the matter,
• 39:17
  Speaker 5: the apparent anomaly disappears at once. For in fact, what
• 39:21
  Speaker 5: one plants is a cutting from the stem, and there
• 39:24
  Speaker 5: is nothing more remarkable in such a cutting taking root
• 39:27
  Speaker 5: and thriving than in slips from a rose bush or
• 39:30
  Speaker 5: an apple tree growing when stuck in the ground. The
• 39:35
  Speaker 5: fact is, every part of every plant has in it
• 39:39
  Speaker 5: the inherent power of reproducing an entire organism. As a
• 39:43
  Speaker 5: crystal reproduces itself in a proper solution, Sometimes even a
• 39:49
  Speaker 5: bit of leaf will do, as everybody who has cultivated
• 39:52
  Speaker 5: a rock garden must have noticed in the case of sedums,
• 39:56
  Speaker 5: mere scraps of which often root and grow wherever they
• 40:00
  Speaker 5: happen to fall by accident. Again, in a potato we
• 40:05
  Speaker 5: similarly cut out a piece of the tuba with an eye,
• 40:08
  Speaker 5: that is to say, an undeveloped bud in it, and
• 40:11
  Speaker 5: are not at all surprised that it grows at once
• 40:14
  Speaker 5: into a new potato vine. Even seeds and bulbills like
• 40:19
  Speaker 5: those in the tiger lily are in essence merely specialized
• 40:23
  Speaker 5: buds that fall from the mother plant so as to
• 40:25
  Speaker 5: start in life on their own account. Elsewhere, all that
• 40:30
  Speaker 5: is peculiar to the cactus. Then, is this that being
• 40:34
  Speaker 5: a dry desert creature. It is necessarily endowed with great vitality,
• 40:39
  Speaker 5: and portions of it will accordingly root and thrive under
• 40:42
  Speaker 5: circumstances where less hardy species would dry up and wither
• 40:47
  Speaker 5: for want of moisture. It will, now, I suppose, be
• 40:51
  Speaker 5: quite obvious to everybody why the cactus flower seems to
• 40:54
  Speaker 5: grow out of the end of a leaf, a peculiarity
• 40:58
  Speaker 5: especially noticeable in the pretty pink and purple epiphyllums so
• 41:03
  Speaker 5: commonly cultivated in small conservatories. In reality, it grows exactly
• 41:09
  Speaker 5: where one would expect it, at the end of a stem,
• 41:13
  Speaker 5: only the stem has been flattened out so much as
• 41:16
  Speaker 5: to deceive the eye by looking thoroughly leaf like. In
• 41:20
  Speaker 5: the prickly pair, the flowers are pale yellow, and, though large,
• 41:24
  Speaker 5: can hardly be considered handsome. They grow quite flat on
• 41:28
  Speaker 5: the edge of the seeming leaves, in a squat and
• 41:31
  Speaker 5: somewhat undignified attitude so far as I have observed, but
• 41:36
  Speaker 5: my opportunities for watching them have not been great. They
• 41:40
  Speaker 5: appear to be mainly fertilized by night flying moths with
• 41:44
  Speaker 5: the long probossus, which come out at dusk, and for
• 41:47
  Speaker 5: this reason, like so many other night fertilized flowers, they
• 41:51
  Speaker 5: are pale yellow. The well known and lovely night flowering Cereus,
• 41:57
  Speaker 5: a sister cactus, which is still more thoroughly not eternal
• 42:00
  Speaker 5: in its ways, so much so that it lasts but
• 42:03
  Speaker 5: for a single evening, is pure white to catch the
• 42:07
  Speaker 5: eyes of the moths in the tropical moonlight, and it
• 42:10
  Speaker 5: further attracts them by its strong and almost overpowering perfume,
• 42:15
  Speaker 5: which closely resembles that of tuberose Stephanotus, jasmine and many
• 42:20
  Speaker 5: other white night blooming flowers. In the prickly pear, however,
• 42:25
  Speaker 5: the scent is very faint and is only perceptible to
• 42:28
  Speaker 5: any extent in the gray of the evening. The moths
• 42:32
  Speaker 5: visit it, of course, for the sake of honey, and,
• 42:35
  Speaker 5: thrusting their probossis into its tubular depths, unconsciously carry the
• 42:40
  Speaker 5: fertilizing pollen from flower to flower as they flit from
• 42:44
  Speaker 5: one plant to another in succession. The fruit itself, the
• 42:49
  Speaker 5: prickly pear, so familiar in all European and American markets,
• 42:53
  Speaker 5: follows in due course from the fertilized blossom. It is
• 42:57
  Speaker 5: a clumsy, reddish and yellowish thing, covered like the plant itself,
• 43:02
  Speaker 5: with those bunches of sharp hairs which have gained it
• 43:05
  Speaker 5: its common English name. The hairs are there, no doubt,
• 43:09
  Speaker 5: to deter unauthorized and useless intruders. The skin protects it
• 43:14
  Speaker 5: from insect foes and small birds. The pulp allures the monkeys, toucans,
• 43:20
  Speaker 5: and other proper dispenses of the seed or kernel, and
• 43:23
  Speaker 5: the grains dispersed through its fleshy part are either thrown
• 43:27
  Speaker 5: away by the animal, or, if swallowed, are not digested
• 43:31
  Speaker 5: owing to their tough and stony covering. We thus see
• 43:35
  Speaker 5: in this singular cactus a most perfect adaptation in every
• 43:39
  Speaker 5: part to the circumstances of the arid and rocky soil
• 43:43
  Speaker 5: on which it springs. So perfect is the adaptation, indeed,
• 43:48
  Speaker 5: that the prickly pear has long since traveled to every
• 43:51
  Speaker 5: similar country of the civilized or semi civilized world, and
• 43:56
  Speaker 5: is now almost as common in the Barbary States and
• 43:59
  Speaker 5: on the mediterrane and Shawl as on its own native
• 44:02
  Speaker 5: Mexican deserts. It is easy enough to make it grow.
• 44:06
  Speaker 5: The real difficulty, as the small cultivators of the Riviera
• 44:10
  Speaker 5: are beginning to find out, is once it gets in
• 44:14
  Speaker 5: ever to get rid of it. End of Prickly Pairs
• 44:19
  Speaker 5: by Grant Allen. Recording by no Obeydrian.
• 44:28
  Speaker 3: An account of the Procuring of the small Pox by
• 44:31
  Speaker 3: Incision or Inoculation for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science.
• 44:37
  Speaker 3: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 44:41
  Speaker 3: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 44:45
  Speaker 3: visit LibriVox dot org. An account of the procuring of
• 44:49
  Speaker 3: the small pox by incision or inoculation, as it has
• 44:53
  Speaker 3: for some time been practiced at Constantinople, being an extract
• 44:57
  Speaker 3: of a letter from Emmanuel Timonious MD, Sr, s S
• 45:01
  Speaker 3: dated Constantinople, December seventeen thirteen, communicated by John Woodward, m
• 45:07
  Speaker 3: D and Srs Number three thirty nine, page seventy two.
• 45:11
  Speaker 3: The doctor observes that the Circassians, Georgians and other Asiatics
• 45:16
  Speaker 3: have introduced this practice of procuring the smallpox by a
• 45:19
  Speaker 3: sort of inoculation for about forty years among the Turks
• 45:23
  Speaker 3: and others at Constantinople. That though at first the more
• 45:27
  Speaker 3: prudent were very cautious in the use of this practice,
• 45:30
  Speaker 3: yet the happy success it has been found to have
• 45:32
  Speaker 3: in thousands of subjects for these eight years past, has
• 45:36
  Speaker 3: now put it out of all suspicion and doubt, Since
• 45:39
  Speaker 3: the operation having been performed on persons of all ages, sexes,
• 45:43
  Speaker 3: and different temperaments, and even in the worst constitution of
• 45:46
  Speaker 3: the air, yet none have been found to die of it,
• 45:49
  Speaker 3: where at the same time it was very mortal when
• 45:51
  Speaker 3: it sees the patient, and the common way of which
• 45:54
  Speaker 3: half the effect had died. This, the doctor attests from
• 45:57
  Speaker 3: his own observation. He next obsuers nerves that such as
• 46:01
  Speaker 3: have this inoculation practiced on them are subject to very
• 46:04
  Speaker 3: slight symptoms, some being scarcely sensible. They are ill or sick,
• 46:09
  Speaker 3: and what is valued by the fare it never leaves
• 46:11
  Speaker 3: any scars or pits in the face. The method of
• 46:15
  Speaker 3: the operation is thus choice being made of a proper contagion.
• 46:19
  Speaker 3: The matter of the pustules is to be communicated to
• 46:22
  Speaker 3: the person proposed to take the infection, whence it has
• 46:25
  Speaker 3: metaphorically the name of incision or inoculation. For this purpose
• 46:29
  Speaker 3: they pitch upon some boy or young lad of a sound,
• 46:32
  Speaker 3: healthy temperament, that is seized with a common smallpox of
• 46:36
  Speaker 3: the distinct not confluent kind on the twelfth or thirteenth
• 46:39
  Speaker 3: day from the beginning of his sickness. They, with the
• 46:42
  Speaker 3: needle prick the tubercules, chiefly those on the shins and hams,
• 46:46
  Speaker 3: and press out the matter coming from them into some
• 46:49
  Speaker 3: convenient glass vessel or the like to receive it. And
• 46:52
  Speaker 3: it is proper to wash and clean the vessel first
• 46:54
  Speaker 3: with warm water. A convenient quantity of this matter, being
• 46:58
  Speaker 3: thus collected, is to be stopped close and kept warm
• 47:01
  Speaker 3: in the bosom of the person that carries it, and
• 47:04
  Speaker 3: as soon as may be brought to the place of
• 47:06
  Speaker 3: the expecting future patient, who being in a warm chamber.
• 47:09
  Speaker 3: The operator is to make several little wounds with a
• 47:12
  Speaker 3: needle in one, two or more places of the skin,
• 47:15
  Speaker 3: till some drops of blood follow, and immediately drop out
• 47:19
  Speaker 3: some drops of the matter in the glass and mix
• 47:21
  Speaker 3: it well with the blood issuing out. One drop of
• 47:24
  Speaker 3: the matter is sufficient for each place pricked. These punctures
• 47:28
  Speaker 3: are made indifferently in any of the fleshy parts, but
• 47:31
  Speaker 3: succeed best in the muscles of the arm or radius.
• 47:34
  Speaker 3: The needle is to be a three edged surgeon's needle.
• 47:37
  Speaker 3: It may likewise be performed with a lancet. The custom
• 47:41
  Speaker 3: is to run the needle transverse and rip up the
• 47:43
  Speaker 3: skin a little, that there may be a convenient dividing
• 47:46
  Speaker 3: of the part and the mixing of the matter with
• 47:48
  Speaker 3: the blood more easily performed, which is done either with
• 47:51
  Speaker 3: a blunt style or an ear picker. The wound is
• 47:55
  Speaker 3: covered with half a walnut shell or the light concave vessel,
• 47:58
  Speaker 3: and bound over that the matter be not rubbed off
• 48:01
  Speaker 3: by the clothes. The patient is to be careful of
• 48:03
  Speaker 3: his diet. In this place. The custom is to abstain
• 48:07
  Speaker 3: wholly from flesh and broth for three or four weeks.
• 48:10
  Speaker 3: This operation is performed either in the beginning of the
• 48:13
  Speaker 3: winter or in the spring. Some for caution ordered the
• 48:16
  Speaker 3: matter to be brought from the sick by a third person,
• 48:19
  Speaker 3: lest any infection should be conveyed by the clothes of
• 48:22
  Speaker 3: the operator. But this is not material as to the
• 48:26
  Speaker 3: process of this matter. In respect to the idiosyncrasy, the
• 48:30
  Speaker 3: smallpox begins to appear sooner in some than in others,
• 48:33
  Speaker 3: in some with greater in others with less symptoms, but
• 48:36
  Speaker 3: with happy success in all. In this place, the efflorescence
• 48:40
  Speaker 3: commonly begins at the end of the seventh day, which
• 48:43
  Speaker 3: seems to favor the doctrine of crises. It was observed
• 48:46
  Speaker 3: in a year when the common smallpox was very mortal,
• 48:50
  Speaker 3: that those by incision were also attended with greater symptoms.
• 48:54
  Speaker 3: Of fifty persons who had the incision made on them,
• 48:56
  Speaker 3: almost in the same day, four were found in whom
• 48:59
  Speaker 3: the area eruption was too sudden, the turbercles more, and
• 49:02
  Speaker 3: symptoms worse. There was some suspicion that these four had
• 49:06
  Speaker 3: caught the common smallpox before the incision was made. It
• 49:10
  Speaker 3: is enough for our present purpose that there was not
• 49:12
  Speaker 3: one but recovered after the incision. In those four, the
• 49:16
  Speaker 3: smallpox came near the confluent kind. At other times the
• 49:19
  Speaker 3: inoculated are distinct, few and scattered. Commonly ten or twenty
• 49:24
  Speaker 3: breakout here, and there one has but two or three,
• 49:27
  Speaker 3: few have one hundred. There are some in whom no
• 49:30
  Speaker 3: pustule rises, but in the places where the incision was made,
• 49:33
  Speaker 3: which swell up into purulent turbucles. Yet these have never
• 49:37
  Speaker 3: had the smallpox afterwards in their whole lives, though they
• 49:40
  Speaker 3: have cohabitated with persons having it. It is to be
• 49:44
  Speaker 3: noted that in no small quantity of matter runs for
• 49:47
  Speaker 3: several days from the place of the incision. The pox
• 49:50
  Speaker 3: arising from this operation are dried up in a short time,
• 49:53
  Speaker 3: and fall off, partly in thin skins, and partly, contrary
• 49:57
  Speaker 3: to the common sort, vanish by an insensible way wasting.
• 50:01
  Speaker 3: The matter is hardly a thick puss as in the
• 50:04
  Speaker 3: common but a thinner kind of seines. Whence they rarely
• 50:07
  Speaker 3: pit except at the place of the incision, where the
• 50:10
  Speaker 3: cicatrices left are not to be worn out by time,
• 50:13
  Speaker 3: and whose matter comes near the nature of puss. If
• 50:16
  Speaker 3: an apostam breaks out on any which infants are most
• 50:19
  Speaker 3: subject to, yet there is nothing to be feared, for
• 50:23
  Speaker 3: it is safely healed by suppuration. If any other symptom happens,
• 50:27
  Speaker 3: it is easily cured by the common remedies observed. They
• 50:31
  Speaker 3: scarcely ever make use of the matter of the inoculated
• 50:34
  Speaker 3: pox for a new incision. If this inoculation be made
• 50:37
  Speaker 3: on persons who have before had the smallpox, they find
• 50:41
  Speaker 3: no alteration, and the place is pricked presently dry up,
• 50:44
  Speaker 3: except in an ill habit of body, where possibly a
• 50:47
  Speaker 3: slight information and exulceration may happen for a few days.
• 50:53
  Speaker 3: To this time he says, I have known but one
• 50:55
  Speaker 3: boy on whom the operation was performed, and yet he
• 50:58
  Speaker 3: had not the smallpox, but without any mischief, and some
• 51:01
  Speaker 3: months after catching the common sort, he did very well.
• 51:05
  Speaker 3: It is to be observed that the places of the
• 51:07
  Speaker 3: incision did not swell. I suspect this child prevented the
• 51:11
  Speaker 3: insertion of the matter, for he struggled very much under
• 51:14
  Speaker 3: the operation, and there wanted help to hold him still.
• 51:17
  Speaker 3: The matter to be inserted will keep in the glass
• 51:20
  Speaker 3: very well for twelve hours. I have never, he adds,
• 51:23
  Speaker 3: observed any mischievous accident from this incision hitherto, And although
• 51:28
  Speaker 3: such reports have been sometimes spread among the vulgar, yet
• 51:32
  Speaker 3: having gone on purpose to the houses whence such rumors
• 51:35
  Speaker 3: have arisen, I have found the whole to be absolutely false.
• 51:39
  Speaker 3: It is now eight years since I have been an
• 51:41
  Speaker 3: eyewitness of these operations. And to give a greater proof
• 51:44
  Speaker 3: of the adulity I have used in this disquisition, I
• 51:47
  Speaker 3: shall relate two histories. In a certain family, a boy
• 51:52
  Speaker 3: of three years old was afflicted with the falling sickness,
• 51:56
  Speaker 3: the King's evil, an hereditary pox, and a long morassmus.
• 52:00
  Speaker 3: The parents were desirous to have the incision made upon him.
• 52:03
  Speaker 3: The smallpox were thrown off with ease. About the fortieth day,
• 52:07
  Speaker 3: he died of his morasmus. In another family, a girl
• 52:10
  Speaker 3: of three years old was troubled with the like fits strumus,
• 52:14
  Speaker 3: attended with an hereditary luaise in laboring under a colliquative
• 52:18
  Speaker 3: looseness for three months. The operation was performed on this child.
• 52:22
  Speaker 3: She came off very well of the smallpox, which was
• 52:25
  Speaker 3: all over the fifteenth day. On the thirty second she
• 52:28
  Speaker 3: died of her looseness, which had never left her the
• 52:30
  Speaker 3: whole time. But it is true I never maintained the
• 52:33
  Speaker 3: inoculation as a panacea or a cure for all diseases,
• 52:37
  Speaker 3: nor do I think it proper to be attempted on
• 52:40
  Speaker 3: persons like to die. Then follows a long aetiologgia respecting
• 52:45
  Speaker 3: the manner in which this author supposes the various contagion
• 52:48
  Speaker 3: to act upon the human body. He supposes it to
• 52:51
  Speaker 3: act upon the mass of blood after the manner of
• 52:53
  Speaker 3: a ferment or leaven, And that all the symptoms which
• 52:56
  Speaker 3: take place in the natural or inoculated smallpox are to
• 53:00
  Speaker 3: be accounted for, in the first instance, from the commotion
• 53:03
  Speaker 3: excited in the blood, and thence upon the Constitution at
• 53:06
  Speaker 3: large in the next place, from the defecation or separation
• 53:09
  Speaker 3: of the vitiated particles from the healthy, et cetera, et cetera.
• 53:13
  Speaker 3: Respecting a theory now universally exploded, it cannot be necessary
• 53:17
  Speaker 3: to enter into further particulars end of an account of
• 53:22
  Speaker 3: the procuring of the small pox by incision or inoculation,
• 53:26
  Speaker 3: communicated by John Woodward, MD and.
• 53:28
  Speaker 7: Srs Scientific Moving for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science.
• 53:41
  Speaker 7: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 53:45
  Speaker 7: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 53:49
  Speaker 7: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Newgate Novelist. I was
• 53:57
  Speaker 7: a youth of studious mind. For science was my mistress,
• 54:01
  Speaker 7: kind and held me with attraction. Chemic no germs of
• 54:04
  Speaker 7: love attacked my heart, secured as by Pasturian art, against
• 54:08
  Speaker 7: that fatal epidemic. For when my daily task was o'er,
• 54:12
  Speaker 7: I dreamed of H two S O four while stealing
• 54:15
  Speaker 7: through my slumbers. Placid came iodine with violet fumes, and
• 54:18
  Speaker 7: sulfur with its yellow blooms and whiffs of hydrochloric acid.
• 54:23
  Speaker 7: My daily visions, thoughts, and schemes with wildest hope illumined
• 54:28
  Speaker 7: my dreams, the daring dreams of trustful twenty. I might
• 54:31
  Speaker 7: accomplish my desire and set the River Thames on fire,
• 54:35
  Speaker 7: if but potassium were in plenty. Alas that yearning so sublime,
• 54:40
  Speaker 7: should all be blasted in their prime by hazel eyes
• 54:43
  Speaker 7: and lips vermilion, Ye, gods restore the halcyon days. While
• 54:47
  Speaker 7: yet I walked in Wisdom's ways and knew not marry
• 54:50
  Speaker 7: mob Trevellion. Yet nay, the sacrilegious prayer was not mine own,
• 54:54
  Speaker 7: nor fairest fare. Thee dear one, will I ever cherish
• 54:58
  Speaker 7: thy worshiped image shall remain in the gray thought cells
• 55:01
  Speaker 7: of my brain until their form and function perish. Away
• 55:05
  Speaker 7: with books, away with cram her intermediate exam, away with
• 55:08
  Speaker 7: every college duty. Though once agnostic to the core a
• 55:12
  Speaker 7: virgin saint, I now adore and swear belief in love
• 55:16
  Speaker 7: and beauty. Yet when I meet her tranquil gaze, I
• 55:20
  Speaker 7: dare not plead. I dare not praise like other men
• 55:22
  Speaker 7: with other lasses. She's never kind, she's never coy. She
• 55:26
  Speaker 7: treats me simply as a boy, and asks me how
• 55:28
  Speaker 7: I like my classes. I covet not her golden dower.
• 55:32
  Speaker 7: Yet surely love's attractive power directly as the mass must vary,
• 55:36
  Speaker 7: but ah inversely as the square of distance. Shall I
• 55:40
  Speaker 7: ever dare to cross the gulf and gain my marry?
• 55:44
  Speaker 7: So chill she seems, And yet she might welcome with
• 55:47
  Speaker 7: radiant heat and light my courtship if I once began it.
• 55:50
  Speaker 7: For is not even the palest star that gleams so
• 55:53
  Speaker 7: coldly from afar a sun to some revolving planet. My
• 55:57
  Speaker 7: marry be a solar sphere, And no comet's mad career,
• 56:01
  Speaker 7: no arid airless lunar crescent. Oh for a spectroscope to
• 56:06
  Speaker 7: show that in my gentle eyes doth glow Love's vapor,
• 56:09
  Speaker 7: pure and incandescent, bright fancy? Can I fail to please?
• 56:13
  Speaker 7: If with similitudes like these I lure the maid to
• 56:16
  Speaker 7: sweet communion, my suit, with optics well begun by magnetism,
• 56:20
  Speaker 7: shall be won and closed at last in chemic union.
• 56:24
  Speaker 7: At this al aim for this, all toil, and this
• 56:26
  Speaker 7: I'll reach. I will by boil, by avagado, and by davy,
• 56:30
  Speaker 7: when every science lends a trope to feed my love
• 56:33
  Speaker 7: to fire my hope, her maiden pride must cry peccavi.
• 56:37
  Speaker 7: I'll sing a deep Darwinian lay of little birds with
• 56:40
  Speaker 7: plumage gay who solved by courtship life's enigma. I'll teach
• 56:44
  Speaker 7: her how the wild flowers love, and why the trembling
• 56:47
  Speaker 7: stamens move, and how the anthers kiss the stigma? Or
• 56:51
  Speaker 7: mathematically true with rigorous logic, will I woo? And not
• 56:55
  Speaker 7: a word I'll say at random, till urged by syllogistic stress,
• 56:59
  Speaker 7: She falter forth tearful, Yes, a sweet quad errat demonstrandum.
• 57:08
  Speaker 7: End of scientific wooing by Constance Naden.
• 57:17
  Speaker 8: Fermentation for the LibriVox coffee book collection eleven Science. This
• 57:24
  Speaker 8: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 57:27
  Speaker 8: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
• 57:31
  Speaker 8: LibriVox dot org. Recording by Peter Yearsley. Fermentation from General
• 57:38
  Speaker 8: Science by Bertha M. Clark. While baking powder is universally
• 57:44
  Speaker 8: used for biscuits and cake, it is seldom, if ever,
• 57:48
  Speaker 8: used for bread because it does not furnish sufficient gas
• 57:52
  Speaker 8: to lighten the tough, heavy mass of bread dough. Then too,
• 57:56
  Speaker 8: most people prefer the taste of yeast raised. There is
• 58:01
  Speaker 8: a reason for this widespread preference, but to understand it
• 58:05
  Speaker 8: we must go somewhat far afield, and must study not
• 58:08
  Speaker 8: only the bread of today, but the bread of antiquity,
• 58:11
  Speaker 8: and the wines as well. If grapes are crushed, they
• 58:16
  Speaker 8: yield a liquid which tastes like the grapes. But if
• 58:20
  Speaker 8: the liquid is allowed to stand in a warm place,
• 58:23
  Speaker 8: it loses its original character and begins to ferment, becoming
• 58:27
  Speaker 8: in the course of a few weeks, a strongly intoxicating drink.
• 58:32
  Speaker 8: This is true not only of grape juice, but also
• 58:35
  Speaker 8: of the juice of all other sweet fruits. Apple juice
• 58:38
  Speaker 8: ferments de cider, currant juice to currant wine, et cetera.
• 58:42
  Speaker 8: This phenomenon of fermentation is known to practically all races
• 58:46
  Speaker 8: of men, and there is scarcely a savage tribe without
• 58:50
  Speaker 8: some kind of fermented drink. In the tropics, the fermented
• 58:54
  Speaker 8: juice of the palm tree serves for wine, in the
• 58:57
  Speaker 8: desert regions the fermented juice of the century plant, and
• 59:01
  Speaker 8: in still other regions the root of the ginger plant
• 59:04
  Speaker 8: is pressed into service. The fermentation which occurs in bread
• 59:09
  Speaker 8: making is similar to that which is responsible for the
• 59:13
  Speaker 8: transformation of plants juices into intoxicating drinks. The former process
• 59:17
  Speaker 8: is not so old, however, since the use of alcoholic
• 59:20
  Speaker 8: beverages dates back to the very dawn of history, and
• 59:24
  Speaker 8: the authentic record of raised or leavened bread is but
• 59:28
  Speaker 8: little more than three thousand years old. The bread of antiquity,
• 59:34
  Speaker 8: the original method of bread making, and the method employed
• 59:37
  Speaker 8: by savage tribes of today, is to mix crushed grain
• 59:41
  Speaker 8: and water until a paste is formed, and then to
• 59:44
  Speaker 8: bake this over a camp fire. The result is a hard,
• 59:48
  Speaker 8: compact substance known as unleavened bread. A considerable improvement over
• 59:54
  Speaker 8: this tasteless mass is self raised bread. If dough is
• 59:59
  Speaker 8: left standing in a warm place a number of hours,
• 1:00:02
  Speaker 8: it swells up with gas and becomes porous, and when baked,
• 1:00:06
  Speaker 8: is less compact and hard than the savage bread. Exposure
• 1:00:11
  Speaker 8: to air and warmth brings about changes in dough as
• 1:00:14
  Speaker 8: well as in fruit juices, and alters the character of
• 1:00:18
  Speaker 8: the dough and the bread made from it. Bread made
• 1:00:21
  Speaker 8: in this way would not seem palatable to civilized man
• 1:00:24
  Speaker 8: of the present day, accustomed as he is to delicious
• 1:00:28
  Speaker 8: bread made light and porous by yeast, but to the
• 1:00:31
  Speaker 8: ancients the least softening and lightning was welcome and self
• 1:00:36
  Speaker 8: fermented bread therefore supplanted the original unleavened bread. Soon it
• 1:00:42
  Speaker 8: was discovered that a pinch of this fermented dough acted
• 1:00:45
  Speaker 8: as a starter on a fresh batch of dough. Hence,
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 8: a little of the fermented dough was carefully saved from
• 1:00:51
  Speaker 8: a batch, and when the next bread was made, the
• 1:00:54
  Speaker 8: fermented dough or leaven was worked into the fresh dough
• 1:00:58
  Speaker 8: and served to raise them, made more quickly and effectively
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 8: than mere exposure to air and warmth could do in
• 1:01:05
  Speaker 8: the same length of time. This use of leaven for
• 1:01:08
  Speaker 8: raising bread has been practiced for ages. Grape juice mixed
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 8: with millet ferments quickly and strongly, and the Romans learns
• 1:01:18
  Speaker 8: to use this mixture for bread raising, needing a very
• 1:01:21
  Speaker 8: small amount of it through the dough. The cause of fermentation.
• 1:01:28
  Speaker 8: Although alcoholic fermentation and the fermentation which goes on in
• 1:01:31
  Speaker 8: raising dough were known and utilized for many years, the
• 1:01:36
  Speaker 8: cause of the phenomenon was a sealed book until the
• 1:01:38
  Speaker 8: nineteenth century. About that time, it was discovered through the
• 1:01:42
  Speaker 8: use of the microscope that fermenting liquids contained an army
• 1:01:47
  Speaker 8: of minute plant organisms, which not only live there, but
• 1:01:50
  Speaker 8: which actually grow and multiply within the liquid. For growth
• 1:01:54
  Speaker 8: and multiplication, food is necessary, and this the tiny plants
• 1:01:58
  Speaker 8: get in abundance from them the fruit juices. They feed upon
• 1:02:02
  Speaker 8: the sugary matter, and as they feed they ferment it,
• 1:02:05
  Speaker 8: changing it into carbon dioxide and alcohol. The carbon dioxide,
• 1:02:10
  Speaker 8: in the form of small bubbles, passes off from the
• 1:02:13
  Speaker 8: fermenting mass, while the alcohol remains in the liquid, giving
• 1:02:17
  Speaker 8: the stimulating effect desired by imbibers of alcoholic drinks. The
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 8: unknown strange organisms were called yeast, and they were the
• 1:02:26
  Speaker 8: starting point of the yeast cakes and yeast bruise manufactured
• 1:02:30
  Speaker 8: today on a large scale, not only for bread making
• 1:02:33
  Speaker 8: but for the commercial production of beer, ale porter and
• 1:02:37
  Speaker 8: other intoxicating drinks. The grains rye, corn rice, wheat from
• 1:02:44
  Speaker 8: which meal is made, contain only a small quantity of sugar,
• 1:02:48
  Speaker 8: but on the other hand, they contain a large quantity
• 1:02:50
  Speaker 8: of starch, which is easily convertible into sugar. Upon this,
• 1:02:54
  Speaker 8: the tiny yeast plants in the dough feed, and, as
• 1:02:57
  Speaker 8: in the case of the wines for men, the sugar
• 1:03:00
  Speaker 8: producing carbon dioxide and alcohol. The dough is thick and sticky,
• 1:03:05
  Speaker 8: and the gas bubbles expand it into a spongy mass.
• 1:03:09
  Speaker 8: The tiny yeast plants multiply and continue to make alcohol
• 1:03:12
  Speaker 8: and gas, and in consequence the dough becomes lighter and lighter.
• 1:03:17
  Speaker 8: When it has risen sufficiently, it is kneaded and placed
• 1:03:20
  Speaker 8: in an oven. The heat of the oven soon kills
• 1:03:23
  Speaker 8: the yeast plants and drives the alcohol out of the bread.
• 1:03:27
  Speaker 8: At the same time, it expands the imprisoned gas bubbles
• 1:03:31
  Speaker 8: and causes them to lighten and swell the bread still more. Meanwhile,
• 1:03:36
  Speaker 8: the dough has become stiff enough to support itself. The
• 1:03:39
  Speaker 8: result of the fermentation is a light, spongy loaf. Where
• 1:03:44
  Speaker 8: does yeast come from? The microscopic plants which we call
• 1:03:47
  Speaker 8: yeast are widely distributed in the air and float around
• 1:03:51
  Speaker 8: there until chance brings them in contact with a substance
• 1:03:54
  Speaker 8: favorable to their growth, such as fruit juices and moist
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 8: warm batter. Under the face favorable conditions of abundant moisture, heat,
• 1:04:03
  Speaker 8: and food, they grow and multiply rapidly and cause the
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 8: phenomenon of fermentation. Wild yeast settles on the skin of
• 1:04:12
  Speaker 8: grapes and apples, but Since it does not have access
• 1:04:15
  Speaker 8: to the fruit juices within it remains inactive, very much
• 1:04:19
  Speaker 8: as a seed does before it is planted. But when
• 1:04:21
  Speaker 8: the fruit is crushed, the yeast plants get into the
• 1:04:24
  Speaker 8: juice and, feeding on it, grow and multiply. The stray
• 1:04:28
  Speaker 8: yeast plants which get into the syrup are relatively few,
• 1:04:32
  Speaker 8: and hence fermentation is slow. It requires several weeks for
• 1:04:37
  Speaker 8: currant wine to ferment and several months for the juice
• 1:04:40
  Speaker 8: of grapes to be converted into wine. Stray yeast finds
• 1:04:45
  Speaker 8: a favorable soil for growth in the warmth and moisture
• 1:04:48
  Speaker 8: of a batter. But although the number of these stray
• 1:04:51
  Speaker 8: plants is very large, it is insufficient to cause rapid fermentation.
• 1:04:56
  Speaker 8: And if we depended upon wild yeast for bread raising,
• 1:04:59
  Speaker 8: the result would not be to our liking. When our
• 1:05:03
  Speaker 8: remote ancestors saved a pinch of dough as leaven for
• 1:05:06
  Speaker 8: the next baking, they were actually cultivating yeast, although they
• 1:05:10
  Speaker 8: did not know it. The reserved portions served as a
• 1:05:14
  Speaker 8: favorable breeding place to the east plants within it. They
• 1:05:17
  Speaker 8: grew and reproduced amazingly and became so numerous that the
• 1:05:21
  Speaker 8: small mass of old dough in which they were gathered
• 1:05:24
  Speaker 8: served to leaven the entire batch at the next baking.
• 1:05:29
  Speaker 8: As soon as Man learnt that yeast plants caused fermentation
• 1:05:33
  Speaker 8: in liquors and bread, he realised that it would be
• 1:05:36
  Speaker 8: to his advantage to cultivate yeast and to add it
• 1:05:39
  Speaker 8: to bread and to plant juices, rather than to depend
• 1:05:42
  Speaker 8: upon accidental and slow fermentation from wild yeast. Shortly after
• 1:05:47
  Speaker 8: the discovery of yeast in the nineteenth century, Man commenced
• 1:05:51
  Speaker 8: his attempt to cultivate the tiny organisms. Their microscopic size
• 1:05:55
  Speaker 8: added greatly to his trouble, and it was only after
• 1:05:58
  Speaker 8: years of careful and death tedious investigation that he was
• 1:06:02
  Speaker 8: able to perfect the commercial yeast cakes and yeast brewise
• 1:06:06
  Speaker 8: universally used by bakers and brewers. The well known compressed
• 1:06:10
  Speaker 8: yeast cake is simply a mass of live and vigorous
• 1:06:14
  Speaker 8: yeast plants embedded in a soft, soggy material, and ready
• 1:06:19
  Speaker 8: to grow and multiply as soon as they are placed
• 1:06:21
  Speaker 8: under proper conditions of heat, moisture and food. Seeds which
• 1:06:26
  Speaker 8: remain on our shelves do not germinate, but those which
• 1:06:30
  Speaker 8: are planted in the soil do, so it is with
• 1:06:33
  Speaker 8: the yeast plants. While in the cake they are as
• 1:06:37
  Speaker 8: lifeless as the seed. When placed in dough or fruit
• 1:06:40
  Speaker 8: juice or grain water, they grow and multiply and cause fermentation.
• 1:06:48
  Speaker 8: End of Fermentation by Bertha M. Clark. Recording by Peter Yearsley.
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 7: For the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection eleven Science. This is
• 1:07:04
  Speaker 7: a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
• 1:07:09
  Speaker 7: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 7: Recording by Newgate novelist The Astronomer by Constance Naden, White,
• 1:07:24
  Speaker 7: cold and sacred as my chosen home, a seat for
• 1:07:26
  Speaker 7: God's amount divined, and from the height of this eternal dome, Sky, sea,
• 1:07:30
  Speaker 7: and Earth are mine. All these I love. But only
• 1:07:34
  Speaker 7: Heaven is near. Only the tranquil stars I know. I
• 1:07:37
  Speaker 7: see the map of Earth, but never hear Life's tumult
• 1:07:39
  Speaker 7: far below bright hieroglyphs I read in Heaven's book, but
• 1:07:43
  Speaker 7: oft with eyes too dim for these, In wholf, regretful ignorance,
• 1:07:46
  Speaker 7: I look on common fields and trees, scant fair for
• 1:07:50
  Speaker 7: wife and child. The fisher gains from yon broad belt
• 1:07:52
  Speaker 7: of loocent, gray, rude peasants, till those green and golden plains.
• 1:07:56
  Speaker 7: Am I more wise than they? Oh, far less glad?
• 1:07:59
  Speaker 7: And Yet could I descend and breathe the lowland air again?
• 1:08:02
  Speaker 7: How should I find a brother or a friend? Mid earth?
• 1:08:04
  Speaker 7: Contented men? Though while I sat beside my household fire,
• 1:08:08
  Speaker 7: some dear, dear hand should clasp my own? Must I
• 1:08:11
  Speaker 7: not pine with homesick sharp desire for this my mountain throne.
• 1:08:15
  Speaker 7: I were impatient of the narrowed skies, Yes, even of
• 1:08:18
  Speaker 7: the clasping hand. And she sad gazing in my restless eyes,
• 1:08:22
  Speaker 7: would happily understand and know my fevered yearning to depart,
• 1:08:26
  Speaker 7: to dwell once more alone and free. Well might I love?
• 1:08:29
  Speaker 7: Yet needs must break the heart that puts its trust
• 1:08:32
  Speaker 7: in me. Yet hope and ecstasy desert me not, but
• 1:08:35
  Speaker 7: coldly shine like moonlit snows. This earthly dream renounced, yet
• 1:08:40
  Speaker 7: unforgot to heavenly splendor grows for oft when sleep has
• 1:08:44
  Speaker 7: lulled the brain o'er wrought strange light across my brow
• 1:08:47
  Speaker 7: was thrown the glorious incarnation of my thought. Uranius stands alone,
• 1:08:52
  Speaker 7: she passionless of no fond, woman born towers awful in
• 1:08:56
  Speaker 7: her virgin grace. Calmly, she smiles, most faint rose of
• 1:09:01
  Speaker 7: morn flushes her sovereign face. Her atmosphere of white, unswerving
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 7: rays athwart the fading moonlight swims rare vapor like a
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 7: comet's luminous haze, floats round her argent limbs. Her clear
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 7: celestial eyes look deep in mine. Her brow and breast
• 1:09:16
  Speaker 7: gleam icy pure. She whispers, be thy heart, my secret shrine.
• 1:09:21
  Speaker 7: So shall thy strength endure, So shall thy godlike wisdom
• 1:09:24
  Speaker 7: soar above all rainbow hues of grief or mirth. And
• 1:09:27
  Speaker 7: I will love thee as the stars do love, even
• 1:09:29
  Speaker 7: thy distant earth. Then her eyes lightened, Then her voice
• 1:09:33
  Speaker 7: thrills clear. But life and death contend in me. And
• 1:09:36
  Speaker 7: still she speaks. But now I may not hear shines,
• 1:09:38
  Speaker 7: But I dare not see. How shall immortal splendor where
• 1:09:42
  Speaker 7: the gaze of man who knows, but that which seems,
• 1:09:44
  Speaker 7: whose sight were blinded? If the sun should blaze with
• 1:09:47
  Speaker 7: unrefracted beams, void were the earth and formless? If arrayed
• 1:09:51
  Speaker 7: in purity of perfect white, all things are clear by
• 1:09:54
  Speaker 7: color and by shade, glorious with lack of light. But
• 1:09:57
  Speaker 7: what is she whose beauty makes me blind, whose voice
• 1:10:00
  Speaker 7: this is like the voice of fate? What save a
• 1:10:02
  Speaker 7: lustrous mirage of the mind, my slave, whom I create.
• 1:10:06
  Speaker 7: Yet from such dear illusions wisdom springs. Though these may fade,
• 1:10:09
  Speaker 7: she shall not die in fabled forms of heroes and
• 1:10:12
  Speaker 7: of kings. Even yet we map the sky, slow conquering
• 1:10:15
  Speaker 7: Truth loves well the joyous moon, But silent midnight gave
• 1:10:19
  Speaker 7: her birth the cone of darkness that o'ershades. The moon
• 1:10:22
  Speaker 7: revealed the orbideure man knelt a constellated sun supreme. But
• 1:10:27
  Speaker 7: as he knelt to golden clods, nor till he ceased
• 1:10:30
  Speaker 7: to worship, e'er could dream the greatness of his gods.
• 1:10:33
  Speaker 7: He woe for all the planets as they passed strange
• 1:10:36
  Speaker 7: legends wrought of love and youth. While O'er the poet's
• 1:10:39
  Speaker 7: soul was vaguely cast a shadow of the truth kinsmen.
• 1:10:42
  Speaker 7: Is he to all the stars that burn mirrored in
• 1:10:44
  Speaker 7: eyes of sleepless awe, and from his brotherhood with dust,
• 1:10:48
  Speaker 7: may learn the Heaven's living law. Nor shall the essences
• 1:10:51
  Speaker 7: of truth and might sleep. Ever in the thick darkness,
• 1:10:54
  Speaker 7: furled yon, dim horizon bounds my present sight, not the
• 1:10:57
  Speaker 7: eternal world, when the skies glitter, when the earth is cold.
• 1:11:01
  Speaker 7: In some divine and voiceless hour, the heavens vanish, and
• 1:11:04
  Speaker 7: mine eyes behold the elemental power now has the breath
• 1:11:07
  Speaker 7: of God. My being thrilled within around his word, I
• 1:11:10
  Speaker 7: hear for all the universe. My heart is filled with
• 1:11:13
  Speaker 7: love that casts out fear in one deep gaze. To
• 1:11:16
  Speaker 7: concentrate the whole of that which was is now shall be,
• 1:11:20
  Speaker 7: to feel it like the thought of mine own soul.
• 1:11:22
  Speaker 7: Such power is given to me my sight. Love strengthened
• 1:11:25
  Speaker 7: time and space controls no more force, and will it strife.
• 1:11:29
  Speaker 7: Beyond the Sun, I pass around me, rolls infinite circled life,
• 1:11:33
  Speaker 7: this realm where he is destined. Orbit keeps this world
• 1:11:36
  Speaker 7: of planet ruling spheres borne onward with its playard center
• 1:11:39
  Speaker 7: sweeps through unimagined years in suns that shining for some
• 1:11:43
  Speaker 7: nobler race, their twin born light commingled give and through
• 1:11:46
  Speaker 7: black depths of interstellar space, a boundless life. I live
• 1:11:50
  Speaker 7: to me the orbs, their fiery past reveal with each
• 1:11:53
  Speaker 7: minutest change design till in this harmony of worlds, I
• 1:11:56
  Speaker 7: feel the future of mankind, when each shall aid the
• 1:11:59
  Speaker 7: universal plan, And when every deed of cent shall serve,
• 1:12:01
  Speaker 7: When e'n the wildest comet thought of man shall flash
• 1:12:04
  Speaker 7: in ordered curve, when mighty souls that burst all prison
• 1:12:08
  Speaker 7: bars shall their divine our selves obey, When man shall
• 1:12:10
  Speaker 7: hold communion with the stars constant and calm as they,
• 1:12:14
  Speaker 7: when every heart shall perfect peace attain, and every mind's
• 1:12:16
  Speaker 7: celestial scope, such were mine own. Save for this hungry pain,
• 1:12:20
  Speaker 7: this lack of earth born hope, I were content, though palsied,
• 1:12:24
  Speaker 7: sightless done, if blasting toil worn brain and eye, the
• 1:12:28
  Speaker 7: heights and depths of human joy to come shone clear
• 1:12:30
  Speaker 7: before I die. End of the Astronomer by Constance Naden.
• 1:12:46
  Speaker 6: The pancreas of the Tasmanian Devil extracted from the liver
• 1:12:51
  Speaker 6: spleen pancreas peritony or relations and billery systems in Monotremes
• 1:12:57
  Speaker 6: and Marsupials by William Colan mackenzie, Published in nineteen eighteen
• 1:13:04
  Speaker 6: for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection, number eleven. Science. This
• 1:13:09
  Speaker 6: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
• 1:13:12
  Speaker 6: public domain. For more information, ought to volunteer, please visit
• 1:13:16
  Speaker 6: LibriVox dot org. Recording by Son of the Exiles. The
• 1:13:23
  Speaker 6: pancreas of the Tasmanian Devil by William Colin Mackenzie. Pancreatic
• 1:13:30
  Speaker 6: tissue may be traced along the common duct of the
• 1:13:33
  Speaker 6: right extremity of the gastro hepatic omentum up to the
• 1:13:37
  Speaker 6: portal fissure. Only a relatively small amount is found in
• 1:13:41
  Speaker 6: the back part of the dorsal mesentery corresponding to the
• 1:13:44
  Speaker 6: meso duodenum. I have never been able to trace it
• 1:13:48
  Speaker 6: in relation to the duodenal wall and about the common
• 1:13:51
  Speaker 6: duct after being joined by the pancreatic dut, so that
• 1:13:55
  Speaker 6: the amount in this animal in the region of the
• 1:13:57
  Speaker 6: intestine corresponding to the duodenal us loop of other marsupials
• 1:14:01
  Speaker 6: may be regarded as insignificant. The Tasmanian Devil has a
• 1:14:06
  Speaker 6: well developed greatermentum which runs from the pyloric region along
• 1:14:10
  Speaker 6: the great curve of the stomach. It is independent of
• 1:14:13
  Speaker 6: the dorsal mesentery, by which we mean meso duodenum, mesentery
• 1:14:18
  Speaker 6: and meso colon, so that no portion of intestine is
• 1:14:22
  Speaker 6: included in the lesser sac. If we throw the greater
• 1:14:25
  Speaker 6: meentum and stomach up onto the chest wall. We see
• 1:14:29
  Speaker 6: dorsally about the root of the mesentery a well defined
• 1:14:32
  Speaker 6: piece of pancreas, from which strands are traced on to
• 1:14:35
  Speaker 6: the greatermentum. Traced to the left of the mesenteric root,
• 1:14:40
  Speaker 6: the pancreas passes out to the spleen, but beyond sending
• 1:14:44
  Speaker 6: several processes on to the greatermentum, it is really outside
• 1:14:48
  Speaker 6: the lesser sac, forming its lower boundary. In some specimens,
• 1:14:53
  Speaker 6: no pancreas can be traced in relation to the body
• 1:14:56
  Speaker 6: or the right anterior process of the spleen. In others, however,
• 1:14:59
  Speaker 6: a piece may be found in the lesser sac related
• 1:15:02
  Speaker 6: to the body of the spleen, that is extending towards
• 1:15:05
  Speaker 6: the fundas. The main pancreatic tissue diffuses itself over the
• 1:15:10
  Speaker 6: membrane the lienomes colic or left lateral fold, extending between
• 1:15:16
  Speaker 6: the short left process of the spleen and the dorsal
• 1:15:19
  Speaker 6: wall close to the attachment of the miso colon. This
• 1:15:22
  Speaker 6: membrane is nearly ten centimeters long, but pancreatic tissue does
• 1:15:26
  Speaker 6: not extend nearer than about two centimeters to the posterior
• 1:15:30
  Speaker 6: or dorsal attachment. The membrane is somewhat triangular in shape,
• 1:15:34
  Speaker 6: extending above from the root of the mesentery out along
• 1:15:37
  Speaker 6: the lower part of the lesser sac to the left
• 1:15:40
  Speaker 6: posterior or dorsal short process of the spleen to which
• 1:15:44
  Speaker 6: it is attached. This basal portion measures about five to
• 1:15:47
  Speaker 6: six centimeters. Its right margin is, as stated, attached a
• 1:15:52
  Speaker 6: dorsal wall to the left of the attachment of the
• 1:15:54
  Speaker 6: miso colon, while the left margin is free end of
• 1:15:59
  Speaker 6: the pancreas of the Tasmanian Devil by William Colin Mackenzie.
• 1:16:04
  Speaker 6: Recording by Son of the Exiles.
• 1:16:13
  Speaker 9: How Trees Grow and Multiply for the LibriVox Coffee Break
• 1:16:16
  Speaker 9: Collection eleven Science. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 1:16:22
  Speaker 9: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:16:24
  Speaker 9: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by John
• 1:16:28
  Speaker 9: Vanstan Savannah, Georgia. How Trees Grow and Multiply by Charles
• 1:16:34
  Speaker 9: Lathrop Pack from the School Book of Forestry. The trees
• 1:16:39
  Speaker 9: of the forest grow by forming new layers of wood
• 1:16:42
  Speaker 9: directly under the bark. Trees are held upright in the
• 1:16:44
  Speaker 9: soil by means of roots, which reach to a depth
• 1:16:47
  Speaker 9: of many feet where the soil is loose and porous.
• 1:16:49
  Speaker 9: These roots are the supports of the tree. They hold
• 1:16:52
  Speaker 9: it rigidly in position. They also supply the tree with
• 1:16:54
  Speaker 9: food through delicate hairs on the roots. They absorb soil, moisture,
• 1:16:58
  Speaker 9: and plant food from the earth and pass them along
• 1:17:01
  Speaker 9: to the tree. The body of the tree acts as
• 1:17:03
  Speaker 9: a passageway through which the food and drink are conveyed
• 1:17:06
  Speaker 9: to the top or crown. The crown is the place
• 1:17:09
  Speaker 9: where the food is digested and the regeneration of trees affected.
• 1:17:13
  Speaker 9: The leaves contain a material known as chlorophyll, which, in
• 1:17:16
  Speaker 9: the presence of light and heat, changes mineral substances into
• 1:17:19
  Speaker 9: plant food. Chlorophyll gives the leaves their green color. The
• 1:17:23
  Speaker 9: cells of the plant that are rich in chlorophyll have
• 1:17:25
  Speaker 9: the power to convert carbonic acid gas into carbon and oxygen.
• 1:17:29
  Speaker 9: These cells combine the carbon and the soil water into
• 1:17:32
  Speaker 9: chemical mixtures, which are partially digested when they reach the
• 1:17:35
  Speaker 9: crown of the tree. The water containing salts, which is
• 1:17:38
  Speaker 9: gathered by the roots is brought up to the leaves.
• 1:17:41
  Speaker 9: Here it combines with the carbonic acid gas taken from
• 1:17:44
  Speaker 9: the air under the action of chlorophyll and sunlight. These
• 1:17:48
  Speaker 9: substances are split up, the carbon, oxygen and hydrogen being
• 1:17:52
  Speaker 9: combined into plant food. It is either used immediately or
• 1:17:55
  Speaker 9: stored away for a future emergency. Trees breathe somewhat like
• 1:17:59
  Speaker 9: human beings. They take in oxygen and give off carbonic
• 1:18:02
  Speaker 9: acid gas. The air enters the tree through the leaves
• 1:18:06
  Speaker 9: and small openings in the bark, which are easily seen
• 1:18:09
  Speaker 9: in such trees as the cherry and birch. Trees breathe constantly,
• 1:18:13
  Speaker 9: but they digest and assimilate food only during the day
• 1:18:16
  Speaker 9: and in the presence of light. In the process of
• 1:18:19
  Speaker 9: digestion and assimilation, they give off oxygen in abundance, but
• 1:18:23
  Speaker 9: they retain most of the carbonic acid gas, which is
• 1:18:25
  Speaker 9: a plant food, and whatever part of it is not
• 1:18:28
  Speaker 9: used immediately is stored up by the tree and used
• 1:18:31
  Speaker 9: for its growth and development. Trees also give off their
• 1:18:34
  Speaker 9: excess moisture through the leaves and bark, otherwise they would
• 1:18:38
  Speaker 9: become water logged during periods when the water is rising
• 1:18:41
  Speaker 9: rapidly from the roots. After the first year, trees grow
• 1:18:45
  Speaker 9: by increasing the thickness of their older buds, increase in
• 1:18:48
  Speaker 9: height and density of crown cover is due to the
• 1:18:50
  Speaker 9: development of the younger twigs. New growth on the tree
• 1:18:53
  Speaker 9: is spread evenly between the wood and bark over the
• 1:18:56
  Speaker 9: entire body of the plant. This process of wood production
• 1:18:59
  Speaker 9: resembles a factory enterprise, in which three layers of material
• 1:19:03
  Speaker 9: are engaged. In the first two of these delicate tissues,
• 1:19:06
  Speaker 9: the wood is actually made. The inner side of the
• 1:19:09
  Speaker 9: middle layer produces new wood, while the outer side grows bark.
• 1:19:14
  Speaker 9: The third layer is responsible for the production of the
• 1:19:16
  Speaker 9: tough outer bark. Year after year, new layers of wood
• 1:19:20
  Speaker 9: are formed around the first layers. This first layer finally
• 1:19:23
  Speaker 9: develops into heartwood, which, so far as growth is concerned,
• 1:19:26
  Speaker 9: is dead material. Its cells are blocked up and prevent
• 1:19:30
  Speaker 9: the flow of sap. It aids in supporting the tree.
• 1:19:33
  Speaker 9: The living sapwood surrounds the heartwood. Each year, one ring
• 1:19:37
  Speaker 9: of this sapwood develops. This process of growth may continue
• 1:19:40
  Speaker 9: until the annual layers amount to fifty or one hundred
• 1:19:43
  Speaker 9: or more, according to the life of the tree. One
• 1:19:47
  Speaker 9: can tell the age of a tree by counting the
• 1:19:49
  Speaker 9: number of annual rings. Sometimes, because of the interruption of
• 1:19:52
  Speaker 9: normal growth, two false rings may be produced instead of
• 1:19:55
  Speaker 9: a single true ring. However, such blemishes are easy for
• 1:19:59
  Speaker 9: the trained to recognize. Heartwood does not occur in all
• 1:20:03
  Speaker 9: varieties of trees. In some cases where both heartwood and
• 1:20:06
  Speaker 9: sap would appear, it is difficult to distinguish between them,
• 1:20:09
  Speaker 9: as their colors are so nearly alike. Because it takes
• 1:20:12
  Speaker 9: up so much moisture and plant food, sapwood rots much
• 1:20:16
  Speaker 9: more quickly than heartwood. The sapwood really acts as a
• 1:20:19
  Speaker 9: pipeline to carry water from the roots to the top
• 1:20:21
  Speaker 9: of the tree. In some of our largest trees, the
• 1:20:24
  Speaker 9: moisture is raised as high as three hundred feet or
• 1:20:26
  Speaker 9: more through the sapwood. Strange though it may seem, trees
• 1:20:30
  Speaker 9: fight with each other for a place in the sunlight.
• 1:20:33
  Speaker 9: Sprightly trees that shoot skyward at a swift pace are
• 1:20:36
  Speaker 9: the ones that develop into the monarchs of the forest.
• 1:20:39
  Speaker 9: They excel their mates in growth because at all times
• 1:20:42
  Speaker 9: they are exposed to plenty of light. The less fortunate
• 1:20:45
  Speaker 9: trees that are more stocky and sturdy and less speedy
• 1:20:49
  Speaker 9: in their climb toward the sky are killed out in
• 1:20:51
  Speaker 9: a large number each year. The weaker, spiny trees of
• 1:20:55
  Speaker 9: the forest, which are slow growers, often are smothered out
• 1:20:58
  Speaker 9: by the more vigorous trees. Some trees are able to
• 1:21:01
  Speaker 9: grow in the shade. They develop near or under the
• 1:21:04
  Speaker 9: large trees of the forest. When the giants of the
• 1:21:07
  Speaker 9: woodland dye, these smaller trees, which previously were shaded, develop
• 1:21:11
  Speaker 9: rapidly as a result of their freedom from suppression. In
• 1:21:14
  Speaker 9: many cases they grow almost as large and high as
• 1:21:17
  Speaker 9: the huge trees that they replace. In our eastern forests,
• 1:21:20
  Speaker 9: the hemlock often follows the white pine in this way.
• 1:21:24
  Speaker 9: Spruce trees may live for many years in dense shade,
• 1:21:27
  Speaker 9: then finally, when they have accessed to plenty of light,
• 1:21:30
  Speaker 9: they may develop into sturdy trees. A tree that is
• 1:21:33
  Speaker 9: a pygmy in one locality may rank as a giant
• 1:21:36
  Speaker 9: in another region due to different conditions of growth and climate.
• 1:21:40
  Speaker 9: For example, the canoe birch at its northern limit is
• 1:21:43
  Speaker 9: a runt. It never grows higher than a few feet
• 1:21:45
  Speaker 9: above the ground. Under the most favorable conditions. In Florida,
• 1:21:49
  Speaker 9: where this species thrives, such trees often tower to a
• 1:21:53
  Speaker 9: height of one hundred and twenty five feet. In sheltered regions,
• 1:21:57
  Speaker 9: the seeds of trees may fall, sprout, and take route
• 1:22:00
  Speaker 9: close to their parent trees. As a rule, the wind
• 1:22:03
  Speaker 9: plays a prominent part in distributing seed in every direction
• 1:22:06
  Speaker 9: of the country. Pine and fir seeds are equipped with
• 1:22:09
  Speaker 9: wings like those of a bird or an airplane. They
• 1:22:12
  Speaker 9: enable the seeds to fly long distances on the wind
• 1:22:14
  Speaker 9: before they drop to the ground and are covered with leaves.
• 1:22:18
  Speaker 9: Maple seeds fly by means of double winged sails, which
• 1:22:21
  Speaker 9: carry them far a field before they settle. Ash seeds
• 1:22:25
  Speaker 9: have peculiar appendages which act like a skate sail in
• 1:22:28
  Speaker 9: transporting them to distant sections. Cottonwood seeds have downy wings
• 1:22:33
  Speaker 9: which aid their flight, while bass wood seeds are distributed
• 1:22:36
  Speaker 9: over the country by means of parachute like wings. The
• 1:22:39
  Speaker 9: pods of the locust tree fall on the frozen ground
• 1:22:42
  Speaker 9: or snow crust and are blown long distances from their source.
• 1:22:47
  Speaker 9: On the other hand, oak, hickory and chestnut trees produce
• 1:22:50
  Speaker 9: heavy seeds which generally remain where they fall. Squirrels are
• 1:22:54
  Speaker 9: the most industrious foresters in the animal world. Each year,
• 1:22:58
  Speaker 9: they bury great quantities of tree seeds in hoards or
• 1:23:00
  Speaker 9: caches hidden away in hollow Logs are in the boss
• 1:23:03
  Speaker 9: and leaves of the forest floor. Birds also scatter tree
• 1:23:06
  Speaker 9: seed here, there, and everywhere over the forest and the
• 1:23:09
  Speaker 9: surrounding country. Running streams and rivers carry seeds uninjured for
• 1:23:14
  Speaker 9: many miles and finally deposit them in places where they
• 1:23:17
  Speaker 9: sprout and grow into trees. Many seeds are carried by
• 1:23:20
  Speaker 9: the ocean currents to distant foreign shores. The decay of
• 1:23:24
  Speaker 9: leaves and woodland vegetation forms rich and fertile soils in
• 1:23:28
  Speaker 9: the forests, in which conditions are favorable for the development
• 1:23:31
  Speaker 9: of new tree growth. When living tree seeds are exposed
• 1:23:34
  Speaker 9: to proper amounts of moisture, warmth, and air in a
• 1:23:37
  Speaker 9: fertile soil, they will sprout and grow. A root develops,
• 1:23:41
  Speaker 9: which pushes its way down into the soil, while the
• 1:23:44
  Speaker 9: leaf bud of the plant, which springs from the other
• 1:23:46
  Speaker 9: end of the seed, works its way upward toward the
• 1:23:48
  Speaker 9: light and air. This leafy part of the seed finally
• 1:23:52
  Speaker 9: forms the stem of the tree. But trees may produce
• 1:23:54
  Speaker 9: plenty of seed and yet fail to maintain their proper
• 1:23:57
  Speaker 9: proportion in the forest. This results because as much of
• 1:24:00
  Speaker 9: the seed is unsound. Even where a satisfactory supply of sound,
• 1:24:04
  Speaker 9: fertile seed is produced it does not follow that the
• 1:24:07
  Speaker 9: trees of that variety will be maintained in the forest,
• 1:24:10
  Speaker 9: as the seed supply may be scattered in unfavorable positions
• 1:24:13
  Speaker 9: for germination. Millions of little seedlings, however, start to grow
• 1:24:17
  Speaker 9: in the forest each year, but only a small number
• 1:24:20
  Speaker 9: survive and become large trees. This is because so many
• 1:24:23
  Speaker 9: of the seedlings are destroyed by forest fires, cattle and
• 1:24:26
  Speaker 9: sheep grazing, unfavorable soil and weather conditions, and many other causes.
• 1:24:31
  Speaker 9: Beech and chestnut trees and others of the broad leaf
• 1:24:34
  Speaker 9: type reproduced by means of sprouts as well as by seed. Generally,
• 1:24:39
  Speaker 9: the young stumps of broad leaf trees produce more sprouts
• 1:24:42
  Speaker 9: than the stumps of older trees which have stood for
• 1:24:44
  Speaker 9: some time. Among the cone bearing trees, reproduction by sprouts
• 1:24:48
  Speaker 9: is rare. The redwood of California is one of the
• 1:24:51
  Speaker 9: few exceptions. The pitch pine of the Eastern States produces
• 1:24:55
  Speaker 9: many sprouts, few of which live and develop into marketable timber.
• 1:25:00
  Speaker 9: The trees are grown in nurseries. The practice is to
• 1:25:02
  Speaker 9: sow the seed in special beds filled with rich soil.
• 1:25:06
  Speaker 9: Laths screens are used as shade. They protect the young
• 1:25:08
  Speaker 9: seedlings from the sun, just as the parent trees would
• 1:25:11
  Speaker 9: do in the forest. The seed beds are kept well
• 1:25:14
  Speaker 9: cultivated and free of weeds, so that the seedlings may
• 1:25:17
  Speaker 9: have the best opportunities for rapid growth. Generally, the seeds
• 1:25:20
  Speaker 9: are sown in the spring between March and May. Such
• 1:25:24
  Speaker 9: seeds as the elms and soft maples, which ripen in
• 1:25:27
  Speaker 9: the early summer, are sown as soon as possible after
• 1:25:29
  Speaker 9: they are gathered. Practical tests have shown that thick sowings
• 1:25:33
  Speaker 9: of tree seeds give the best results. There is little
• 1:25:36
  Speaker 9: danger of weeds smothering out the seedlings under such conditions.
• 1:25:39
  Speaker 9: After the seed is germinated, the beds may be thinned
• 1:25:42
  Speaker 9: so that the seedlings will have more room to develop.
• 1:25:45
  Speaker 9: During the fall of the same year or in the
• 1:25:47
  Speaker 9: following spring, the seedlings should be transplanted to nursery rows. Thereafter,
• 1:25:52
  Speaker 9: it is customary to transplant the young trees at least
• 1:25:54
  Speaker 9: once again during damp weather. When the trees finally are
• 1:25:58
  Speaker 9: robust and vigorous and have reached the age of two
• 1:26:01
  Speaker 9: to five years, they are dug up carefully and set
• 1:26:04
  Speaker 9: out permanently. The usual practice is to keep the seedlings
• 1:26:08
  Speaker 9: one year in the seedbed and two years in the
• 1:26:10
  Speaker 9: nursery rows before they are set out. Whether the transplanting
• 1:26:13
  Speaker 9: should take place during the spring or fall depends largely
• 1:26:16
  Speaker 9: on the climate and geography of the locality. Practical experience
• 1:26:20
  Speaker 9: is the best guide in such matters. Some farmers and
• 1:26:23
  Speaker 9: landowners are now interested in setting out hardwood forests for
• 1:26:26
  Speaker 9: commercial purposes. If they do not wish to purchase their
• 1:26:29
  Speaker 9: seedlings from a reliable nursery man, they can grow them
• 1:26:32
  Speaker 9: from carefully selected seed planted in well prepared seed beds.
• 1:26:36
  Speaker 9: The popular practice is to sow the seed in drills
• 1:26:39
  Speaker 9: about two to three feet apart, so that horses may
• 1:26:42
  Speaker 9: be used for cultivation. The seeds are sown to a
• 1:26:45
  Speaker 9: depth of two to three times their thickness. They are
• 1:26:48
  Speaker 9: placed close enough to the drill so that from twelve
• 1:26:51
  Speaker 9: to fifteen seedlings to the linear foot result. In order
• 1:26:55
  Speaker 9: to hasten the sprouting of the seeds, some planters soak
• 1:26:57
  Speaker 9: them in cold water for several days before so In
• 1:27:00
  Speaker 9: the case of such hard coded seed as the black
• 1:27:03
  Speaker 9: locust or honey locust, it is best to soak them
• 1:27:06
  Speaker 9: in hot water before planting. End of how trees grow
• 1:27:11
  Speaker 9: and multiply by Charles Lathrop Pack recording by John Banstan Savannah, Georgia.
• 1:27:22
  Speaker 10: The Gigantic Moa Bird for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection
• 1:27:27
  Speaker 10: eleven Science. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings
• 1:27:33
  Speaker 10: are in the public domain. For more information, Auto Volunteer,
• 1:27:38
  Speaker 10: please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Heihi Kitty The
• 1:27:44
  Speaker 10: Gigantic Moa Bird, author unknown, editors, William and Robert Chambers.
• 1:27:52
  Speaker 10: From Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science and Art, number
• 1:27:58
  Speaker 10: seven hundred sixteen Satterday, September fifteenth, eighteen seventy seven. The
• 1:28:05
  Speaker 10: extinction of many animals that are known to have formerly
• 1:28:08
  Speaker 10: existed on the Earth is a subject which cannot very
• 1:28:12
  Speaker 10: easily be explained. While the number of them is greater
• 1:28:16
  Speaker 10: than at first sight would be supposed, Various species, no
• 1:28:20
  Speaker 10: doubt undergo gradual extinction by changes which deprive them of
• 1:28:25
  Speaker 10: their accustomed food, but others seem to die out from
• 1:28:29
  Speaker 10: unknown causes. During the historic period, a considerable number of
• 1:28:34
  Speaker 10: animals have been swept off the British Islands, among which
• 1:28:39
  Speaker 10: are the bear, the wolf, the Irish elk, et cetera.
• 1:28:43
  Speaker 10: In America, during the comparatively short period of its history,
• 1:28:48
  Speaker 10: various species have vanished, and others are following them. The beaver,
• 1:28:54
  Speaker 10: formerly so generally spread over the whole of that country,
• 1:28:58
  Speaker 10: is now only to be found in remote regions. The
• 1:29:02
  Speaker 10: deer and the moose are disappearing in the same manner.
• 1:29:06
  Speaker 10: The bison is very much diminished in numbers and must
• 1:29:10
  Speaker 10: ere long be extirpated. The mastodon, a creature of enormous bulk,
• 1:29:16
  Speaker 10: has totally disappeared, although along with the skeletons of them
• 1:29:21
  Speaker 10: which have been discovered, there are evidences of their having
• 1:29:25
  Speaker 10: lived on food derived from plants which are still existing
• 1:29:31
  Speaker 10: in other parts of the world. The dodo and the
• 1:29:33
  Speaker 10: moa have perished within the last few centuries, and the
• 1:29:37
  Speaker 10: apterix is undergoing the same fate. The moa or Dinoris,
• 1:29:44
  Speaker 10: was a huge bird of which the remains are plentifully
• 1:29:48
  Speaker 10: found in New Zealand. Within recent historic times, this colony
• 1:29:53
  Speaker 10: was tenanted to the almost entire exclusion of mammalia, by
• 1:29:58
  Speaker 10: countless numbers of j gigantic wingless birds of various genera
• 1:30:03
  Speaker 10: and species. The Dnoris gigantea, the largest, attaining a size
• 1:30:09
  Speaker 10: nearly thrice that of a full grown ostrich from traditions
• 1:30:14
  Speaker 10: which are covered among the Maoris. They were fat, stupid,
• 1:30:18
  Speaker 10: indolent birds, living in forests and feeding on vegetables. While
• 1:30:23
  Speaker 10: the name Moa seems to have been given to them
• 1:30:27
  Speaker 10: from their peculiar cry. Since remains have been found in
• 1:30:31
  Speaker 10: great plenty, the investigation of the singular bird is of
• 1:30:36
  Speaker 10: the greatest interest to students of natural history. It is
• 1:30:41
  Speaker 10: to the Reverend Richard Taylor that the first discovery of
• 1:30:45
  Speaker 10: moa remains is due, which he thus describes. In the
• 1:30:50
  Speaker 10: beginning of eighteen thirty nine, I took my first journey
• 1:30:54
  Speaker 10: in New Zealand to Poverty Bay with the Reverend W. Williams,
• 1:30:59
  Speaker 10: Bishop of Wayapu. When we reached Wayapu, near the East Cape,
• 1:31:04
  Speaker 10: we took up our abode in a native house, and
• 1:31:08
  Speaker 10: there I noticed the fragment of a large bone stuck
• 1:31:11
  Speaker 10: in the ceiling. I took it down, supposing at first
• 1:31:15
  Speaker 10: that it was human, but when I saw its cancelated structure,
• 1:31:20
  Speaker 10: I handed it over to my companion, who had been
• 1:31:23
  Speaker 10: brought up to the medical profession, asking him if he
• 1:31:27
  Speaker 10: did not think it was a bird's bone. He laughed
• 1:31:30
  Speaker 10: at the idea and said, what kind of bird could
• 1:31:33
  Speaker 10: there be to have so large a bone? I pointed
• 1:31:37
  Speaker 10: out its structure, and when the natives came, requested him
• 1:31:41
  Speaker 10: to ask them what it belonged to. They said it
• 1:31:45
  Speaker 10: was the bone of the Tarepo, a very large bird
• 1:31:48
  Speaker 10: that lived on top of the Hikurungi, the highest mountain
• 1:31:52
  Speaker 10: on the east coast, and that they made their largest
• 1:31:55
  Speaker 10: fish hooks from its bones. I then inquired whether the
• 1:31:59
  Speaker 10: bird was still to be met with, and was told
• 1:32:02
  Speaker 10: that there was one of an immense size which lived
• 1:32:06
  Speaker 10: in a cave and was guarded by a large lizard,
• 1:32:09
  Speaker 10: and that the bird was always standing on one leg.
• 1:32:13
  Speaker 10: The chief readily gave me the bone for a little tobacco,
• 1:32:17
  Speaker 10: and I afterwards sent it to Professor Owen by Sir
• 1:32:21
  Speaker 10: Everard home in eighteen thirty nine, and I think I
• 1:32:25
  Speaker 10: may justly claim to have been the first discoverer of
• 1:32:28
  Speaker 10: the moa. Mister Taylor continued his inquiries among the natives,
• 1:32:34
  Speaker 10: who informed him that the moa was quite as large
• 1:32:37
  Speaker 10: as a horse, that these birds had nests made of
• 1:32:41
  Speaker 10: the refuse of fern root on which they fed, and
• 1:32:45
  Speaker 10: that they used to conceal themselves in the Veronica thickets
• 1:32:49
  Speaker 10: from which, by setting them on fire, the natives drove
• 1:32:53
  Speaker 10: them out and killed them. Hence originated the Maori saying
• 1:32:58
  Speaker 10: the veronica was the tree which roasted the moa. The
• 1:33:02
  Speaker 10: natives further mentioned that when a moa hunt was to
• 1:33:06
  Speaker 10: take place, notice was given inviting all to the battu.
• 1:33:11
  Speaker 10: The party then spread out to inclose as large a
• 1:33:15
  Speaker 10: space as possible and drive the birds from their horns,
• 1:33:19
  Speaker 10: then gradually contracting the lion. As they approached some lake,
• 1:33:24
  Speaker 10: they at last rushed forward with loud yells and drove
• 1:33:27
  Speaker 10: the frightened birds into the water, where they could be
• 1:33:31
  Speaker 10: easily approached in canoes and dispatched without their being able
• 1:33:35
  Speaker 10: to make any resistance. These moa hunts must thus have
• 1:33:40
  Speaker 10: been very destructive, as from the number of men employed,
• 1:33:44
  Speaker 10: and the traces of long lines of ovens in which
• 1:33:47
  Speaker 10: the natives cooked the birds, and the large quantity of
• 1:33:51
  Speaker 10: eggshells found on the western shores of New Zealand, a
• 1:33:54
  Speaker 10: clear proof is given that these birds were eagerly sought
• 1:33:59
  Speaker 10: for and feasted. Thus, the poor moas had very little
• 1:34:04
  Speaker 10: chance of continuing their race. From a very interesting communication
• 1:34:09
  Speaker 10: of the Reverend W. Williams dated seventeenth May eighteen seventy two,
• 1:34:15
  Speaker 10: it would appear that the moa may not yet be
• 1:34:18
  Speaker 10: entirely extirpated. Within the last few days, he remarks, I
• 1:34:23
  Speaker 10: have obtained a piece of information worthy of notice. Happening
• 1:34:28
  Speaker 10: to speak to an American about these bones, he told
• 1:34:31
  Speaker 10: me that the bird is still in existence in the
• 1:34:33
  Speaker 10: neighborhood of Cloudy Bay, in Cook Strait. He said that
• 1:34:37
  Speaker 10: the natives there had mentioned to an Englishman belonging to
• 1:34:41
  Speaker 10: a whaling party that there was a bird of extraordinary
• 1:34:45
  Speaker 10: size to be seen only at night on the side
• 1:34:48
  Speaker 10: of a hill near the place, and that he, with
• 1:34:51
  Speaker 10: a Native and a second Englishman went to the spot,
• 1:34:55
  Speaker 10: that after waiting some time, they saw the creature at
• 1:34:59
  Speaker 10: a little dis stones, which they described as being about
• 1:35:02
  Speaker 10: fourteen or sixteen feet high. One of the men proposed
• 1:35:06
  Speaker 10: to go nearer and shoot, but his companion was so
• 1:35:10
  Speaker 10: exceedingly terrified, or perhaps both of them, that they were
• 1:35:14
  Speaker 10: satisfied with looking at the bird, when, after a little
• 1:35:18
  Speaker 10: time it took the alarm and strode off up the
• 1:35:21
  Speaker 10: side of the mountain. In the Graymouth Weekly Argus, published
• 1:35:27
  Speaker 10: in New Zealand in eighteen seventy six, there appeared a
• 1:35:31
  Speaker 10: letter signed R. K. M. Smith, Browning spass Otago, describing
• 1:35:38
  Speaker 10: in a very detailed manner the capture of two living moers,
• 1:35:42
  Speaker 10: a female eight feet high and a young one three
• 1:35:46
  Speaker 10: feet shorter. The writer finishes his account of their capture
• 1:35:50
  Speaker 10: by remarking that he has little doubt that he will
• 1:35:53
  Speaker 10: be able to bring them both alive to christ Church.
• 1:35:57
  Speaker 10: It is therefore to be hoped that living presentatives of
• 1:36:01
  Speaker 10: the genus Dinoris still survive. Feathers of the bird have
• 1:36:06
  Speaker 10: been also found in a state of preservation sufficiently good
• 1:36:11
  Speaker 10: to show that they possessed an aftershaft of a large size,
• 1:36:15
  Speaker 10: and at the same time, tradition and the condition in
• 1:36:18
  Speaker 10: which the bones are found retaining much of their animal matter,
• 1:36:23
  Speaker 10: tend to show how lately the birds formed part of
• 1:36:26
  Speaker 10: the existing fauna of the country. If the latter be genuine,
• 1:36:31
  Speaker 10: it cannot be long before ornithologists, of whom there are
• 1:36:35
  Speaker 10: several of no mean repute in New Zealand, will be
• 1:36:39
  Speaker 10: able to satisfy themselves on the subject. An additional reason
• 1:36:45
  Speaker 10: for supposing that these magnificent birds existed not long ago
• 1:36:50
  Speaker 10: is found in the fact that specimens of their eggs
• 1:36:53
  Speaker 10: have been preserved in the volcanic sand of New Zealand,
• 1:36:58
  Speaker 10: mister Walter Mantel found a gigantic egg, of the magnitude
• 1:37:02
  Speaker 10: of which he gives us a familiar idea by saying
• 1:37:06
  Speaker 10: that his head would have been just large enough to
• 1:37:09
  Speaker 10: have served as an egg cup for it. This egg
• 1:37:13
  Speaker 10: must have been one of a Dinoris or a palapteryx,
• 1:37:17
  Speaker 10: and although its dimensions are considerably greater than the egg
• 1:37:21
  Speaker 10: of the ostrich, still it is smaller than might have
• 1:37:24
  Speaker 10: been expected from a bird from twelve to fourteen feet high.
• 1:37:29
  Speaker 10: It is well known that the egg of the New
• 1:37:31
  Speaker 10: Zealand apterix, to which the Moa bears a very close affinity,
• 1:37:36
  Speaker 10: is one of dimensions that are quite surprising in proportioned
• 1:37:39
  Speaker 10: to the bulk of the bird. The apterix is about
• 1:37:43
  Speaker 10: as big as a turkey, standing two feet in height,
• 1:37:47
  Speaker 10: but its egg measures four inches ten lines by three
• 1:37:51
  Speaker 10: inches two lines in the respective diameters. To bear the
• 1:37:56
  Speaker 10: same ratio to the bird as this, the egg of
• 1:37:59
  Speaker 10: the dye y Noris giganteia would be one of the
• 1:38:02
  Speaker 10: incredible lengths of two feet and a half by a
• 1:38:06
  Speaker 10: breadth of one and three quarters. In the Museum at York,
• 1:38:11
  Speaker 10: there is a complete skeleton of a moa, which, besides feathers,
• 1:38:16
  Speaker 10: has the integuments of the feet partly preserved, from which
• 1:38:20
  Speaker 10: it is evident that the toes were covered with small
• 1:38:23
  Speaker 10: hexagonal scales. A specimen has also been sent by doctor
• 1:38:28
  Speaker 10: Hast of New Zealand to Professor Milne Edwards, which is
• 1:38:33
  Speaker 10: to be seen in the Museum of Natural History at Paris.
• 1:38:39
  Speaker 10: End of the Gigantic moer bird author unknown editors William
• 1:38:47
  Speaker 10: and Robert Chambers.
• 1:38:54
  Speaker 11: That a beaver to escape the hunter bites off his
• 1:38:58
  Speaker 11: testicles or stone bones for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection
• 1:39:03
  Speaker 11: eleven Science. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings
• 1:39:09
  Speaker 11: are in the public domain. For more information not a volunteer,
• 1:39:12
  Speaker 11: please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Patrick Wallace. Of
• 1:39:20
  Speaker 11: the Beaver by Sir Thomas Brown, Chapter four of the
• 1:39:25
  Speaker 11: third Book of Diverse popular and received tenants concerning animals
• 1:39:29
  Speaker 11: which examined prove either false or dubious in his Pseudodoxia
• 1:39:35
  Speaker 11: Epidemica of the Beaver, that of beaver to escape the
• 1:39:41
  Speaker 11: hunter bites off his testicles or stones is a tenet
• 1:39:45
  Speaker 11: very ancient, and hath had thereby advantage of propagation. For
• 1:39:51
  Speaker 11: the same we find in the hieroglyphics of the Egyptians,
• 1:39:55
  Speaker 11: in the apologue of Esop, an author of great antiquity,
• 1:39:58
  Speaker 11: who lived in the beginning of the Persian monarch and
• 1:40:00
  Speaker 11: in the time of Cyrus. The same is touched by
• 1:40:03
  Speaker 11: Aristotle in his ethics, but seriously delivered by Alien Pliny
• 1:40:08
  Speaker 11: and Solinus. The same we meet with in Juvenal, who,
• 1:40:12
  Speaker 11: by an handsome and metrical expression more welcomely engrafts it
• 1:40:16
  Speaker 11: in our junior memories. Imitatos castora, quise oinukum ipsefakid cupienseevardre, damnau, testiculorum, adeomedicatum,
• 1:40:28
  Speaker 11: inter legate inguen it hath been propagated by emblems, and
• 1:40:33
  Speaker 11: some have been so bad Grammarians as to be received
• 1:40:37
  Speaker 11: by the name deriving castor r castorando, whereas the proper
• 1:40:42
  Speaker 11: Latin word is fiber and castor, but borrowed from the
• 1:40:46
  Speaker 11: Greek so called quasi gastor, that is animal ventricosum, from
• 1:40:52
  Speaker 11: his swaggy and prominent belly. Herein, therefore, to speak compendiously,
• 1:40:59
  Speaker 11: we first presumed to affirm that from strict inquiry we
• 1:41:03
  Speaker 11: cannot maintain the evulsion or biting off any parts. And
• 1:41:08
  Speaker 11: this is declarable from the best and most professed writers.
• 1:41:13
  Speaker 11: For though some have made use here of in a
• 1:41:15
  Speaker 11: moral or tropical way, yet have the professed discourses by
• 1:41:19
  Speaker 11: silent deserted or by experience rejected this assertion. Thus was
• 1:41:26
  Speaker 11: it in ancient times discovered and experimentally refuted by one Cestius,
• 1:41:31
  Speaker 11: a physician, as it stands, related by Pliny, by Dioscorides,
• 1:41:37
  Speaker 11: who plainly affirms that this tradition is false. By the
• 1:41:41
  Speaker 11: discoveries of modern authors who have expressly discoursed heron As
• 1:41:45
  Speaker 11: Aldrovandus Mathiolus, Jesnerus Belonius, by Olaus Magnus, Peter Martyr, and
• 1:41:52
  Speaker 11: others who have described the manner of their venations in America,
• 1:41:55
  Speaker 11: they generally omitting this way of their escape, and have
• 1:41:59
  Speaker 11: delivered several other by which they are daily taken. The
• 1:42:03
  Speaker 11: original of this conceit was probably hieroglyphical, which after became
• 1:42:07
  Speaker 11: mythological unto the Greeks, and so set down by Esop
• 1:42:12
  Speaker 11: and by process of tradition, stole into a total verity
• 1:42:17
  Speaker 11: which was but partially true, that is, in its covert sense,
• 1:42:21
  Speaker 11: and morality. Now, why they placed this invention upon the beaver.
• 1:42:26
  Speaker 11: Beside the medicable and merchantable commodity of castorium or parts
• 1:42:31
  Speaker 11: conceived to be bitten away, might be the sagacity and
• 1:42:35
  Speaker 11: wisdom of that animal, which, from the works it performs,
• 1:42:38
  Speaker 11: and especially its artifice in building, is very strange, and
• 1:42:42
  Speaker 11: surely not to be matched by any other omitted by
• 1:42:46
  Speaker 11: Plutarch de Soletia Animarium, but might have much advantaged the
• 1:42:51
  Speaker 11: drift of that discourse, if therefore any affirm a wise
• 1:42:56
  Speaker 11: man should demean himself like the beaver, who, to his
• 1:43:00
  Speaker 11: gape with his life, contemneth the loss of his genitals.
• 1:43:03
  Speaker 11: That is, in case of extremity, not strictly to endeavor
• 1:43:07
  Speaker 11: the preservation of all, but to sit down in the
• 1:43:10
  Speaker 11: enjoyment of the greater good, though with the detriment and
• 1:43:13
  Speaker 11: hazard of the lesser. We may hereby apprehend a real
• 1:43:18
  Speaker 11: and useful truth. In this latitude of belief, we are
• 1:43:23
  Speaker 11: content to receive the fable of Hippomanes, who redeemed his
• 1:43:27
  Speaker 11: life with the loss of a golden ball, And whether
• 1:43:31
  Speaker 11: true or false, we reject not the tragedy of Absyrtus
• 1:43:35
  Speaker 11: and the dispersion of his members by Medea to perplex
• 1:43:38
  Speaker 11: the pursuit of her father. But if any shall positively
• 1:43:42
  Speaker 11: affirm this act, and cannot believe the moral unless he
• 1:43:46
  Speaker 11: also credit the fable, he is surely greedy of delusion,
• 1:43:51
  Speaker 11: and will hardly avoid deception in theories of this nature.
• 1:43:55
  Speaker 11: The error, therefore, add allergy in this opinion is worse
• 1:43:59
  Speaker 11: than in the last. That is, not to receive figures
• 1:44:02
  Speaker 11: for realities, but to expect a verity in apollos and
• 1:44:07
  Speaker 11: believe as serious affirmations confessed and studied fables. Again, if
• 1:44:14
  Speaker 11: this were true, and that the beaver in Chase makes
• 1:44:17
  Speaker 11: some divulsion of parts as that which we call pastorium,
• 1:44:20
  Speaker 11: yet are not the same to be termed testicles or stones.
• 1:44:24
  Speaker 11: For these CODs are follicles are found in both sexes,
• 1:44:28
  Speaker 11: though somewhat more protuberant in the male. There is hereto
• 1:44:32
  Speaker 11: no derivation of the seminal parts, nor any passage from
• 1:44:36
  Speaker 11: hence unto the vessels of ejaculation. Some perforations only in
• 1:44:41
  Speaker 11: the part itself through which the humor included doth exudate,
• 1:44:45
  Speaker 11: as may be observed in such as are fresh and
• 1:44:47
  Speaker 11: not much dried with age. And lastly, the testicles properly
• 1:44:53
  Speaker 11: so called, are of a lesser magnitude and seat it
• 1:44:56
  Speaker 11: inwardly upon the loins, and therefore it will not only
• 1:45:00
  Speaker 11: a fruitless attempt, but impossible act to unicate or castrate themselves,
• 1:45:06
  Speaker 11: and might be unhazardous practice of art, if at all
• 1:45:08
  Speaker 11: attempted by others. Now, all this is confirmed from the
• 1:45:12
  Speaker 11: experimental testimony of five very memorable authors Bellonius, Jesnerus, Amatus, Rondelicius,
• 1:45:19
  Speaker 11: and Matthiolus, who, receiving the hint hereof from Rondolitius in
• 1:45:24
  Speaker 11: the Anatomy of two Beavers, did find all true that
• 1:45:27
  Speaker 11: had been delivered by him whose words are these in
• 1:45:31
  Speaker 11: his learned book Depiscipus fibri in inguinibus geminus to mares
• 1:45:37
  Speaker 11: havant utrinque unicum ovi anserini magnitudinae inter hosts as mentula
• 1:45:43
  Speaker 11: in maribus in feminist pudendum he to maurs testes known
• 1:45:48
  Speaker 11: sunt said for liicely membrana contected in quorum merio singles
• 1:45:53
  Speaker 11: suntmeatus equibus exudat liquis pinguis et carosis when ipse casto
• 1:46:00
  Speaker 11: saipe and moto orre lambit et exugit postia velutiolio corporates
• 1:46:05
  Speaker 11: parties of lini hostumares testes non essay hinc maximo coligito
• 1:46:12
  Speaker 11: quadab ilis nulla est ad mentulam villa nequeductus cohumo in
• 1:46:18
  Speaker 11: mento emiatum di riveto etphoras emitato priterio quad testes intus
• 1:46:24
  Speaker 11: reperiunto eostem tumors moscow animali ines puto equibus ororatum elude
• 1:46:31
  Speaker 11: plus emanat than which words there can be no planer,
• 1:46:35
  Speaker 11: nor more evidently discovering the impropriety of this appellation, that
• 1:46:40
  Speaker 11: which is included in the cord or visible bag about
• 1:46:43
  Speaker 11: the groin, being not the testicle or any spermatical part,
• 1:46:47
  Speaker 11: but rather a collection of some superfluous matter deflowing from
• 1:46:52
  Speaker 11: the body, especially the parts of nutrition, as unto their
• 1:46:55
  Speaker 11: proper emunctories, and as it doth in muscue and civid cats,
• 1:47:00
  Speaker 11: though in a different and offensive odor proceeding partly from
• 1:47:03
  Speaker 11: its food, that being especially fish, whereof this humor may
• 1:47:07
  Speaker 11: be a gaerous excretion and olidus separation. Most thereof of
• 1:47:13
  Speaker 11: the moderns before Ondolitius, and all the ancients excepting Cestius,
• 1:47:18
  Speaker 11: have misunderstood this part, conceiving Castorium the testicles of the
• 1:47:24
  Speaker 11: beaver as Dioscorides, galim Eginaeta Aetius, and others have pleased
• 1:47:29
  Speaker 11: to name it. The Egyptians also failed in the ground
• 1:47:33
  Speaker 11: of their hieroglyphic when they expressed the punishment of adultery
• 1:47:37
  Speaker 11: by the beaver depriving himself of his testicles, which was
• 1:47:40
  Speaker 11: amongst them. The penalty of such incontinacy. Nor Is Eats
• 1:47:45
  Speaker 11: perhaps too strictly to be observed when he prescribeth the
• 1:47:48
  Speaker 11: stones of the otter or river dog as succidaneous unto Castorion.
• 1:47:54
  Speaker 11: But most inexcusable of all is Pliny, who, having before
• 1:47:59
  Speaker 11: him in one place experiment of Cestius against it, sets
• 1:48:02
  Speaker 11: down in another that the beavers of Pontus bite off
• 1:48:06
  Speaker 11: their testicles, and in the same place affirmeth the like
• 1:48:09
  Speaker 11: of the hyena, which was indeed well joined with the beaver,
• 1:48:13
  Speaker 11: as having also a bag in those parts. If thereby
• 1:48:17
  Speaker 11: we understand the hyena odorata or civet cat as is
• 1:48:21
  Speaker 11: delivered and graphically described by Castellos. Now the ground of
• 1:48:27
  Speaker 11: this mistake might be the resemblance and situation of these
• 1:48:31
  Speaker 11: tumors about those parts wherein we observe the testicles in
• 1:48:35
  Speaker 11: other animals, which, notwithstanding, is no well founded elation, for
• 1:48:42
  Speaker 11: the testicles are defined by their office, and not determined
• 1:48:46
  Speaker 11: by place or situation, they having one office in all,
• 1:48:50
  Speaker 11: but different seats in many. For besides that, no serpent
• 1:48:55
  Speaker 11: or fishes of viparus that neither biped nor quadruped or
• 1:48:59
  Speaker 11: viparus have testicles exteriorly or prominent in the growing. Some
• 1:49:04
  Speaker 11: also that are viviparous, contain these parts within, as beside
• 1:49:10
  Speaker 11: this animal, the elephant and hedgehog. If any therefore shall
• 1:49:16
  Speaker 11: term these testicles intending metaphorically and in no strict acception,
• 1:49:22
  Speaker 11: his language is tolerable and offends our ears no more
• 1:49:25
  Speaker 11: than the tropical names of plants when we read in
• 1:49:28
  Speaker 11: herbals of dogs, fox, and goat stones. But if he
• 1:49:33
  Speaker 11: insisteth thereon and maintaineth a propriety in this language, our
• 1:49:38
  Speaker 11: discourse have overthrown his assertion. Nor will logic permit his elation,
• 1:49:44
  Speaker 11: that is, from things alike to conclude a thing the same,
• 1:49:47
  Speaker 11: and from an accidental convenience, that is, a similitude in
• 1:49:51
  Speaker 11: place of figure, to infer a specifical congruity or substantial
• 1:49:57
  Speaker 11: concurrence in nature, end of that a beaver to escape,
• 1:50:06
  Speaker 11: the hunter bites off his testicles or stones by Sir
• 1:50:12
  Speaker 11: Thomas Brown.
• 1:50:19
  Speaker 6: Preparation of paradi methyl amino benzealdehyde from organic syntheses by
• 1:50:26
  Speaker 6: various contributing authors for the LibriVox Coffee Break Collection number
• 1:50:31
  Speaker 6: eleven Science. This is a LibriVox recording or LibriVox recordings
• 1:50:36
  Speaker 6: are in the public domain. For more information ought to volunteer,
• 1:50:40
  Speaker 6: please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Son of the Exiles,
• 1:50:49
  Speaker 6: paradi methyl amino benzealdehyde from organic syntheses. One procedure. In
• 1:50:59
  Speaker 6: a three liter round bottom flasks fitted with a mechanical stirr,
• 1:51:03
  Speaker 6: a hundred and fifty grams of technical dimethylanolene are dissolved
• 1:51:07
  Speaker 6: in seven hundred fifty c seed of diluted hydrochloric acid
• 1:51:11
  Speaker 6: one part concentrated acid to one part water. This solution
• 1:51:16
  Speaker 6: is now cool to zero degrees, and a solution previously
• 1:51:20
  Speaker 6: cooled to zero degrees of ninety grams of technical sodium
• 1:51:24
  Speaker 6: nitrite in a hundred and fifty c seas of water
• 1:51:27
  Speaker 6: is added through a separatory funnel. During the addition of
• 1:51:31
  Speaker 6: the nitrite solution. Mechanical stirring should be employed and the
• 1:51:35
  Speaker 6: flask cooled well with ice and salt. The addition is
• 1:51:39
  Speaker 6: made at such a rate thirty to forty minutes for
• 1:51:42
  Speaker 6: the entire addition that the temperature does not rise above
• 1:51:46
  Speaker 6: five degrees. The precipitate of nitroso dimethylanolene hydrochloride is filtered
• 1:51:52
  Speaker 6: off with suction, then washed with about three hundred c
• 1:51:55
  Speaker 6: ses of diluted hydrochloric acid one to one in a
• 1:52:01
  Speaker 6: two liter beaker. A hundred and eighty grams of technical dimethylanolene,
• 1:52:06
  Speaker 6: a hundred twenty five c seeds of fourmaldehyde technical forty percent,
• 1:52:10
  Speaker 6: and three hundred c seeds of concentrated hydrochloric acid are
• 1:52:14
  Speaker 6: mixed and heated for ten minutes on a steam bath.
• 1:52:18
  Speaker 6: The mixture is now placed in a hood and the
• 1:52:20
  Speaker 6: nitroso dimethylanolene added, all at once or as rapidly as possible.
• 1:52:26
  Speaker 6: The beaker is then covered with a watch glass. A
• 1:52:29
  Speaker 6: vigorous reaction soon occurs and is complete in about five minutes.
• 1:52:34
  Speaker 6: The resulting solution is transferred to a five liter flask
• 1:52:38
  Speaker 6: and diluted to four liters. Stirring is started and a
• 1:52:42
  Speaker 6: twenty five percent solution of sodium hydroxide is added until
• 1:52:46
  Speaker 6: the red color disappears. About six hundred fifty c seeds
• 1:52:50
  Speaker 6: are required. The yellow benzolidine compound separates, is filtered with
• 1:52:56
  Speaker 6: suction and washed with water. The most precipitate is transferred
• 1:53:00
  Speaker 6: to a four liter glass jar covered with a thousand
• 1:53:04
  Speaker 6: sea seeds of fifty percent acetic acid and two hundred
• 1:53:07
  Speaker 6: fifty c seeds of formaldehyde and stirred until twenty minutes
• 1:53:11
  Speaker 6: after the benzolidine compound has gone into solution. While the
• 1:53:16
  Speaker 6: mixture is being stirred vigorously to prevent lumping of the precipitate,
• 1:53:20
  Speaker 6: four hundred sea seeds of water and two hundred grams
• 1:53:23
  Speaker 6: of cracked is are added during the course of five minutes.
• 1:53:27
  Speaker 6: The dimethyl amino benzaldehyde generally separates gradually in fifteen to
• 1:53:32
  Speaker 6: twenty minutes, but in some cases it does not. If
• 1:53:36
  Speaker 6: the precipitate does not form, the solution is placed in
• 1:53:40
  Speaker 6: a refrigerator for a few hours or overnight. The mixture
• 1:53:44
  Speaker 6: is filtered with suction and washed at least ten times
• 1:53:47
  Speaker 6: with three hundred c seeds of water. The precipitate is
• 1:53:50
  Speaker 6: sucked as dry as possible from fifteen to thirty minutes.
• 1:53:56
  Speaker 6: The slightly moist aldehyde is distilled under diminished pressure from
• 1:53:59
  Speaker 6: an oil bath by means of a one lead Clason flask.
• 1:54:04
  Speaker 6: A small amount of water comes over first, then the
• 1:54:07
  Speaker 6: thermometer rises rapidly to the boiling point of the aldehyde
• 1:54:11
  Speaker 6: one hundred and eighty degrees twenty two millimeters in changing
• 1:54:16
  Speaker 6: receivers between the water fraction and the aldehyde. Care should
• 1:54:19
  Speaker 6: be taken to keep the side arm of the distilling
• 1:54:22
  Speaker 6: flask warm, Otherwise, on starting the distillation again, the aldehyde
• 1:54:26
  Speaker 6: will solidify in the side arm and cause trouble. It
• 1:54:31
  Speaker 6: is advisable not to collect the very last portion of
• 1:54:34
  Speaker 6: the distillate with the main portion, as the former is
• 1:54:37
  Speaker 6: frequently quite red. This is best added to crude material
• 1:54:41
  Speaker 6: from another run. The main distillate is dissolved in a
• 1:54:45
  Speaker 6: hundred c seeds of alcohol in the two liter beaker.
• 1:54:48
  Speaker 6: Then one thousand sea seeds of water are gradually added
• 1:54:51
  Speaker 6: with vigorous mechanical stirring to prevent lumping. The aldehyde separates
• 1:54:57
  Speaker 6: and is filtered with suction. The product, when dry, weighs
• 1:55:01
  Speaker 6: one hundred twenty five to one hundred thirty grams fifty
• 1:55:05
  Speaker 6: six to fifty nine percent of the theoretical result, and
• 1:55:08
  Speaker 6: melts at seventy three degrees. The aldehyde prepared in this
• 1:55:12
  Speaker 6: way is in the form of small granular crystals, which
• 1:55:16
  Speaker 6: very indifferent runs from a flesh color to a lemon yellow.
• 1:55:20
  Speaker 6: For practically all purposes, this slightly colored product is entirely
• 1:55:24
  Speaker 6: satisfactory and is essentially pure, as can be judged by
• 1:55:28
  Speaker 6: the melting point. For reagent purposes, it is desirable to
• 1:55:33
  Speaker 6: remove the color completely, particularly since the product obtained as
• 1:55:36
  Speaker 6: just described has a tendency to take on a reddish
• 1:55:39
  Speaker 6: tinge on exposure to light. Further purification can be accomplished
• 1:55:44
  Speaker 6: by dissolving the aldehyde. It dissolves slowly in dilute hydrochloric
• 1:55:49
  Speaker 6: acid one part of concentrated acid specific gravity one point
• 1:55:54
  Speaker 6: one nine to six parts of water one hundred twenty
• 1:55:58
  Speaker 6: five grams of aldehyde require hiring seven hundred c seeds
• 1:56:01
  Speaker 6: of the acid. The solution is placed in a jar
• 1:56:05
  Speaker 6: and diluted with half its volume of water, and dilute
• 1:56:08
  Speaker 6: sodium hydroxide solution fifteen to twenty percent is added slowly
• 1:56:13
  Speaker 6: with mechanical stirring. At the beginning, the aldehyde comes down
• 1:56:18
  Speaker 6: slightly colored. After about ten to thirty grams are precipitated, however,
• 1:56:24
  Speaker 6: the product appears white. This point can be readily seen.
• 1:56:28
  Speaker 6: The first precipitator is filtered off and added to the
• 1:56:31
  Speaker 6: next run of crude material, or fractionally precipitated again from
• 1:56:36
  Speaker 6: hydrochloric acid. The rest of the aldehyde is now precipitated
• 1:56:40
  Speaker 6: by means of more sodium hydroxide solution, and comes down
• 1:56:44
  Speaker 6: almost white at the very end of the neutralization, particularly
• 1:56:49
  Speaker 6: if the original product was quite yellow. The last four
• 1:56:52
  Speaker 6: to five grams of aldehyde should be precipitated separately, as
• 1:56:56
  Speaker 6: they are inclined to be slightly colored. Two much alkali
• 1:57:00
  Speaker 6: is added Towards the end of the neutralization. A brown
• 1:57:04
  Speaker 6: colour appears, but the addition of a little hydrochloric acid
• 1:57:07
  Speaker 6: will destroy this colour. The main portion of the precipitate
• 1:57:11
  Speaker 6: is filtered and dried. It weighs ninety five to one
• 1:57:14
  Speaker 6: hundred grams melting point seventy three degrees. The succeeding runs
• 1:57:19
  Speaker 6: yield one hundred fifteen to one hundred twenty eight grams
• 1:57:22
  Speaker 6: of the finished product. On account of the extra crude
• 1:57:25
  Speaker 6: material obtained from the distillation and re precipitation of the
• 1:57:29
  Speaker 6: previous run two notes. The aldehyde that is obtained without
• 1:57:37
  Speaker 6: reprecipitation gradually takes on a pinkish tinge on exposure to light.
• 1:57:43
  Speaker 6: After the reprecipitation, however, this characteristic disappears. Thorough washing of
• 1:57:49
  Speaker 6: the crude aldehyde is particularly desirable, as it removes a
• 1:57:53
  Speaker 6: reddish impurity which tends to distill over and colour the
• 1:57:56
  Speaker 6: product lemon yellow or sometimes even brownish yellow. When such
• 1:58:01
  Speaker 6: a brownish product is obtained, it is quite necessary to
• 1:58:05
  Speaker 6: make a second precipitation, as well as to observe the
• 1:58:08
  Speaker 6: directions mentioned in the purification of the crude aldehyde, namely
• 1:58:12
  Speaker 6: to precipitate the first few grams and the last few
• 1:58:15
  Speaker 6: grams of the aldehyde separately. The precaution of rejecting the
• 1:58:20
  Speaker 6: first and last portions of the precipitate is unnecessary in
• 1:58:23
  Speaker 6: the reprecipitation. In the reprecipitation of a deeply colored product,
• 1:58:28
  Speaker 6: the portion of aldehyde at the end may be even
• 1:58:31
  Speaker 6: purplish in color, and particular care must be taken to
• 1:58:35
  Speaker 6: keep this separate. Vigorous mechanical stirring must be employed during
• 1:58:40
  Speaker 6: the precipitation of the crude aldehyde, as otherwise large lumps
• 1:58:44
  Speaker 6: are formed which make washing difficult. A previous investigator has
• 1:58:48
  Speaker 6: mentioned that the crude product must be dried before distilling. This, however,
• 1:58:53
  Speaker 6: is unnecessary. If the aldehyde is dried before distilling, it
• 1:58:58
  Speaker 6: is possible to use a five hundred c c distilling
• 1:59:01
  Speaker 6: flask instead of a one liter one. In purifying the
• 1:59:06
  Speaker 6: aldehyde by dissolving in acid and re precipitating, it is
• 1:59:10
  Speaker 6: essential not to use stronger acid than that specified one
• 1:59:14
  Speaker 6: to six. A stronger acid causes a deepening of the
• 1:59:17
  Speaker 6: color of the solution. If the concentrated acid which is
• 1:59:22
  Speaker 6: to be diluted and used in this procedure does not
• 1:59:25
  Speaker 6: have a specific gravity of one point one nine, it
• 1:59:28
  Speaker 6: will be necessary to add the equivalent amount of weaker
• 1:59:31
  Speaker 6: acid in order to dissolve the paridimethyl amino beenzaldehyde. In
• 1:59:36
  Speaker 6: purifying the aldehyde, sodium carbonate may be used in place
• 1:59:40
  Speaker 6: of sodium hydroxide for precipitation, but it causes much foaming.
• 1:59:45
  Speaker 6: When the apparatus for distilling, et cetera is all set up,
• 1:59:49
  Speaker 6: A run such as described above requires about five to
• 1:59:52
  Speaker 6: six hours for completion. Three other methods of preparation. Paridimethyl
• 2:00:01
  Speaker 6: aminobenzaldehyde has been made by the condensation of chloral with
• 2:00:05
  Speaker 6: dimethylanolene and subsequent hydrolysis by the hydrolysis of tetramethyl diaminobenzhydrol
• 2:00:13
  Speaker 6: with acetic acid by the condensation of dimethylanolene, formaldehyde and
• 2:00:19
  Speaker 6: metasulfoparatolyl hydroxyl amine, followed by hydrolysis by the electrolytic reduction
• 2:00:26
  Speaker 6: of a mixture of sodium nitrobenzene sulfonate, dimethylanolene and formaldehyde,
• 2:00:32
  Speaker 6: and subsequent hydrolysis by the reduction of a mixture of dimethylanolene,
• 2:00:38
  Speaker 6: formaldehyde and sodium nitrobenzene sulfonate with ion and hydrochloric acid,
• 2:00:43
  Speaker 6: followed by hydrolyses by the condensation of alloxin with dimethylanlene,
• 2:00:49
  Speaker 6: followed by hydrolyses by the condensation of dimethylanolene, formaldehyde and
• 2:00:55
  Speaker 6: sodium paratoluidine sulfonate in the presence of hydrochloric acid and
• 2:01:00
  Speaker 6: potassium dichromate, followed by hydrolysis. The most satisfactory method, however,
• 2:01:06
  Speaker 6: is the condensation of dimethylanolene, formaldehyde and nitroso dimethylanlene, followed
• 2:01:12
  Speaker 6: by hydrolysis, a method which was first described by E.
• 2:01:16
  Speaker 6: Nelting and later effected in detail by L. Baumann. End
• 2:01:22
  Speaker 6: of paradiomethyl amino benzeldehyde by various contributing authors. Recording by
• 2:01:29
  Speaker 6: Son of the Exiles, Mars and Its Canals for the
• 2:01:39
  Speaker 6: LibriVox Coffee Break Collection number eleven Science. This is a
• 2:01:44
  Speaker 6: LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
• 2:01:48
  Speaker 6: For more information aught to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
• 2:01:54
  Speaker 6: Recording by Son of the Exiles, Mars and its cans
• 2:02:00
  Speaker 6: by Perceval Lowell, Chapter thirty. The evidence of the existence
• 2:02:08
  Speaker 6: of animal life upon a far planet. Any evidence must,
• 2:02:12
  Speaker 6: of necessity assume a different guise from what its flora
• 2:02:16
  Speaker 6: would present. Plant life should be as on Mars we
• 2:02:20
  Speaker 6: perceive it is recognizable as part and parcel of the
• 2:02:23
  Speaker 6: main features of the planet's face. In no such forthright
• 2:02:28
  Speaker 6: manner could we expect an animal revelation. The sort of
• 2:02:31
  Speaker 6: testimony which would render the one patent would leave the
• 2:02:35
  Speaker 6: other obstinately hid. So long as animate life was in
• 2:02:39
  Speaker 6: the lowest sense animal, it would not be seen at all,
• 2:02:43
  Speaker 6: though it were as widespread as the vegetable life all
• 2:02:46
  Speaker 6: around it. Reason for this lies in their receptive character.
• 2:02:51
  Speaker 6: Plants are fixtures where they start they stay while from
• 2:02:56
  Speaker 6: the nature of their food, derived directly from the soil
• 2:02:59
  Speaker 6: and from the air, and conditioned chiefly by warmth and moisture.
• 2:03:03
  Speaker 6: Like forms inhabit large areas, and by their massed effect,
• 2:03:07
  Speaker 6: make far impression with animals. It is otherwise they feed
• 2:03:12
  Speaker 6: by forage, from beetle to buffalo, roaming the land for sustenance. Thus,
• 2:03:18
  Speaker 6: both for paucity of number and from not abiding in
• 2:03:20
  Speaker 6: one's stay, they must escape notice at a distance, such
• 2:03:24
  Speaker 6: that as individuals they fail to show, to say nothing
• 2:03:28
  Speaker 6: of the fact that the flora usually overtop the fauna,
• 2:03:31
  Speaker 6: and so help to hide the latter, while appearing itself distinct.
• 2:03:36
  Speaker 6: Any far view of our earth gives instance of this.
• 2:03:40
  Speaker 6: Seen from some panoramic height, forest and moorland lie patently
• 2:03:44
  Speaker 6: outspread in view, yet imagination is taxed to believe them
• 2:03:48
  Speaker 6: tenanted at all. Unless man have marred the landscape, not
• 2:03:53
  Speaker 6: a sign appears of any living thing. One must be near, indeed,
• 2:03:58
  Speaker 6: to note even such unusual sights as a herd of
• 2:04:00
  Speaker 6: buffalo in the plains, or those immense flights of pigeons
• 2:04:04
  Speaker 6: that in former years occurred like clouds darkening the sky
• 2:04:08
  Speaker 6: from the standpoint of another planet. Though any such direct
• 2:04:12
  Speaker 6: showing animal existence would still remain unknown. Not until the
• 2:04:17
  Speaker 6: creatures had reached a certain phase and evolution would their
• 2:04:20
  Speaker 6: presence become perceptible. And not then directly, but by the
• 2:04:25
  Speaker 6: result such presence brought to pass occupancy would be first
• 2:04:30
  Speaker 6: evidenced by its imprint on the land, discernible thus initially
• 2:04:34
  Speaker 6: not so much by the bodily as by the mind's eye.
• 2:04:38
  Speaker 6: For not till the animal had learnt to dominate nature
• 2:04:41
  Speaker 6: and fashionate to his needs and ends would his existence
• 2:04:44
  Speaker 6: betray itself by the transformation he wrought in the landscape.
• 2:04:49
  Speaker 6: Would he be known? It is thus we should make
• 2:04:52
  Speaker 6: our own far acquaintance, and by the disarrangement of nature
• 2:04:56
  Speaker 6: first have inkling of man that it is thus we
• 2:05:01
  Speaker 6: should betray ourselves. A consideration of man's history will show,
• 2:05:06
  Speaker 6: while he still remained of savage simplicity, a mere child
• 2:05:09
  Speaker 6: of nature, he might come and go unmarked by an outsider.
• 2:05:13
  Speaker 6: But so soon as he started in to possess the
• 2:05:16
  Speaker 6: earth his handicraft would reveal him. From the moment he
• 2:05:20
  Speaker 6: bethought him to till the ground, he entered upon a
• 2:05:22
  Speaker 6: course of world's subjugation of which we cannot see the end,
• 2:05:27
  Speaker 6: but he has already advanced far enough to give us
• 2:05:29
  Speaker 6: an idea of the process. It began with agriculture. Deforestation,
• 2:05:36
  Speaker 6: with its subsequent quartering of crops, signalized his acquisition of
• 2:05:40
  Speaker 6: real estate. His impress was at first sporadic and irregular,
• 2:05:44
  Speaker 6: and in so far followed that of nature itself. But
• 2:05:48
  Speaker 6: as it advanced, it took on a methodism of plan husbandry,
• 2:05:52
  Speaker 6: begot thrift and augmented once demanded an increasing return for toil,
• 2:05:58
  Speaker 6: and to this desirable end, systematisation became a necessity. Up
• 2:06:03
  Speaker 6: the same time, gregariousness grew and still further emphasized the
• 2:06:07
  Speaker 6: need for economy of space and time. In part, unconsciously,
• 2:06:12
  Speaker 6: man learnt the laws that govern the expenditure of force,
• 2:06:16
  Speaker 6: and more and more consciously applied them. Geometry, unloosed to euclid,
• 2:06:21
  Speaker 6: became a part of everyday life, as insiduously as Monsieur
• 2:06:26
  Speaker 6: Jordane found that he had been talking prose regularity rules.
• 2:06:30
  Speaker 6: Today to the lament of art. The railroad is straighter
• 2:06:35
  Speaker 6: than the turnpike, as that is straighter than the trail.
• 2:06:39
  Speaker 6: Communication is now urgent in its demands to know anything
• 2:06:42
  Speaker 6: but law and take other than the shortest path to
• 2:06:45
  Speaker 6: its destination. Tillage has undergone a like rectification to one
• 2:06:52
  Speaker 6: used to the patchwork quilting of the crops in older lands.
• 2:06:55
  Speaker 6: The methodical rectangles of the farms of the Great West
• 2:06:58
  Speaker 6: are painfully exact. Yet it is more than probable that
• 2:07:03
  Speaker 6: these material manifestations would be the first signs of intelligence
• 2:07:06
  Speaker 6: to one considering the earth from far our towns, would
• 2:07:10
  Speaker 6: in all likelihood constitute the next. And lastly, the great
• 2:07:14
  Speaker 6: arteries of travel that minister to their wants. Their scale, too,
• 2:07:19
  Speaker 6: would render them the first objects to be observed. Farming
• 2:07:23
  Speaker 6: as now practiced in Kansas and Dakota gives it a
• 2:07:26
  Speaker 6: certain cosmical concern. Fields for miles turning in hue with
• 2:07:30
  Speaker 6: the rhythm of the drilled should impress an eye. If
• 2:07:34
  Speaker 6: armed with our appliances, many millions of miles away. Even now,
• 2:07:39
  Speaker 6: we should know ourselves cosmically by our geometrical designs to
• 2:07:43
  Speaker 6: winter planetary understanding. It is this quality that would speak.
• 2:07:48
  Speaker 6: Still more so will it tell as time goes on.
• 2:07:51
  Speaker 6: As yet we are but at the beginning of our
• 2:07:53
  Speaker 6: subjugation of the globe, we have hardly explored it at all,
• 2:07:57
  Speaker 6: still less occupied it. When we do do so, and
• 2:08:00
  Speaker 6: space shall have become enhancedly precious. Directness of purpose with
• 2:08:04
  Speaker 6: economy of result, will have partitioned so regularly the surface
• 2:08:08
  Speaker 6: of the Earth as to impart to it an artificiality
• 2:08:11
  Speaker 6: of appearance, And it becomes one vast co ordinated expanse,
• 2:08:16
  Speaker 6: subservient entirely to the wants of its possessors, centers of
• 2:08:20
  Speaker 6: population and lines of communication, with tillage carried on in
• 2:08:24
  Speaker 6: the most economic way. To this it must come in
• 2:08:28
  Speaker 6: the end. Nor is this outcome in any sense a
• 2:08:31
  Speaker 6: circumstance accidental to the Earth. It is an inevitable phase
• 2:08:36
  Speaker 6: in the evolution of organisms. As the organism develops brain,
• 2:08:40
  Speaker 6: it is able to circumvent the adversities of condition, and
• 2:08:44
  Speaker 6: by overcoming more pronounced inhospitality of environment, not only to
• 2:08:49
  Speaker 6: survive but spread. Evidence of this thought will be stamped
• 2:08:53
  Speaker 6: more and more visibly upon the face of its habitat
• 2:08:57
  Speaker 6: on Earth. For all our pride of intellect, we have
• 2:09:00
  Speaker 6: not yet progressed very far from the lowly animal state
• 2:09:03
  Speaker 6: that leaves no records of itself. It is only in
• 2:09:06
  Speaker 6: the last two centuries that our self registration upon our
• 2:09:09
  Speaker 6: surroundings has been marked with another planet. The like course
• 2:09:13
  Speaker 6: must in all probability be pursued, and the older the
• 2:09:16
  Speaker 6: life relatively to its habitat the more its signs of
• 2:09:20
  Speaker 6: occupation should show. Intelligence on other worlds could then only
• 2:09:24
  Speaker 6: make its presence known by such material revelation, and the
• 2:09:28
  Speaker 6: sign manuals of itself would appear more artificial in look,
• 2:09:32
  Speaker 6: as that life was high in rank. Given the certainty
• 2:09:35
  Speaker 6: of plant life, such markings are what one would look
• 2:09:38
  Speaker 6: to find. Criticism, which refuses to credit detail of the
• 2:09:42
  Speaker 6: thought because too bizarre to be true, writes itself down
• 2:09:46
  Speaker 6: as unacquainted with the character of the problem. For it
• 2:09:49
  Speaker 6: is precisely such detail which would show if any evidence
• 2:09:53
  Speaker 6: at all were forthcoming. If now we turn our inquiry
• 2:09:57
  Speaker 6: to Mars, we shall be fairly startled at what its discloses,
• 2:10:02
  Speaker 6: for we find ourselves confronted in the canals and oases
• 2:10:06
  Speaker 6: by precisely the appearances a priori reasoning proofs should show
• 2:10:11
  Speaker 6: where the planet inhabited our abstract prognostications have taken concrete form.
• 2:10:18
  Speaker 6: Here in these rectilineal lines and roundish spots we have
• 2:10:22
  Speaker 6: spread out our centers of effort and our lines of communication.
• 2:10:26
  Speaker 6: For the oases are clearly ganglia, to which the canals
• 2:10:29
  Speaker 6: play the part of nerves. The strange geometricism, which proves
• 2:10:34
  Speaker 6: inexplicable on any other hypothesis, now shows itself of the
• 2:10:39
  Speaker 6: essence of the solution. The appearance of artificiality cast up
• 2:10:43
  Speaker 6: at the phenomena in disproof, vindicates itself as the vital
• 2:10:47
  Speaker 6: point in the whole matter. Like the cachet of an architect.
• 2:10:51
  Speaker 6: It is the thing about the building that established the authorship.
• 2:10:56
  Speaker 6: Though the Earth and Mars agree in being planets, they
• 2:10:59
  Speaker 6: differ constitutionally in several important respects. Even to us. The
• 2:11:04
  Speaker 6: curious network that enshrouds the Martian disc suggests handicraft. It
• 2:11:08
  Speaker 6: implies it much more when considered from a Martian standpoint.
• 2:11:15
  Speaker 6: End of Marsenet's Canals by Percival Lowell, recording by Sun
• 2:11:20
  Speaker 6: of the Exiles.
• 2:11:27
  Speaker 12: The complete genome of the porcine circovirus for the LibriVox
• 2:11:32
  Speaker 12: Coffee Break Collection eleven Science. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 2:11:38
  Speaker 12: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 2:11:42
  Speaker 12: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
• 2:11:48
  Speaker 12: by Abay in April twenty fifteen. The complete genome of
• 2:11:53
  Speaker 12: the porcine circle virus from Archives of Virology, Volume one
• 2:11:58
  Speaker 12: hundred forty three, number nine, nineteen ninety eight. G T
• 2:12:06
  Speaker 12: A G T A T T A c c A
• 2:12:10
  Speaker 12: g c g c a c t t c g
• 2:12:14
  Speaker 12: g c a g c g g c A g
• 2:12:19
  Speaker 12: c a c c t c g g c a
• 2:12:23
  Speaker 12: g c g t c a g T G A
• 2:12:28
  Speaker 12: A A A t g c c a.
• 2:12:33
  Speaker 13: A g c a A g A A A A
• 2:12:36
  Speaker 13: g c g g c c c g c a
• 2:12:41
  Speaker 13: a c c c c A t A A g
• 2:12:46
  Speaker 13: A g g T g g g t g T
• 2:12:51
  Speaker 13: c a c c c T A A t A
• 2:12:56
  Speaker 13: A t c c t t c c g A
• 2:13:02
  Speaker 13: g g A g g A G A A A
• 2:13:06
  Speaker 13: A A c A A A A t A c
• 2:13:11
  Speaker 13: g g g A g c T T c c
• 2:13:16
  Speaker 13: a a t c t c c c t t T
• 2:13:20
  Speaker 13: T T g A t t a t T t
• 2:13:25
  Speaker 13: t g t T t g c g g a g
• 2:13:32
  Speaker 13: a g g a a g g t t g
• 2:13:36
  Speaker 13: g a A g A g g g t A
• 2:13:41
  Speaker 13: g a a c t c c t c a
• 2:13:46
  Speaker 13: c c t c c a g g g t
• 2:13:51
  Speaker 13: t g c g A A T t t g
• 2:13:57
  Speaker 13: c t a a A g a a g c
• 2:14:02
  Speaker 13: a g a c t t t A A c
• 2:14:06
  Speaker 13: a a g g t g a a g t
• 2:14:11
  Speaker 13: g g t A t t t g g t
• 2:14:15
  Speaker 13: g c c c g c t g c c
• 2:14:20
  Speaker 13: a c A t c g A g a a
• 2:14:24
  Speaker 13: a g c g a a a g g a
• 2:14:30
  Speaker 13: a c c g a c c a g c
• 2:14:34
  Speaker 13: a g A A t a a a g a
• 2:14:38
  Speaker 13: A t a c t g c a g t
• 2:14:43
  Speaker 13: a a A g a a g g t c
• 2:14:47
  Speaker 13: a c a t A c t t a t
• 2:14:51
  Speaker 13: c g a g t g t g g a
• 2:14:57
  Speaker 13: g c t c c g c g g a
• 2:15:01
  Speaker 13: a c c a g g g g a a
• 2:15:05
  Speaker 13: g c g c a g c g a c
• 2:15:09
  Speaker 13: c t g T c t a c t g
• 2:15:14
  Speaker 13: c t g t G A g t a c
• 2:15:17
  Speaker 13: c t t t g g a g a c
• 2:15:24
  Speaker 13: g g g g t c t t t g
• 2:15:29
  Speaker 13: g t g a c t g t a g
• 2:15:33
  Speaker 13: c c g a g c a g t c
• 2:15:38
  Speaker 13: c c t g t a a c g t
• 2:15:42
  Speaker 13: A t g t g a g a A A
• 2:15:48
  Speaker 13: t t t c c g c g g g
• 2:15:52
  Speaker 13: c t g g c t g a a c
• 2:15:56
  Speaker 13: t t t g a a h B t g
• 2:16:01
  Speaker 13: a g c g g g a a g a
• 2:16:05
  Speaker 13: t g c a g c a g c g
• 2:16:09
  Speaker 13: t g A t t g g a a g
• 2:16:15
  Speaker 13: a c a g c t g t a c
• 2:16:19
  Speaker 13: a c g t c A t a g t
• 2:16:23
  Speaker 13: g g g c c c g c c c
• 2:16:28
  Speaker 13: g g t g t g g g a a
• 2:16:32
  Speaker 13: g a g c c a g t g g
• 2:16:36
  Speaker 13: g c c c g t a A t t
• 2:16:42
  Speaker 13: t t A c t g a g c c
• 2:16:46
  Speaker 13: t a g c g a c a c c
• 2:16:50
  Speaker 13: t a c t g g a a g c
• 2:16:54
  Speaker 13: c t a g t A g A A A
• 2:16:59
  Speaker 13: t a a g E t g g t g
• 2:17:02
  Speaker 13: g g a t g g A t A t
• 2:17:08
  Speaker 13: c A t g g A g a a g
• 2:17:12
  Speaker 13: a A g t t g t t g t
• 2:17:16
  Speaker 13: t t t g g A t g A T
• 2:17:20
  Speaker 13: T T T t A t g g c t
• 2:17:24
  Speaker 13: g G T t A c c t t g g
• 2:17:28
  Speaker 13: g A t g A t c t a c
• 2:17:34
  Speaker 13: t g a g A c t g t g
• 2:17:37
  Speaker 13: t g a c c g g t a t
• 2:17:41
  Speaker 13: c c A t t g a c t g
• 2:17:45
  Speaker 13: t a g A g A c t a a
• 2:17:50
  Speaker 13: a g g c g g t a c t
• 2:17:53
  Speaker 13: g t t c c T T T T T
• 2:17:58
  Speaker 13: T t s g g c c c g c
• 2:18:02
  Speaker 13: a g t A t T t t g A
• 2:18:06
  Speaker 13: t t a c c a g c a A
• 2:18:10
  Speaker 13: t c a g g c c c c c
• 2:18:14
  Speaker 13: c a g g a A t g g t
• 2:18:19
  Speaker 13: a c t c c t c a a c
• 2:18:24
  Speaker 13: t g c t g t c c c a
• 2:18:29
  Speaker 13: g c t g t A g a a g
• 2:18:32
  Speaker 13: c t c t c t A t c g
• 2:18:37
  Speaker 13: g a g g A T T A c t
• 2:18:40
  Speaker 13: A c T T t g c a A T
• 2:18:45
  Speaker 13: T T t g g a a g a c t
• 2:18:51
  Speaker 13: g c t g g a g a a c
• 2:18:55
  Speaker 13: a A t c c a c g g a
• 2:18:58
  Speaker 13: g g t a c c c g a a
• 2:19:03
  Speaker 13: g g c c g a t t t g
• 2:19:06
  Speaker 13: a a g c a g t g g a
• 2:19:10
  Speaker 13: c c c a c c c t g t
• 2:19:16
  Speaker 13: g c c c T T T t c c c
• 2:19:20
  Speaker 13: A t A T A A A A T A
• 2:19:25
  Speaker 13: A A T t A c t g a g
• 2:19:28
  Speaker 13: t c T T T T T t g T t
• 2:19:33
  Speaker 13: A t c a c A t c g t
• 2:19:37
  Speaker 13: A A t g g t T t t A
• 2:19:43
  Speaker 13: t t t t A T T t A T T
• 2:19:47
  Speaker 13: t A g a g g t c T T
• 2:19:52
  Speaker 13: t t a g g A T A A A
• 2:19:55
  Speaker 13: t t c t c t g A A T
• 2:20:00
  Speaker 13: t g t A c A T A A A
• 2:20:03
  Speaker 13: t A g t c a g c c T
• 2:20:09
  Speaker 13: t a c c a c A t A A
• 2:20:13
  Speaker 13: T T t t g g g c t g
• 2:20:17
  Speaker 13: t g g c t g c A T T
• 2:20:20
  Speaker 13: t g g a g c g c A t
• 2:20:25
  Speaker 13: a g c c g a g g c c
• 2:20:29
  Speaker 13: t g t g t g c t c g
• 2:20:35
  Speaker 13: a c A t t g g t g t
• 2:20:38
  Speaker 13: g g g t A T T a a A
• 2:20:42
  Speaker 13: t g g a g c c a c a
• 2:20:47
  Speaker 13: g c t g g T t c T t
• 2:20:51
  Speaker 13: t t a t t a t t t g
• 2:20:57
  Speaker 13: g t g g a a c c a a
• 2:21:01
  Speaker 13: t c a a t t g t t t
• 2:21:05
  Speaker 13: g g t c c a g c t c
• 2:21:09
  Speaker 13: a g g t t g g g g g
• 2:21:13
  Speaker 13: t g a a g t a c c t
• 2:21:17
  Speaker 13: g g a g t g g t a g
• 2:21:22
  Speaker 13: g t a a a g g g c t
• 2:21:26
  Speaker 13: g c c t t a t g g t
• 2:21:29
  Speaker 13: g t g g c g g a g g
• 2:21:34
  Speaker 13: a g t a g t t a a t
• 2:21:38
  Speaker 13: a t a g g g t c a t
• 2:21:42
  Speaker 13: a g g c c a a g t t
• 2:21:48
  Speaker 13: g g t g g a g g g g
• 2:21:52
  Speaker 13: t t a c a a a g t t
• 2:21:55
  Speaker 13: g c a t c c a a g h
• 2:21:59
  Speaker 13: t a a c a a c a g t
• 2:22:03
  Speaker 13: g g a c c c a a c a
• 2:22:07
  Speaker 13: c c t c t t t g A t
• 2:22:12
  Speaker 13: t A g a g g t g a t
• 2:22:16
  Speaker 13: g g g t c t c t g g g
• 2:22:21
  Speaker 13: g t a a a A t t c a
• 2:22:25
  Speaker 13: t A t t a g c c t t
• 2:22:29
  Speaker 13: c t a a t a c g g t
• 2:22:36
  Speaker 13: a g t a t t g g a a
• 2:22:39
  Speaker 13: a g g t a g g g g t
• 2:22:43
  Speaker 13: a g g g g g t g g t
• 2:22:47
  Speaker 13: g c c g c c t g a g
• 2:22:51
  Speaker 13: g g g g g g A g g a
• 2:22:55
  Speaker 13: a c t g g c c g A t
• 2:23:00
  Speaker 13: g t t g a A t t g a
• 2:23:04
  Speaker 13: g g t a g T T A A c
• 2:23:08
  Speaker 13: A t t c c a A g A t
• 2:23:12
  Speaker 13: g g c t g c g a g t
• 2:23:15
  Speaker 13: A t c c t c c T T t
• 2:23:19
  Speaker 13: t A t g g t g a g t
• 2:23:24
  Speaker 13: a c c a A t t c t g
• 2:23:28
  Speaker 13: t A g A a A g g c g
• 2:23:32
  Speaker 13: g a A t t g a A g A
• 2:23:36
  Speaker 13: t a c c c g t c t t
• 2:23:39
  Speaker 13: t c g g c g c c a t
• 2:23:44
  Speaker 13: c t g t a a c g g t
• 2:23:50
  Speaker 13: t t c t g a a g g c
• 2:23:53
  Speaker 13: g g g g t g t g c c
• 2:23:57
  Speaker 13: A A A t A t g g E t
• 2:24:00
  Speaker 13: c t t c t c c g g a
• 2:24:04
  Speaker 13: g g a t g t t c c a
• 2:24:08
  Speaker 13: a g A t g g c t g c
• 2:24:14
  Speaker 13: g g g g g c g g g t
• 2:24:17
  Speaker 13: c c t t c T t c t g c
• 2:24:22
  Speaker 13: g G T A A c g c C t
• 2:24:25
  Speaker 13: c c t t g g c c a c
• 2:24:30
  Speaker 13: g t c A t c c T A T
• 2:24:34
  Speaker 13: A A A A G T G A A A
• 2:24:39
  Speaker 13: G A A G T g c g c t
• 2:24:42
  Speaker 13: g c t end of the complete genome of the
• 2:24:49
  Speaker 13: porcine circle virus