Latest / Healthier Together: Larimer County's Public Health Podcast / Protecting Air Quality in Colorado

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Protecting Air Quality in Colorado · Healthier Together: Larimer County's Public Health Podcast

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  Welcome to Healthier Together, Larimer County's
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  public health podcast, where we come together
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  for healthier lives, connected communities, and
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  real conversations. From your local public health
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  team, I'm your host, Tom. And I'm Joanna. Today,
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  we are excited to talk about air quality with
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  Stephanie Shoup, Deputy Director for Regulatory
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  Affairs for the Air Pollution Control Division
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  at CDPHE. Stephanie, thank you so much for joining
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  us. I'm happy to be here. To start, can you tell
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  us a little bit more about the Air Pollution
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  Control Division and the work that you do? Absolutely.
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  So the Air Pollution Control Division is a part
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  of the Colorado Department of Public Health and
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  Environment. So it's an environmental agency
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  and we are tasked with developing and maintaining
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  and implementing the program to protect air quality
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  in Colorado under the Clean Air Act, the Federal
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  Clean Air Act, as well as under the State Air
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  Act. So we are in charge of looking at all things
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  air quality and air pollution and managing all
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  of those programs. How do you collect data about
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  air quality in Colorado? There are a lot of different
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  ways. Part of this really goes into a combination
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  of on -site monitoring that we can do where we're
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  actually measuring different concentrations in
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  the atmosphere. to looking at broad research
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  studies that maybe have been done across geographic
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  areas where we can better understand what might
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  be happening more generally, emission calculations
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  that we can use based on understanding of different
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  types of equipment, as well as looking at federal
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  data that has come out that estimates different
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  types of emission sources or uses other methodologies
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  to try to understand what emissions are coming
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  from different types. of sources. So we kind
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  of look at any and all data sources that we can
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  get our hands on and use that to help inform
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  where we need to focus and where there are opportunities
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  for protecting public health and for trying to
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  address any issues of concern. Here at the health
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  department, we have some air monitoring stations
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  where we collect ambient air data. It sounds
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  like you use data from a variety of sources,
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  from state to local to federal. Is that right?
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  We're, we're big on, a lot of us are engineers
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  and scientists and we really like data. So we,
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  we spend a lot of time looking for where there
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  might be data that we haven't considered or thought
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  of and how it could be used. And I think one
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  thing we've been doing over the last several
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  years in particular is developing really close
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  relationships with academic organizations. So
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  Colorado State University, University of Colorado,
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  Colorado School of Mines, we've worked really
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  closely with all of them, but also universities
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  like University of Colorado. of Texas or Stanford,
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  even Harvard. So working with these different
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  academic organizations who are looking at different
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  elements of air quality research and really trying
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  to better understand how we can use the research
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  they're doing to better inform our policies,
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  but also how we can give them better information
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  on the questions we have. So maybe they can be
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  using that as they're developing their future
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  research studies. What are the primary causes
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  of poor air quality here in Colorado? Poor air
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  quality is an interesting concept because we
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  have different rules and requirements. depending
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  on the pollutants type. And so we have a lot
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  of different pollutants where we are nowhere
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  near any kind of health standard. So we sometimes
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  think of poor air quality kind of in this macro,
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  it's either good or it's bad. And that's not
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  really the case in reality, right? The truth
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  is that we were always somewhere in the middle.
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  There are certain pollutants where we have days
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  where we have poorer air quality because Those
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  pollutants like ozone are really high on those
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  days. And then other days where that is very
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  low, most of the winter, we're not dealing with
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  any kind of ozone concerns. Right. So it really
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  depends. Particulate matter is another one where
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  when we have smoke coming from wildfires, we
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  have really poor air quality specifically due
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  to particulate matter. And then other days, most
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  of the time where it's completely fine for particulate
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  matter. So I think. You know, the primary sources
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  that we're dealing with here in Colorado are,
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  again, those wildfires. That's a really big problem.
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  But when we're talking about things that we have
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  some control over, a lot of this is coming from
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  cars. We have to really think about this as like
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  a local, regional and global issue. There are
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  issues around total emissions coming from the
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  state. But then there are also issues around
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  where is that pollution coming from and is it
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  concentrated in a specific area? So part of the
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  reason we have this ozone non -attainment area
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  is because we have a lot of concentration of
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  sources, cars, oil and gas, other manufacturing
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  and industrial sources, plus a lot of people
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  right here. In a geographic area that's really
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  prone to kind of trapping and holding that pollution
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  and allowing it to turn into ozone. So and having
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  a lot of sunlight, which we all love, that helps
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  that turn into ozone. So we have some some unique
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  things. So that's more about the concentration
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  as opposed to just kind of statewide being a
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  huge problem. It's really more concentrated in
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  this area. So it really depends on what part
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  of the state you're in, what the biggest sources
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  of. air pollution might be in that area. So for
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  people who are curious about what the air quality
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  in their region looks like and what that historical
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  data looks like, is there a place they can go
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  to see air quality data for their region? We
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  have so much data online. This has been something
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  we've been working on really diligently over
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  the last many years. interest from our legislature
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  in air quality since around 2020, 2019. And with
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  that, they gave us quite a bit of money and a
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  lot of resources to start building things that
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  make information more publicly accessible in
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  a way that we weren't able to always, just didn't
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  have the resources to do in the past. And so
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  that's been a really exciting thing as someone
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  who's been with the Air Division for a really
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  long time about trying to make this information
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  more publicly accessible, but also more accessible
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  to understand, not just here's a bunch of data,
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  because that's something that we kind of, we
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  love data. And so we put a lot of data out there,
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  but we're also working really hard on how do
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  we make that data better understandable to the
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  general public. So we have a lot of different
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  sites on our website, and I'm happy to share
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  those with you. It's hard for me to just say
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  what they are, but there are a lot of different
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  ways that you can go in. We have some maps where
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  you can go in and kind of zoom in on areas, see
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  what sources are around you, click on those sources
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  and see more information about them. So there
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  are a lot of different ways to look at different.
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  data sources that we're putting up on our websites.
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  Speaking of making air quality data easy to understand,
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  I think air quality in particular, there can
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  be a lot of information to parse when you try
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  to look to understand. If someone is just trying
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  to plan their day to know how to limit their
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  exposure potentially to ozone or particulate
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  matter, maybe they have someone who's more vulnerable
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  to poor air quality in their family. What would
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  you suggest people look to to kind of plan their
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  day -to -day activities around poor air quality
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  days? Yeah, we have alerts. So we often put those
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  on like our Facebook pages or other social media
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  pages. We also have a website that specifically
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  has those kinds of alerts. It's really around
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  trying to provide the information so people can
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  make choices. Some people are going to be more
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  sensitive to particulate matter, for example,
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  and therefore they may want to take extra precautions
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  on those days, whereas others may feel very comfortable
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  still interacting. acting in the world as they
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  normally do. So we just want to make sure that
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  information is available and that they understand
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  when those different pollutants kind of go up
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  or down so that they can make decisions for themselves.
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  What sorts of activities or policies does CDPHE
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  use to address air quality concerns at the state
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  level? So many. We're pretty active and have
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  always been at Looking within the authorities
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  that we have, because our authorities are dictated
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  by statute and by what the legislature has said
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  we can do. But to say, how do we use those to
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  best? affect actual emission reductions where
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  we really need them and where people are going
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  to benefit from that. And so we are always looking
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  for and evaluating what kind of policies can
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  we put into place. Some of those can be in the
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  form of rulemakings where we develop a new rule
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  or we revise an existing rule to pull new things
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  in or have additional requirements on source
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  types. So oil and gas is a great example of that.
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  We've done a tremendous amount of work on regulating
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  oil and gas since 2018. and even prior to 2014
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  that has resulted in some of the strictest oil
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  and gas rules in the entire world. And there
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  are a lot of other areas where maybe we haven't
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  had quite as much focus on. And so we're really
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  looking at those now to say, OK, how what else
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  do we need to get to? Because it's one thing
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  to say, yes, we can reduce from this source.
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  But we really need to be looking kind of across
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  where are the best benefits to reduce emissions.
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  We've also seen priority toxic air contaminants
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  where we've been able to give we've gotten authority
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  just only in the last few years to actually regulate
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  those directly. Prior to that, we did not have
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  permission or authority in the statute to regulate
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  those pollutants. And so that's a very exciting
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  thing as someone who has worked to try to reduce
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  emissions from. from air toxics through other
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  mechanisms. But now we have very direct authority
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  to reduce those emissions. And so that is a program
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  that's going to take a long time to really truly
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  build out. But we've started it. And that's a
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  really exciting thing. So a lot of different
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  ways. You know, other ways that we look at this
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  are what are we doing in permitting? How are
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  we? Are there ways that we can adjust or change
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  permit conditions to make sure that things are
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  well communicated and that we can show when they're
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  not complying so that we can then go pursue enforcement,
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  which then ultimately turns around and changes
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  behavior as well. So there are a lot of different
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  ways that we try to accomplish this. We also
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  do a lot of outreach. I mean, a part of the reason
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  why we do so much. outreach not only to the community
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  but also to industrial sources is because sometimes
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  it's an education problem. You know, we need
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  to make sure they know what they're supposed
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  to be doing so that they can have the opportunity
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  to comply and actually reduce those emissions.
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  And so we do a lot of that kind of outreach.
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  But we also do it within the community and within
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  the public because a lot of that pollution is
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  coming from sources we can't directly regulate,
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  like your car. We can't tell you you can only
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  buy a car that can do this. Right. We don't have
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  the authority in Colorado to do that. That's
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  a federal requirement. They can kind of set standards
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  across all cars, but we cannot set individual
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  standards on you as an individual and what car
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  you buy. But we can tell you, OK, here are the
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  pros and cons of these different types of cars.
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  And we can tell you, oh, we have some money that
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  we can offer for electric vehicles so that we
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  can see a reduction in emissions in these localized
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  areas where we really need to see them. So the
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  Denver metro area or any metro area is a really
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  great example. The more electric you have in
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  those concentrated areas. the better because
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  you're reducing the emissions from that local
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  area and allowing for healthier environment in
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  that local area because now you've relocated
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  those emissions to somewhere else where they
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  can be better controlled by power plants. So
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  there's good and bad with all environmental strategies
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  have to be balanced. But really, when we're thinking
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  about this, we have to think about it from. How
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  is this going to help and is it going to accomplish
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  the goal? And so we're always thinking about
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  that. I saw that CDPHE recently adopted measures
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  to control emissions of five new priority air
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  toxic contaminants. Can you tell us a little
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  bit more about those new regulations and how
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  we hope they'll impact air quality in the state?
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  Absolutely. So I mentioned a little bit before,
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  but we really didn't have permission, right,
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  under the statute to regulate hazardous air pollutants
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  historically. It was very limited to only what
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  the federal government had done. And that changed
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  about four years ago. And we were assigned the
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  task, which we were very happy to do, to go and
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  look and identify five priority toxic air contaminants.
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  thousands and thousands of hazardous air pollutants
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  out there. And there are even more that are not
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  considered hazardous air pollutants, but that
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  we might consider toxic air contaminants. So
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  we looked at them and tried to understand which
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  are the ones that are going to have the most
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  opportunity for reductions and the most public
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  health benefit if we address those. And so that's
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  what we did with the first five. The priority
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  toxic air contaminants are things like benzene,
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  formaldehyde, ethylene oxide, hexavalent chromium,
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  and H2S, which is hydrogen sulfide. So those
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  are the five that we identified as being the
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  ones to prioritize first and to really look at.
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  And so there were several steps and several rulemakings
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  that went into getting to the point where in
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  April we were able to bring emission control
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  requirements to the Commission for Adoption.
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  For each of those five, where there are now requirements
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  for some sources of those pollutants to reduce
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  their emissions, either by having an emission
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  standard or by having a new control requirement
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  or by... looking for leaks more often or seeing
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  things that they have to fix more frequently.
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  So there are a lot of different ways. It also
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  could be that they're replacing the use of a
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  certain product. Hexavalent chromium is something
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  that you use in chrome plating. And so... If
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  they use a different type of chemical, they can
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  reduce their hexavalent chromium emissions in
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  their area just by using a different chemical
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  compound to do the chrome plating. So there are
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  a lot of different options, and that's where
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  we started, and we're really excited about those
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  emission control requirements. Where else do
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  those five air toxic pollutants come from typically?
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  They come from a lot of industrial practices,
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  and they're all... All five of them are actually
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  very distinct in terms of the type of industry
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  that they tend to come from. There are some overlaps,
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  but a lot of them are kind of distinct, which
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  did make that a very challenging rulemaking.
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  I mentioned before that hexavalent chromium is
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  a part of chrome plating. And so that's one of
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  the places where those can come from. Another
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  one, there are four others. So ethylene oxide
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  that comes through medical equipment sterilization.
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  We really want to have medical equipment that
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  is healthy and safe to be used in doctor's offices
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  and hospitals. But the sterilization that they
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  use ethylene oxide to actually sterilize that
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  equipment. And when that comes out, it is. considered
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  a priority toxic air contaminant. It's not very
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  healthy for us to breathe. Benzene is another
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  that comes from the refinery, that comes from
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  oil and gas sources. We focused primarily on
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  refineries in this particular rule, largely because
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  so much of the work that we've done on oil and
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  gas over the last decade plus has also reduced
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  a lot of benzene. Benzene is a component of natural
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  gas, so everything we did to reduce our emissions.
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  of other things also reduced benzene kind of
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  at the same rate. So it just really made sense
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  to focus where we did for benzene. Formaldehyde
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  is an interesting one because it comes from anything
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  that burns fuel. So it is generated during wildfires.
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  Any cars or engines or any kind of equipment
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  that non -road engines, so any of the construction
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  equipment out there that's burning fuel, any
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  of those will emit formaldehyde. But it's also
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  something that as the normal process of breakdown
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  of organic compounds in our atmosphere, it also
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  just develops in the atmosphere. Develops when
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  we're burning it at kind of these concentrated
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  levels, but also when it's just breaking out
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  down normally in the atmosphere. It also develops
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  formaldehyde. It's just one of the products.
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  And so that one can be a little bit tricky to
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  try to get a handle on and where is it coming
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  from in a particular case if we're measuring
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  it. But we focused really on engines for that
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  one. And then the last one was hydrogen sulfide,
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  which is a component that often comes from wastewater
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  treatment plants or other kind of breakdown of
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  waste, of organic waste. But it also comes from
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  fossil fuel extraction and refining because,
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  again, fossil fuel and refining are just really
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  old organic matter. And so it is something that
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  can kind of come from that process when there's
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  sulfur in that. mixed in there that will actually
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  generate H2S, which is kind of the stinky component
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  a lot of the time of what we think about coming
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  out of a wastewater treatment. But it also is
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  not great to breathe in high quantities or in
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  high doses. And so it's just another one that
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  we wanted to prioritize. CDAPHE also does a lot
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  of air quality education and outreach and has
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  lots of great resources for people who want to
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  learn more about air quality or get involved.
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  Can you tell us a little bit more about that
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  component of your work? Absolutely. This is one
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  of the things that I'm so incredibly excited
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  about. We have... done a lot over the last six
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  or seven or eight years to go from not really
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  having a whole lot of formalized outreach to
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  having whole programs that only do outreach and
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  their goal is just to make better relationships
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  with communities provide better information build
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  out our websites so there's an incredible amount
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  of work that goes in With our with our team that
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  actually goes out into the community. And one
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  of the things that they've been doing is putting
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  together either. kind of generalized air quality
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  101 types of trainings just to talk about what
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  does it mean? What does air quality mean? What
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  does that mean in the sense of what they can
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  do? And then also where there are specific concerns
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  or if there are areas of interest or when we
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  are going to do a rulemaking, for example, we
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  will have a lot more outreach to communities
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  that might be affected as well as the public
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  in general and talk about what it is that we're
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  considering doing. why we're considering doing
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  it in the way that we're proposing, what that
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  means, and what kind of options can we take or
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  what kind of information can we take to make
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  sure that we are taking into consideration the
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  feedback that we get from the public and from
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  communities. And so there's a lot of really neat
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  opportunities to learn more. And we hope that
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  people will take the time to go and look. At
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  all of the websites that we put together, we
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  have a lot of different really data heavy websites.
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  So you can go if you want to like go down into
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  the weeds, but also higher level. Like this is
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  kind of generally what this stuff means on our
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  website to try to provide information at whatever
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  level is most helpful to different people. So
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  that has been, I think, one of the things I'm
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  most proud of the division in doing over the
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  last several years is developing out that program.
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  We've talked a lot about policies at the state
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  level that can help improve air quality. Are
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  there steps that individuals can take in their
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  day -to -day lives to help improve the air quality
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  in their region? Yeah, absolutely. Some of the
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  things that we as an air agency have the hardest
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  time trying to address are things that have to
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  do with kind of personal behavior. And that might
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  be what kind of lawn equipment you buy and use,
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  whether it's electric or it's gas powered. What
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  kind of choices you make in terms of vehicles.
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  You know, we do. provide incentives for purchasing
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  electric vehicles but that is still not necessarily
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  readily available to a lot of people but there
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  are still things that can be done like filling
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  up your car later in the day because every time
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  you fill up your car there are volatile organic
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  compounds that come out that mix with the other
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  pollutants and create ozone and so anything that
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  that can be done to kind of limit those all being
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  in our atmosphere in that hottest part of the
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  day the better um so a lot of times especially
• 22:08
  when it comes to ozone it's not about total it's
• 22:11
  kind of about win. There's a lot of emphasis
• 22:14
  on win because it's when we have those really
• 22:16
  long, sunny days that we tend to have a lot more
• 22:21
  ozone development. And so if we can reduce emissions
• 22:24
  during those time periods to be later in the
• 22:27
  evening or early, early morning, then we can
• 22:30
  potentially see some benefit. And everyone is
• 22:35
  definitely important to contribute to that. So
• 22:38
  another thing is just Fires, as much as we all
• 22:43
  love our fires, and I certainly am one that does,
• 22:46
  we, you know, look at air quality in our kind
• 22:50
  of local area and our neighborhoods. And sometimes
• 22:53
  you have poor air quality because we've got a
• 22:57
  certain weather event. And then if everyone's
• 22:59
  burning their fires, then that can create issues,
• 23:02
  whether it's an indoor or outside kind of fireplace.
• 23:05
  And then, of course. Please be careful this summer
• 23:10
  for wildfire protection because I think we all
• 23:13
  know that we have a higher risk this year and
• 23:15
  we want to make sure that people are safe and
• 23:19
  healthy and we would love to see as much prevention
• 23:22
  of wildfires as we can for all of our benefit.
• 23:25
  If people would like to learn more about air
• 23:27
  quality, sign up for alerts this summer, find
• 23:31
  historical data, any of the things that we talked
• 23:33
  about today, where can they go to do so? We have
• 23:36
  some really great websites that we can provide
• 23:40
  people and we will provide those to you that
• 23:42
  you can absolutely please share. We've also got
• 23:46
  email listservs that people can sign up for.
• 23:49
  So if there are specific topics that you're interested
• 23:51
  in, we can sign up for that listserv and then
• 23:54
  you'll get the emails anytime that we are going
• 23:56
  to be doing something related to that topic.
• 23:58
  So I really hope that. If you're interested in
• 24:02
  learning more, that you go and take a look at
• 24:05
  our websites, see what we've got. We'll share
• 24:08
  all of that detail with you here. And please
• 24:13
  get involved and contribute and help us all have
• 24:17
  good and better air quality as we move forward.
• 24:22
  Awesome, Steph. Thank you so much for joining
• 24:24
  us today. Of course. Thank you. To learn more
• 24:27
  about the Air Pollution Control Division or sign
• 24:30
  up for air quality alerts, visit cdphe .colorado
• 24:34
  .gov slash apcd. You can also find that link
• 24:40
  in today's show notes. Do you have a question
• 24:47
  about public health in Larimer County or a topic
• 24:50
  you'd like us to discuss? Let us know. Email
• 24:53
  us at healthiertogether at larimer .org. Thanks
• 24:56
  for listening, Larimer County. Until next week,
• 24:59
  stay well, stay connected, and remember, we really
• 25:01
  are healthier together.