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04 - William Penn by George Hodges · William Penn

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  Speaker 1: Chapter four of William Penn by George Hodges. This LibriVox
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  Speaker 1: recording is in the public domain. Read by Richard Vogel,
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  Speaker 1: Penn becomes a Quaker, persecution and controversy. William now began
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  Speaker 1: to attend Quaker meetings, though he was still dressed in
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  Speaker 1: the gay fashions which he had learned in France. His
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  Speaker 1: sincerity was soon tested. A proclamation made against Fifth Monarchy
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  Speaker 1: men was so enforced as to affect Quakers. A meeting
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  Speaker 1: at which Penn was present was broken in upon by
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  Speaker 1: constables backed with soldiers, who rudely and arbitrarily required every
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  Speaker 1: man's appearance before the mayor, among others. They violently hailed
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  Speaker 1: Penn from jail. He wrote to the Earl of Orry,
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  Speaker 1: President of Munster, making a stout protest. It was his
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  Speaker 1: first public utterance diversities of faith and conduct. He argued,
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  Speaker 1: contribute not to the disturbance of any place where moral
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  Speaker 1: conformity is barely requisite to preserve the peace. He reminded
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  Speaker 1: his lordship that he himself had not long since concluded
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  Speaker 1: no way so effectual to improve or advantage this country
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  Speaker 1: as to dispense with freedom to act freely in all
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  Speaker 1: things pertaining to conscience. Penn wrote so much during his
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  Speaker 1: long life that his selected works make five large volumes.
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  Speaker 1: Many of these pages are devoted to the statement of
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  Speaker 1: Quaker theology. Some are occupied with descriptions of his colonial possessions.
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  Speaker 1: Some are given to counsels and conclusions drawn from experience
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  Speaker 1: and dealing with human life in general. But there is
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  Speaker 1: one idea which continually recurs, sometimes made the subject of
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  Speaker 1: a thesis, sometimes entering by the way, and that is
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  Speaker 1: the popular right of liberty of conscience. It was for
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  Speaker 1: this that he worked and chiefly lived most of his life.
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  Speaker 1: Here it is set forth with all clearness in the
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  Speaker 1: first public word which he wrote, Williams's letter Opened the
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  Speaker 1: Jail Doors. It is likely, however, that the signature was
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  Speaker 1: more influential than the epistle, for his Quaker associates seemed
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  Speaker 1: not to have come out with him. The fact that
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  Speaker 1: probably weighed most with the Lord President was that Penn
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  Speaker 1: was the son of his father, the Admiral and the
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  Speaker 1: protege of Wormond. His father called him home. It was
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  Speaker 1: on the third of September that william was arrested. On
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  Speaker 1: the twenty ninth of December, being a Lord's Day, Missus
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  Speaker 1: Turner calls upon mister and Missus Peeps for an evening
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  Speaker 1: of cheerful conversation, and there, among other talks, she tells
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  Speaker 1: me that mister William Penn, who has lately come over
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  Speaker 1: from Ireland, is a Quaker. Again are some very melancholy
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  Speaker 1: thing that he cares for no company nor comes in tanny.
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  Speaker 1: Admiral Penn was sorely disappointed neither France nor Ireland had
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  Speaker 1: availed to ween his son from his religious eccentricities into
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  Speaker 1: the pleasant society where his father had hoped to see
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  Speaker 1: him shine. He declined to enter, he said, the and
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  Speaker 1: now in war's hat, especially upon these points of manners,
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  Speaker 1: The young man and his father had long discussions. The
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  Speaker 1: Admiral insists that William should refrain from making himself socially ridiculous,
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  Speaker 1: though even here he was willing to make a reasonable compromise.
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  Speaker 1: You may thee and thou whom you please, he said,
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  Speaker 1: except the King, the Duke of York, and myself. But
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  Speaker 1: the young convert declined to make any exceptions. Thereupon, for
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  Speaker 1: the second time, the Admiral thrust his son out of
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  Speaker 1: the house. The Quakers received him. He was thenceforth accounted
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  Speaker 1: among them as a teacher, a leader, in their phrase,
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  Speaker 1: a public friend. This was in sixteen sixty eight, when
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  Speaker 1: he was twenty four years old. The work of a
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  Speaker 1: Quaker minister at that time was made interesting and difficult,
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  Speaker 1: not only by the social and ecclesiastical prejudices against which
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  Speaker 1: he must go, but by certain laws which limited free
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  Speaker 1: speech and free action. The young preacher speedily made himself
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  Speaker 1: obnoxious to both these kinds of laws. Of the three
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  Speaker 1: years which followed he spent more than a third of
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  Speaker 1: the time in prison, being once confined for saying and
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  Speaker 1: twice for doing what the laws forbade. The religious world
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  Speaker 1: was filled with controversy. There were discussions in the meeting houses,
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  Speaker 1: and a constant stream of pamphlets came from the press,
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  Speaker 1: part argument and part abuse. Even mild mannered men called
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  Speaker 1: each other names. The Quakers found it necessary to join
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  Speaker 1: in this rough give and take, and Penn entered at
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  Speaker 1: once into this vigorous exercise. He began a long series
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  Speaker 1: of light documents with a tract entitled Truth Exalted. The
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  Speaker 1: intent of it was to show that the Roman Catholics,
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  Speaker 1: churchmen and Puritans alike were all shamefully in air wandering
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  Speaker 1: in the blackness of darkness, given overt idle superstition, and
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  Speaker 1: being of a character to correspond with their fond beliefs. Meanwhile,
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  Speaker 1: the Quakers were the only people then resident in Christendom
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  Speaker 1: whose creed was absolutely true and their lives consistent with it.
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  Speaker 1: Cami says, answer me, first, you Papists, where did the
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  Speaker 1: scriptures enjoy baby baptism, churching of women marrying by priests,
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  Speaker 1: holy water to frighten the devil? Come now, you that
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  Speaker 1: are called Protestants, And first those who are called Episcopalians.
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  Speaker 1: Where do the scriptures own such persecutors, false prophets, tithemongers,
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  Speaker 1: deniers of revelations, opposers of perfection, men pleasers, time servers,
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  Speaker 1: unprofitable teachers. The Separatists are similarly cudgeled there, groveling in
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  Speaker 1: bitterly elements, imitations and shadows of heavenly things. Presently, a
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  Speaker 1: Presbyterian minister named Vincent attacked Quakerism. Joseph Baes, Penn's earliest biographer,
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  Speaker 1: says that Vincent was transported with fiery zeal, which, as
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  Speaker 1: he remarks in parentheses, is a thing fertile of ill language.
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  Speaker 1: Penn challenged him to a public debate, and this not
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  Speaker 1: giving the Quaker champion an opportunity to say all that
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  Speaker 1: was in his mind. He wrote a pamphlet called The
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  Speaker 1: Sandy Foundation Shaken. The full title was much longer than
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  Speaker 1: this in the manner of the time, and announced the
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  Speaker 1: author's purpose to refute three generally believed and applauded doctrines.
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  Speaker 1: First of one God subsisting in three distinct and separate persons,
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  Speaker 1: Second of the impossibility of divine pardon without the making
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  Speaker 1: of a complete satisfaction, and third of the justification of
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  Speaker 1: impure persons by an imputed righteousness. Penn's handling of the
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  Speaker 1: doctrine of the Trinity in this treatise gave much offense.
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  Speaker 1: He had taken the position of his fellow religionists that
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  Speaker 1: the learning of the schools was a hindrance to religion.
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  Speaker 1: He sought to divest the great statements of the Creed
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  Speaker 1: from the subtleties of medieval philosophy. He proposed to return
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  Speaker 1: to the Scripture itself, back of all councils and formulas,
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  Speaker 1: asserting accordingly the being and unity of Father, Son and
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  Speaker 1: Holy Ghost. He so refused all that the conventional phrases
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  Speaker 1: of the theologians as to seem to them to reject
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  Speaker 1: the doctrine of the Trinity itself. He did deny the
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  Speaker 1: distinct and separate persons in the unity of essence. If
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  Speaker 1: the word person has one meaning, pen was right. If
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  Speaker 1: it has another meaning, he was wrong. If a person
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  Speaker 1: is an individual, then the assertion is that there are
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  Speaker 1: three gods. But if the word signifies a distinction in
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  Speaker 1: the divine nature, then the unity of God remains. As
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  Speaker 1: so often happens in doctrinal contention, he and his critics
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  Speaker 1: used the same words with different definitions. The consequence was
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  Speaker 1: that the Bishop of London had him put in prison.
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  Speaker 1: He was restrained for seven months in the Tower. The
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  Speaker 1: English prison of the seventeenth century was a place of disease,
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  Speaker 1: disease of body and misery of mind. Penn was kept
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  Speaker 1: in close confinement, and the bishop sent him word that
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  Speaker 1: he must either recant or dire prisoner. I told him,
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  Speaker 1: says Penn, that the tower was the worst argument in
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  Speaker 1: the world to convince me, for whoever was in the wrong,
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  Speaker 1: those who used force for religion could never be in
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  Speaker 1: the right. He declared that his prison should be his grave,
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  Speaker 1: before he would budge a jot. Thus six months passed,
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  Speaker 1: but the situation was intolerable. It is sometimes necessary to
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  Speaker 1: die for a difference of opinion, but it is not
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  Speaker 1: advisable to do so for a simple misunderstanding. Penn and
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  Speaker 1: the Bishop were actually in accord. The young author therefore
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  Speaker 1: wrote an explanation of his book entitled Innocent See with
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  Speaker 1: their open face. At the same time, he addressed a
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  Speaker 1: letter to Lord Arlington, Principal Secretary of State. In the letter,
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  Speaker 1: he maintained that he had subverted no faith, obedience, or
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  Speaker 1: good life, and he insisted on the natural right of
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  Speaker 1: liberty of conscience to concede. He said that men must
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  Speaker 1: form their faith of things proper to another world by
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  Speaker 1: the prescriptions of mortal men, or else they can have
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  Speaker 1: no right to eat, drink, sleep, walk, trade, or be
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  Speaker 1: it liberty and live in This to me seems both
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  Speaker 1: ridiculous and dangerous. These writings gained him his liberty. The
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  Speaker 1: Duke of York made intercession for him with the King.
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  Speaker 1: Pennett occupied himself while in prison with the composition of
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  Speaker 1: a considerable work called No Cross No It is partly controversial,
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  Speaker 1: setting forth the reasons for the Quaker faith and practice,
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  Speaker 1: and partly devotional exalting self sacrifice and urging men to
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  Speaker 1: simpler and more spiritual living. Thus, the months of his
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  Speaker 1: imprisonment had been of value both to him and to
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  Speaker 1: the religious movement with which he had identified himself. The Quakers,
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  Speaker 1: when Penn joined them, had no adequate literary expression of
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  Speaker 1: their thought. They were, most of them intensely earnest, but
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  Speaker 1: uneducated persons who spoke great truths somewhat incoherently. Pen gave
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  Speaker 1: Quaker theology a systematic and dignified statement. When he came
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  Speaker 1: out of the tower, he went home to his father.
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  Speaker 1: The Admiral had now recovered from his first indignation. William
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  Speaker 1: was still, he said across to him, but he had
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  Speaker 1: made up his mind to endure it. Indeed, the world
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  Speaker 1: into which he had desired his son to enter was
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  Speaker 1: not at that moment. Treating the admiral well, He was
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  Speaker 1: suffering impeachment and the gout. At the same time, he
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  Speaker 1: saw that William's religion was giving him a serenity in
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  Speaker 1: the midst of evil fortune, which he himself did not possess.
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  Speaker 1: He could appreciate his heroic spirit. He admired him in
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  Speaker 1: spite of himself. William then spent nearly a year in
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  Speaker 1: Ireland administering his father's estates. When he returned in sixteen seventy,
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  Speaker 1: he found his Quaker brethren in greater trouble than before.
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  Speaker 1: In that perilous season of plots and rumors of plots,
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  Speaker 1: when Protestants lived in dread of Roman Catholics, and churchmen
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  Speaker 1: knew not at what moment the Puritans might again repeat
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  Speaker 1: the tragedies of them Commonwealth, neither church nor state dared
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  Speaker 1: to take risks. The reigns of Mary and of Cromwell
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  Speaker 1: were so recent an experience, The Papists and the Presbyterians
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  Speaker 1: were so many and so hostile, that it seemed unsafe
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  Speaker 1: to permit the assembling of persons concerning whose intentions there
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  Speaker 1: could be any doubt any company might undertake a conspiracy.
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  Speaker 1: The result of this feeling on the part of both
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  Speaker 1: the civil and the ecclesiastical authorities was a series of ordinances,
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  Speaker 1: reasonable enough under the circumstances, and perhaps necessary, but which
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  Speaker 1: made life hard for such stout and frank descenders as
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  Speaker 1: the Quakers. At the time of Penn's return from Ireland,
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  Speaker 1: it had been determined to enforce the Conventical Act, which
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  Speaker 1: prohibited all religious meetings except those of the Church of England.
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  Speaker 1: There was therefore a general arresting of these suspicious friends
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  Speaker 1: of Pens. In the middle of the summer, Penn himself
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  Speaker 1: was arrested. The young preacher had gone to a meeting
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  Speaker 1: house of the Quakers in Gracechurch or Gracious Street in London,
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  Speaker 1: and had found the door shut and a file of
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  Speaker 1: soldiers barring the way. The congregation thereupon held a meeting
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  Speaker 1: in the street, keeping their customary silence until someone should
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  Speaker 1: be moved to speak. It was not long before the
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  Speaker 1: spirit moved Pen. He was immediately arrested and William meade
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  Speaker 1: a linen draper with him, and the two were brought
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  Speaker 1: before the Mayor. The charge was that they unlawfully and
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  Speaker 1: tumultuously did assemble and congregate themselves together to the disturbance
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  Speaker 1: of the King's peace, and to the great tear and
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  Speaker 1: disturbance of any of his liege people and subjects. They
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  Speaker 1: were committed as rioters and sent to await trial at
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  Speaker 1: the sign of the Black Dog in Newgate Market. At
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  Speaker 1: the trial, Penn entered the courtroom wearing his hat. A
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  Speaker 1: constable promptly pulled it off, and was ordered by the
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  Speaker 1: judge to replace it in order that he might find
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  Speaker 1: the Quaker forty marks for keeping it on. Thus the
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  Speaker 1: proceedings appropriately began. William tried in vain to learn the
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  Speaker 1: terms of the law under which he was arrested, maintaining
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  Speaker 1: that he was innocent of any illegal act. Finally, after
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  Speaker 1: an absurd and unjust hearing, the jury, who appreciated the situation,
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  Speaker 1: brought in a verdict of guilty of speaking in gracious Street.
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  Speaker 1: The judges refused to accept the verdict and kept the
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  Speaker 1: jury without food or drink for two days, trying to
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  Speaker 1: make them say guilty of speaking in gracious Street to
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  Speaker 1: an unlawful assembly. At Last, the jury brought in a
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  Speaker 1: formal verdict of not guilty, which the court was compelled
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  Speaker 1: to accept. Thereupon the judges find every juryman forty marks
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  Speaker 1: for contempt of court, and Penn and the jurors, refusing
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  Speaker 1: to pay their fines, were all imprisoned in Newgate. The
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  Speaker 1: Court of Common Pleas presently reversed the judge's decision and
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  Speaker 1: released the jury. Penn was also released against his own
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  Speaker 1: protest by the payment of his fine. By his father.
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  Speaker 1: The Admiral was in his last sickness. He was weary,
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  Speaker 1: he said, of the world. It had not proved, after
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  Speaker 1: all to be a satisfactory world. He did not grieve
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  Speaker 1: now that his son had renounced it. At the same time,
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  Speaker 1: he could not help but feel that the friendship of
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  Speaker 1: the world was a valuable possession, and he had therefore
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  Speaker 1: requested his patron, the Duke of York, to be his
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  Speaker 1: son's friend. Both the Duke and the King had promised
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  Speaker 1: their good counsel and protection. Thus, with a gentle and
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  Speaker 1: even gale, as it says on his tombstone, in much peace,
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  Speaker 1: he arrived and anchored in his last and best port
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  Speaker 1: at Wanstead, in the County of Essex, the sixteenth of
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  Speaker 1: September sixteen seventy, Being then but forty nine years and
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  Speaker 1: four months old. The Admiral's death left his son with
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  Speaker 1: an annual income of about fifteen hundred pounds. This wealth, however,
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  Speaker 1: made no stay in his quaker's zeal. Before the year
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  Speaker 1: was ended, he was again in prison. Sir John Robinson,
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  Speaker 1: the Lieutenant of the Tower, had been one of the
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  Speaker 1: judges in the affair of Gracious Street. It'd either taken
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  Speaker 1: a dislike to Penn or else was deeply impressed with
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  Speaker 1: the conviction that the young Quaker was apperil to the state.
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  Speaker 1: Finding that there was to be a meeting in Wheeler
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  Speaker 1: Street at which William was expected, he sent soldiers and
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  Speaker 1: arrested him. They conveyed him to the tower, where he
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  Speaker 1: was examined. I vowed, mister Penn, said Sir John, I
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  Speaker 1: am sorry for you, for you are an ingenious gentleman.
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  Speaker 1: All the world must allow you and do allow you that,
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  Speaker 1: and you have a plentiful estate. Why should you render
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  Speaker 1: yourself unhappy by associating with such a simple people? That
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  Speaker 1: was the suspicious fact. Men in Robinson's position could not
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  Speaker 1: understand why Penn should join his fortunes with those of
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  Speaker 1: people so different from himself, poor, ignorant, and obscure. Unless
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  Speaker 1: there were some hidden motive, he must be either a
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  Speaker 1: political conspirator, or, as many said, a jesuit in disguise,
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  Speaker 1: which amounted to the same thing. You do nothing, said
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  Speaker 1: Sir John, but stir up the people to sedition. He
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  Speaker 1: required him to take an oath that it is not lawful,
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  Speaker 1: upon any pretense whatsoever, to take up arms against the king,
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  Speaker 1: and that he would not endeavor any alteration of government,
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  Speaker 1: either in church or state. Penn would not swear. He
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  Speaker 1: was therefore sentenced for six months to Newgate. I wish
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  Speaker 1: you wiser, said Robinson, and I wish thee better, retorted Penn.
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  Speaker 1: Send a corporal, said the lieutenant, with a file of
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  Speaker 1: musketeers along with him. No no broke in Pen, Sennai Lackey,
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  Speaker 1: I know the way to Newgate. William continued imprison during
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  Speaker 1: the entire period of his sentence, at first in a
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  Speaker 1: room for which he paid the jailers, then by his
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  Speaker 1: own choice, with his fellow Quakers, in the common stinking jail.
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  Speaker 1: Even here, however, he managed it as before to write,
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  Speaker 1: and he must have access to books, for what he
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  Speaker 1: wrote could not have been composed without sight of the
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  Speaker 1: authors from whom he quoted. The most important of his
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  Speaker 1: writings at this time was the great case of liberty
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  Speaker 1: of conscience, once more briefly debated and defended by the
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  Speaker 1: authority of reason, scripture, and antiquity. Being released from prison,
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  Speaker 1: Penn set out for the continent, where he traveled in
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  Speaker 1: Germany and Holland, holding meetings as opportunity offered, and regaining
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  Speaker 1: such strength of body as he may have lost amidst
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  Speaker 1: the rigors of confinement. In sixteen seventy two, being now
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  Speaker 1: back in England and having reached the age of twenty
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  Speaker 1: seven years, he married Gallima Maria Springent, a young and
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  Speaker 1: charming quakeress. Julie Springett's father had died when she was
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  Speaker 1: but twenty three years old, after such valiant service on
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  Speaker 1: the parliamentary side in the Civil War that he had
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  Speaker 1: been knighted by the Speaker of the House of Commons.
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  Speaker 1: Her mother, thus bereft, had married Isaac Pennington, a quiet
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  Speaker 1: country gentleman, in whose company, after some search for satisfaction
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  Speaker 1: and religion, she had become a Quaker. Bennington's Quakerism, together
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  Speaker 1: with the sufferings which it brought upon him, had made
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  Speaker 1: him known to Penn. It was to him that Penn
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  Speaker 1: had written three years before to describe the death of
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  Speaker 1: Thomas Lowe. Taking me by the hand, said William. He spoke, Thus,
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  Speaker 1: dear heart, bear thy cross, stand faithful for God, and
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  Speaker 1: bear thy testimony in thy day and generation, and God
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  Speaker 1: will give thee an eternal crown of glory that none
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  Speaker 1: shall ever take from me. There is not another way.
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  Speaker 1: Bear thy cross stand, faithful for God. It was in
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  Speaker 1: Pennington's house that Thomas Elwood lived as tutor to Julie
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  Speaker 1: and the other children, to whom, one day in sixteen
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  Speaker 1: fifty five had come his friend John Milton, bringing a
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  Speaker 1: manuscript for him to read. He asked me how I
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  Speaker 1: liked it and what I thought of it, which I
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  Speaker 1: modestly but freely told him, And after some further disasse
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  Speaker 1: about it, I pleasantly said to him, thou hast said
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  Speaker 1: much here of paradise lost, But what hast thou to
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  Speaker 1: say about paradise found? Whereupon the poet wrote his second epic.
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  Speaker 1: Elwood has left a happy description of Julie Springet. She was,
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  Speaker 1: in all respects, he says, a very desirable woman, whether
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  Speaker 1: regards was had to her outward appearance, which wanted nothing
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  Speaker 1: to render her completely comely, or as to the endowments
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  Speaker 1: of her mind, which were every way extraordinary. And he
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  Speaker 1: speaks of her innocent, open, free conversation, and of the
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  Speaker 1: abundant affability, courtesy, and sweetness of her natural temper. Her
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  Speaker 1: portrait fits with this description, showing a bright face in
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  Speaker 1: a small dark hood, with a white cur over her shoulders.
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  Speaker 1: Both her ancestry and her breeding would dispose her to
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  Speaker 1: appreciate heroism, especially such as was shown in the cause
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  Speaker 1: of religion. She found the hero of her dreams in
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  Speaker 1: William Penn Thus at Amersham in the spring of sixteen
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  Speaker 1: seventy two. The two stood up in some quiet company
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  Speaker 1: of friends, and with prayer and joining of hands, reunited
• 25:30
  Speaker 1: in marriage. My dear wife, he wrote to her ten
• 25:35
  Speaker 1: years later, as he set out for America. Remember thou
• 25:40
  Speaker 1: hast the love of my youth, and much the joy
• 25:44
  Speaker 1: of my life, the most beloved, as well as the
• 25:48
  Speaker 1: most worthy of all earthly comforts. God knows, and thou
• 25:53
  Speaker 1: knowest it. I can say it was a match of
• 25:56
  Speaker 1: providences making the declaration of indulgence. The King's suspension of
• 26:03
  Speaker 1: the penalties legally incurred by dissent came conveniently at this
• 26:08
  Speaker 1: time to give them a honeymoon of peace and tranquility.
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: They took up their residence at Rickmansworth in Hertfordshire. In
• 26:18
  Speaker 1: the autumn, William set out again upon his missionary journeys,
• 26:21
  Speaker 1: preaching in twenty one towns in twenty one days. The
• 26:26
  Speaker 1: Lord sealed up our labors and travels. He wrote in
• 26:29
  Speaker 1: his journal, according to the desire of my soul and spirit,
• 26:34
  Speaker 1: with his heavenly refreshments and sweet living power and word
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: of life, unto the reaching of all, and consolidting our
• 26:45
  Speaker 1: own hearts abundantly. So he returned with the blessings of peace, which,
• 26:51
  Speaker 1: as he said, is a reward beyond all earthly treasure.
• 26:58
  Speaker 1: End of Chapter four s