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Okay, but why is a bird’s world more colorful? · Okay, But... Birds

• 0:00
  It's
• 0:00
  hard
• 0:00
  to
• 0:00
  beat
• 0:00
  a
• 0:00
  Kitinga
• 0:01
  for
• 0:01
  just
• 0:02
  bright,
• 0:03
  vibrant
• 0:03
  plumage.
• 0:04
  Their
• 0:04
  feathers
• 0:05
  were
• 0:05
  highly
• 0:05
  sought
• 0:06
  after
• 0:06
  by
• 0:06
  Victorian
• 0:07
  fly
• 0:08
  tires.
• 0:08
  Yeah,
• 0:08
  but
• 0:09
  we
• 0:09
  have
• 0:09
  some
• 0:09
  in
• 0:09
  our
• 0:10
  collection.
• 0:10
  And
• 0:10
  every
• 0:10
  time
• 0:10
  I
• 0:11
  open
• 0:11
  that
• 0:11
  drawer,
• 0:11
  people
• 0:12
  are
• 0:12
  like,
• 0:12
  what?
• 0:12
  That's
• 0:12
  a
• 0:12
  bird?
• 0:13
  That's
• 0:13
  real.
• 0:13
  Yes,
• 0:14
  it
• 0:14
  is
• 0:14
  real.
• 0:15
  It's
• 0:15
  amazing.
• 0:39
  Seeing
• 0:39
  a
• 0:40
  new
• 0:40
  species
• 0:40
  of
• 0:40
  bird
• 0:41
  is
• 0:41
  always
• 0:41
  exciting,
• 0:42
  but
• 0:42
  it
• 0:42
  doesn't
• 0:42
  always
• 0:42
  make
• 0:43
  my
• 0:43
  brain
• 0:43
  short
• 0:43
  circuit.
• 0:44
  Sometimes,
• 0:45
  though,
• 0:45
  it
• 0:45
  does.
• 0:45
  And
• 0:46
  those
• 0:46
  moments
• 0:46
  really
• 0:46
  stick
• 0:47
  with
• 0:47
  you.
• 0:47
  It
• 0:48
  was
• 0:48
  my
• 0:48
  first
• 0:48
  time
• 0:48
  in
• 0:48
  the
• 0:48
  Amazon
• 0:49
  rainforest,
• 0:49
  which
• 0:50
  is
• 0:50
  already
• 0:50
  an
• 0:50
  overwhelming
• 0:51
  place
• 0:51
  to
• 0:51
  be.
• 0:52
  The
• 0:52
  heat,
• 0:52
  the
• 0:52
  songs
• 0:53
  and
• 0:53
  calls
• 0:53
  from
• 0:53
  birds,
• 0:54
  insects
• 0:54
  and
• 0:54
  mammals.
• 0:55
  We
• 0:55
  were
• 0:56
  deep
• 0:56
  in
• 0:56
  rainforest
• 0:57
  green,
• 0:57
  floating
• 0:57
  along
• 0:58
  the
• 0:58
  Tipitini
• 0:59
  river
• 0:59
  inside
• 0:59
  Yasuni
• 1:00
  national
• 1:00
  park
• 1:00
  in
• 1:00
  Ecuador,
• 1:01
  surrounded
• 1:01
  by
• 1:02
  that
• 1:02
  green
• 1:03
  that
• 1:03
  feels
• 1:03
  like
• 1:03
  a
• 1:03
  has
• 1:04
  its
• 1:04
  own
• 1:04
  humidity
• 1:04
  setting.
• 1:05
  Everything
• 1:05
  is
• 1:06
  dripping,
• 1:06
  everything
• 1:06
  is
• 1:07
  loud.
• 1:07
  And
• 1:07
  then
• 1:08
  up
• 1:08
  in
• 1:08
  the
• 1:08
  canopy
• 1:08
  along
• 1:09
  the
• 1:09
  river's
• 1:09
  edge,
• 1:09
  we
• 1:09
  spot
• 1:10
  it.
• 1:10
  A
• 1:10
  plum
• 1:11
  throated
• 1:11
  ktinga.
• 1:12
  Just
• 1:13
  sitting
• 1:13
  there
• 1:13
  like
• 1:13
  it
• 1:13
  knows
• 1:14
  it's
• 1:14
  the
• 1:14
  main
• 1:14
  character.
• 1:14
  This
• 1:15
  unreal
• 1:15
  saturated
• 1:16
  punch
• 1:16
  of
• 1:16
  color
• 1:17
  against
• 1:17
  all
• 1:18
  of
• 1:18
  that
• 1:18
  green
• 1:18
  foliage.
• 1:19
  It
• 1:19
  was
• 1:19
  truly
• 1:19
  astounding.
• 1:20
  One
• 1:21
  of
• 1:21
  those
• 1:21
  birds
• 1:21
  that
• 1:21
  makes
• 1:21
  you
• 1:22
  whisper,
• 1:22
  no
• 1:22
  way.
• 1:23
  And
• 1:24
  here's
• 1:24
  the
• 1:24
  part
• 1:24
  that
• 1:24
  messed
• 1:25
  me
• 1:25
  up.
• 1:25
  That
• 1:25
  bird,
• 1:25
  that
• 1:26
  jaw
• 1:26
  dropping
• 1:26
  color
• 1:27
  I
• 1:27
  could
• 1:27
  barely
• 1:27
  process,
• 1:28
  was
• 1:28
  only
• 1:28
  the
• 1:29
  human
• 1:29
  version
• 1:29
  of
• 1:29
  the
• 1:29
  message.
• 1:30
  Because
• 1:30
  bird
• 1:31
  vision
• 1:31
  isn't
• 1:31
  just
• 1:32
  more
• 1:32
  color.
• 1:32
  It's
• 1:32
  a
• 1:32
  different
• 1:33
  visual
• 1:33
  operating
• 1:34
  system.
• 1:35
  And
• 1:35
  the
• 1:35
  cool
• 1:35
  thing
• 1:35
  is,
• 1:36
  scientists
• 1:36
  didn't
• 1:36
  even
• 1:36
  realize
• 1:37
  that
• 1:37
  until
• 1:37
  the
• 1:37
  1970s,
• 1:38
  when
• 1:38
  researchers
• 1:39
  started
• 1:39
  running
• 1:39
  simple
• 1:40
  but
• 1:40
  mind
• 1:40
  bending
• 1:41
  experiments,
• 1:41
  training
• 1:42
  birds
• 1:42
  to
• 1:42
  tell
• 1:42
  the
• 1:42
  difference
• 1:43
  between
• 1:43
  lights
• 1:43
  that
• 1:43
  looked
• 1:44
  identical
• 1:44
  to
• 1:44
  humans.
• 1:45
  Only
• 1:45
  to
• 1:46
  find
• 1:46
  the
• 1:46
  birds
• 1:46
  consistently
• 1:47
  saw
• 1:47
  the
• 1:47
  ultraviolet
• 1:48
  option.
• 1:49
  That
• 1:49
  discovery
• 1:50
  basically
• 1:50
  opened
• 1:51
  our
• 1:51
  eyes
• 1:51
  to
• 1:51
  an
• 1:51
  invisible
• 1:52
  layer
• 1:52
  of
• 1:52
  bird
• 1:52
  communication.
• 1:53
  No
• 1:53
  pun
• 1:53
  intended.
• 1:54
  And
• 1:54
  it
• 1:55
  changed
• 1:55
  how
• 1:55
  we
• 1:55
  understand
• 1:55
  plumage
• 1:56
  forever.
• 1:57
  On
• 1:57
  top
• 1:57
  of
• 1:58
  their
• 1:58
  ability
• 1:58
  to
• 1:58
  see
• 1:58
  in
• 1:58
  the
• 1:59
  ultraviolet
• 1:59
  spectrum,
• 2:00
  bird
• 2:00
  eyes
• 2:00
  also
• 2:01
  have
• 2:01
  built
• 2:01
  in
• 2:01
  filters
• 2:02
  called
• 2:02
  oil
• 2:02
  droplets
• 2:03
  that
• 2:03
  can
• 2:03
  sharpen
• 2:04
  how
• 2:04
  they
• 2:04
  separate
• 2:04
  colors.
• 2:05
  Like
• 2:05
  nature
• 2:06
  installed
• 2:06
  a
• 2:06
  higher
• 2:07
  end
• 2:07
  lens
• 2:07
  on
• 2:07
  the
• 2:07
  same
• 2:08
  camera
• 2:08
  body,
• 2:09
  Many
• 2:09
  species
• 2:09
  also
• 2:10
  pick
• 2:10
  up
• 2:10
  cues
• 2:10
  we
• 2:11
  barely
• 2:11
  register,
• 2:11
  like
• 2:12
  finer
• 2:12
  motion
• 2:12
  detail
• 2:12
  and
• 2:13
  faster
• 2:13
  flicker.
• 2:14
  Because
• 2:14
  they
• 2:14
  have
• 2:15
  two
• 2:15
  to
• 2:15
  five
• 2:15
  times
• 2:15
  the
• 2:16
  number
• 2:16
  of
• 2:16
  cells
• 2:16
  in
• 2:16
  their
• 2:16
  eyes
• 2:17
  that
• 2:17
  function
• 2:17
  during
• 2:17
  the
• 2:18
  daytime.
• 2:18
  So
• 2:18
  when
• 2:19
  two
• 2:19
  birds
• 2:19
  look
• 2:19
  at
• 2:19
  each
• 2:19
  other,
• 2:20
  they're
• 2:20
  not
• 2:20
  just
• 2:20
  seeing
• 2:20
  prettier,
• 2:21
  they're
• 2:22
  seeing
• 2:22
  more
• 2:22
  information,
• 2:23
  more
• 2:23
  contrast,
• 2:24
  more
• 2:24
  signal,
• 2:25
  more
• 2:25
  meaning.
• 2:25
  Which
• 2:26
  brings
• 2:26
  us
• 2:26
  to
• 2:26
  today's
• 2:27
  episode.
• 2:27
  Okay,
• 2:28
  but
• 2:28
  why
• 2:28
  is
• 2:28
  a
• 2:28
  bird's
• 2:29
  world
• 2:29
  more
• 2:29
  colorful?
• 2:30
  To
• 2:30
  help
• 2:30
  answer
• 2:31
  that
• 2:31
  question,
• 2:31
  we're
• 2:31
  joined
• 2:32
  by
• 2:32
  Dr.
• 2:32
  Allison
• 2:32
  Schulz,
• 2:33
  Associate
• 2:34
  creator
• 2:34
  of
• 2:34
  ornithology
• 2:35
  at
• 2:35
  the
• 2:35
  Natural
• 2:35
  History
• 2:36
  Museum
• 2:36
  of
• 2:36
  Los
• 2:36
  Angeles
• 2:37
  County.
• 2:37
  Allison
• 2:38
  studies
• 2:38
  the
• 2:38
  evolution
• 2:39
  of
• 2:39
  bird
• 2:39
  color
• 2:39
  and
• 2:39
  bird
• 2:40
  vision,
• 2:40
  which
• 2:41
  is
• 2:41
  perfect
• 2:41
  for
• 2:41
  our
• 2:42
  topic.
• 2:42
  Today
• 2:42
  because
• 2:42
  she
• 2:43
  thinks
• 2:43
  about
• 2:43
  plumage
• 2:44
  the
• 2:44
  way
• 2:44
  birds
• 2:44
  use
• 2:44
  it.
• 2:45
  Because
• 2:45
  feather
• 2:46
  color
• 2:46
  isn't
• 2:46
  just
• 2:46
  a
• 2:47
  simple
• 2:47
  sick
• 2:47
  paint
• 2:47
  job.
• 2:48
  Sometimes
• 2:48
  it's
• 2:49
  pigments,
• 2:49
  actual
• 2:50
  molecules
• 2:50
  laid
• 2:51
  into
• 2:51
  feathers.
• 2:52
  Sometimes
• 2:52
  it's
• 2:52
  structure,
• 2:53
  tiny
• 2:53
  microscopic
• 2:54
  architecture
• 2:55
  that
• 2:55
  bends
• 2:55
  and
• 2:55
  bounces
• 2:56
  light
• 2:56
  to
• 2:56
  create
• 2:56
  those
• 2:57
  impossible
• 2:57
  blues
• 2:58
  and
• 2:58
  iridescent
• 2:58
  shifts
• 2:59
  that
• 2:59
  feel
• 2:59
  like
• 2:59
  special
• 3:00
  effects.
• 3:01
  Sometimes
• 3:01
  it's
• 3:01
  both
• 3:02
  stacked
• 3:02
  together,
• 3:02
  like
• 3:03
  the
• 3:03
  bird
• 3:03
  said.
• 3:03
  I'm
• 3:03
  going
• 3:04
  to
• 3:04
  do
• 3:04
  the
• 3:04
  most.
• 3:04
  Think
• 3:05
  blue
• 3:05
  footed
• 3:05
  booby
• 3:06
  feet,
• 3:06
  which
• 3:06
  are
• 3:07
  aquamarine
• 3:07
  in
• 3:07
  color
• 3:08
  from
• 3:08
  combining
• 3:08
  structural
• 3:09
  blue
• 3:09
  with
• 3:09
  pigment
• 3:10
  that
• 3:10
  is
• 3:10
  yellow.
• 3:11
  And
• 3:12
  then
• 3:12
  the
• 3:12
  vision
• 3:12
  side
• 3:12
  comes
• 3:13
  in
• 3:13
  and
• 3:13
  the
• 3:13
  whole
• 3:13
  thing
• 3:13
  clicks.
• 3:14
  A
• 3:14
  color
• 3:14
  patch
• 3:15
  isn't
• 3:15
  just
• 3:15
  there
• 3:15
  to
• 3:15
  look
• 3:15
  nice,
• 3:16
  it's
• 3:16
  there
• 3:16
  to
• 3:16
  be
• 3:16
  ready.
• 3:17
  It's
• 3:17
  a
• 3:18
  signal
• 3:18
  tuned
• 3:18
  to
• 3:19
  the
• 3:19
  viewer's
• 3:19
  eyes
• 3:19
  in
• 3:19
  the
• 3:20
  background
• 3:20
  light
• 3:20
  of
• 3:20
  that
• 3:20
  environment.
• 3:21
  A
• 3:21
  bright,
• 3:22
  open
• 3:22
  habitat
• 3:22
  plays
• 3:23
  by
• 3:23
  different
• 3:23
  rules
• 3:24
  than
• 3:24
  a
• 3:24
  dark
• 3:24
  forest
• 3:24
  understory.
• 3:25
  What
• 3:26
  pops
• 3:26
  in
• 3:26
  one
• 3:26
  place
• 3:26
  can
• 3:27
  disappear
• 3:27
  in
• 3:27
  another,
• 3:28
  which
• 3:28
  means
• 3:28
  the
• 3:29
  same
• 3:29
  feather
• 3:29
  can
• 3:29
  be
• 3:29
  a
• 3:30
  billboard
• 3:30
  or
• 3:30
  camouflage,
• 3:31
  depending
• 3:32
  on
• 3:32
  where
• 3:32
  you
• 3:32
  stand.
• 3:33
  So
• 3:33
  today
• 3:33
  we're
• 3:34
  going
• 3:34
  to
• 3:34
  talk
• 3:34
  about
• 3:34
  what
• 3:34
  bird
• 3:35
  vision
• 3:35
  really
• 3:35
  is
• 3:36
  beyond
• 3:36
  more
• 3:36
  colors.
• 3:37
  What
• 3:37
  wavelengths
• 3:38
  birds
• 3:38
  see
• 3:38
  that
• 3:39
  we
• 3:39
  don't,
• 3:39
  what
• 3:39
  their
• 3:39
  eyes
• 3:40
  are
• 3:40
  optimized
• 3:40
  for
• 3:40
  and
• 3:41
  why
• 3:41
  that
• 3:41
  matters
• 3:41
  for
• 3:42
  communication
• 3:42
  and
• 3:42
  survival.
• 3:43
  We'll
• 3:44
  get
• 3:44
  into
• 3:44
  where
• 3:44
  feather
• 3:44
  color
• 3:45
  comes
• 3:45
  from.
• 3:45
  Pigments
• 3:46
  versus
• 3:46
  structure.
• 3:47
  And
• 3:47
  the
• 3:47
  surprising
• 3:47
  moments
• 3:48
  where
• 3:48
  human
• 3:48
  intuition
• 3:49
  is
• 3:49
  totally
• 3:49
  wrong.
• 3:50
  Because
• 3:50
  if
• 3:50
  birds
• 3:51
  are
• 3:51
  using
• 3:51
  color
• 3:51
  as
• 3:51
  language,
• 3:52
  what
• 3:52
  happens
• 3:52
  when
• 3:52
  we
• 3:53
  change
• 3:53
  the
• 3:53
  lighting,
• 3:53
  the
• 3:53
  habitat,
• 3:54
  and
• 3:54
  the
• 3:54
  background
• 3:55
  noise
• 3:55
  of
• 3:55
  their
• 3:55
  entire
• 3:56
  visual
• 3:56
  system?
• 3:57
  Think
• 3:57
  pollution,
• 3:58
  diet
• 3:58
  changes
• 3:59
  and
• 3:59
  habitat
• 3:59
  shifts
• 4:00
  that
• 4:00
  change.
• 4:00
  What
• 4:00
  good
• 4:01
  signaling
• 4:01
  even
• 4:02
  looks
• 4:02
  like.
• 4:02
  After
• 4:03
  the
• 4:03
  break,
• 4:03
  Alison
• 4:04
  Schultz
• 4:04
  helps
• 4:04
  us
• 4:04
  see
• 4:05
  what
• 4:05
  birds
• 4:05
  see,
• 4:05
  how
• 4:05
  their
• 4:06
  colors
• 4:06
  are
• 4:06
  built,
• 4:06
  and
• 4:07
  why
• 4:07
  that
• 4:07
  plum
• 4:07
  torto
• 4:08
  katinka
• 4:08
  in
• 4:08
  the
• 4:08
  Amazon
• 4:09
  was
• 4:09
  almost
• 4:09
  certainly
• 4:10
  broadcasting
• 4:10
  a
• 4:11
  message
• 4:11
  I
• 4:11
  could
• 4:11
  only
• 4:11
  partially
• 4:12
  understand.
• 4:13
  Stick
• 4:13
  around.
• 4:20
  Well,
• 4:20
  welcome
• 4:20
  back,
• 4:20
  everyone.
• 4:21
  I'm
• 4:21
  super
• 4:21
  excited
• 4:21
  to
• 4:22
  have
• 4:22
  Dr.
• 4:22
  Allison
• 4:22
  Schultz
• 4:23
  with
• 4:23
  us.
• 4:23
  Thanks
• 4:23
  for
• 4:23
  joining
• 4:24
  us,
• 4:24
  Allison.
• 4:24
  Thanks
• 4:25
  so
• 4:25
  much
• 4:25
  for
• 4:25
  having
• 4:25
  me
• 4:25
  on
• 4:26
  here,
• 4:26
  Scott.
• 4:26
  It's
• 4:26
  really
• 4:26
  a
• 4:27
  pleasure.
• 4:27
  Well,
• 4:27
  I'm
• 4:28
  admiring
• 4:28
  the
• 4:29
  birds
• 4:29
  behind
• 4:29
  you
• 4:29
  and
• 4:30
  excited
• 4:30
  to
• 4:30
  talk
• 4:30
  about
• 4:31
  all
• 4:31
  the
• 4:31
  amazing
• 4:32
  colors
• 4:32
  that
• 4:32
  they
• 4:32
  are
• 4:33
  and
• 4:33
  that
• 4:33
  they
• 4:33
  can
• 4:33
  see.
• 4:33
  And
• 4:34
  I
• 4:34
  thought
• 4:34
  we
• 4:34
  could
• 4:34
  start
• 4:34
  off
• 4:35
  first
• 4:35
  just
• 4:35
  by
• 4:36
  talking
• 4:36
  about
• 4:36
  what
• 4:36
  can
• 4:36
  birds
• 4:37
  see
• 4:37
  that
• 4:37
  we
• 4:37
  can't
• 4:37
  see?
• 4:38
  And
• 4:39
  why
• 4:39
  does
• 4:39
  that
• 4:39
  matter?
• 4:40
  What
• 4:40
  really
• 4:40
  got
• 4:40
  me
• 4:41
  into
• 4:41
  studying
• 4:41
  birds,
• 4:42
  I
• 4:42
  think
• 4:42
  was
• 4:42
  just
• 4:42
  literally
• 4:43
  appreciating
• 4:44
  their
• 4:44
  beauty.
• 4:45
  I
• 4:45
  actually
• 4:45
  went
• 4:45
  to
• 4:46
  a
• 4:46
  talk
• 4:46
  last
• 4:46
  week
• 4:47
  on
• 4:47
  the
• 4:48
  Science
• 4:48
  of
• 4:48
  Awe,
• 4:49
  which
• 4:49
  I
• 4:49
  hadn't
• 4:50
  ever
• 4:50
  really
• 4:50
  thought
• 4:50
  about,
• 4:51
  but
• 4:51
  it
• 4:51
  really
• 4:52
  stuck
• 4:53
  in
• 4:53
  my
• 4:53
  mind
• 4:53
  that
• 4:53
  actually,
• 4:54
  that's
• 4:54
  like
• 4:55
  awe
• 4:55
  is
• 4:55
  just
• 4:56
  what
• 4:56
  I
• 4:56
  experience
• 4:56
  when
• 4:57
  I
• 4:57
  look
• 4:57
  at
• 4:57
  birds
• 4:58
  and
• 4:58
  I
• 4:58
  go
• 4:58
  in
• 4:59
  the
• 4:59
  collection
• 4:59
  and
• 4:59
  look
• 4:59
  at
• 5:00
  their
• 5:00
  beautiful
• 5:00
  colors.
• 5:00
  And
• 5:01
  so
• 5:02
  one
• 5:02
  thing
• 5:03
  that
• 5:03
  really
• 5:03
  got
• 5:03
  me
• 5:04
  thinking
• 5:04
  when
• 5:04
  I
• 5:04
  first
• 5:04
  took
• 5:05
  Odor
• 5:05
  anthology
• 5:05
  and
• 5:05
  I
• 5:06
  saw
• 5:06
  these
• 5:06
  beautiful
• 5:06
  birds
• 5:07
  was
• 5:07
  like,
• 5:08
  how
• 5:08
  are
• 5:08
  they
• 5:08
  seeing
• 5:08
  each
• 5:09
  other?
• 5:09
  And
• 5:09
  so
• 5:10
  it
• 5:11
  ended
• 5:11
  up
• 5:11
  being
• 5:11
  the
• 5:12
  topic
• 5:12
  of
• 5:12
  my
• 5:12
  master's
• 5:13
  dissertation.
• 5:14
  And
• 5:14
  really,
• 5:15
  birds
• 5:15
  can
• 5:15
  see
• 5:16
  not
• 5:16
  just
• 5:17
  what
• 5:17
  we
• 5:17
  can
• 5:17
  see,
• 5:17
  but
• 5:17
  they
• 5:18
  can
• 5:18
  see
• 5:18
  even
• 5:19
  more.
• 5:19
  So
• 5:20
  they
• 5:20
  can
• 5:20
  see.
• 5:20
  As
• 5:21
  humans,
• 5:21
  we
• 5:21
  have
• 5:21
  three
• 5:21
  types
• 5:22
  of
• 5:22
  cones
• 5:22
  in
• 5:22
  our
• 5:22
  eyes.
• 5:23
  Roughly
• 5:24
  short
• 5:25
  wavelength,
• 5:25
  medium
• 5:25
  wavelength,
• 5:26
  long
• 5:26
  wavelength.
• 5:27
  Think
• 5:27
  like,
• 5:27
  RGB
• 5:28
  color
• 5:28
  space,
• 5:29
  red,
• 5:29
  green,
• 5:29
  blue.
• 5:30
  But
• 5:30
  birds
• 5:31
  have
• 5:31
  a
• 5:31
  fourth
• 5:31
  type
• 5:31
  of
• 5:32
  cone,
• 5:32
  and
• 5:32
  that
• 5:32
  fourth
• 5:32
  type
• 5:33
  of
• 5:33
  cone
• 5:33
  extends
• 5:34
  down
• 5:34
  to
• 5:34
  about
• 5:34
  300
• 5:35
  nanometers,
• 5:35
  so
• 5:36
  it
• 5:36
  sees
• 5:36
  ultraviolet
• 5:37
  color.
• 5:38
  So
• 5:38
  they
• 5:38
  can
• 5:39
  see
• 5:40
  not
• 5:40
  just
• 5:41
  more
• 5:41
  colors
• 5:41
  than
• 5:41
  we
• 5:42
  can,
• 5:42
  but
• 5:42
  because
• 5:42
  they
• 5:42
  have
• 5:43
  four
• 5:43
  cones
• 5:43
  instead
• 5:44
  of
• 5:44
  three
• 5:44
  cones,
• 5:45
  they
• 5:45
  can
• 5:46
  combine
• 5:46
  them
• 5:46
  in
• 5:47
  different
• 5:47
  ways.
• 5:47
  That
• 5:47
  essentially
• 5:48
  gives
• 5:48
  them
• 5:48
  a
• 5:48
  whole
• 5:48
  nother
• 5:49
  dimension
• 5:49
  of
• 5:50
  color.
• 5:51
  So,
• 5:51
  you
• 5:51
  know,
• 5:52
  a
• 5:52
  common
• 5:52
  question
• 5:52
  that
• 5:53
  I
• 5:53
  get
• 5:53
  asked
• 5:53
  all
• 5:53
  the
• 5:53
  time
• 5:54
  when
• 5:54
  I
• 5:54
  give
• 5:54
  talks
• 5:54
  to
• 5:54
  the
• 5:54
  public
• 5:55
  is,
• 5:55
  can
• 5:56
  I
• 5:56
  make
• 5:56
  bird
• 5:57
  goggles?
• 5:58
  I
• 5:58
  want
• 5:58
  to
• 5:58
  see
• 5:58
  like
• 5:59
  a
• 5:59
  bird
• 5:59
  can
• 5:59
  see.
• 6:00
  That
• 6:01
  would
• 6:01
  be
• 6:01
  amazing.
• 6:02
  We
• 6:02
  just
• 6:02
  can't
• 6:02
  because
• 6:03
  our
• 6:03
  brains
• 6:03
  aren't
• 6:04
  set
• 6:04
  up
• 6:05
  to
• 6:05
  see
• 6:05
  a
• 6:05
  whole
• 6:05
  nother
• 6:06
  dimension
• 6:06
  of
• 6:06
  color.
• 6:07
  I've
• 6:07
  never
• 6:07
  thought
• 6:07
  of
• 6:08
  that
• 6:08
  one.
• 6:08
  I
• 6:08
  like
• 6:08
  the
• 6:09
  awe
• 6:09
  factor.
• 6:09
  And
• 6:10
  like
• 6:10
  the
• 6:10
  science
• 6:10
  of
• 6:11
  awe,
• 6:11
  I
• 6:11
  really.
• 6:11
  That
• 6:12
  really
• 6:12
  resonates.
• 6:13
  So,
• 6:13
  yeah,
• 6:13
  I
• 6:13
  always
• 6:14
  think
• 6:14
  about,
• 6:14
  in
• 6:14
  the
• 6:14
  context
• 6:15
  of,
• 6:15
  like,
• 6:15
  their
• 6:15
  ability
• 6:16
  to
• 6:16
  see
• 6:16
  in
• 6:16
  the
• 6:16
  uv.
• 6:17
  I
• 6:17
  think
• 6:17
  of
• 6:17
  European
• 6:18
  starlings,
• 6:18
  which
• 6:19
  most
• 6:19
  people
• 6:19
  are
• 6:20
  like,
• 6:20
  oh,
• 6:20
  starlings
• 6:20
  are
• 6:21
  boring.
• 6:21
  But
• 6:21
  if
• 6:21
  you
• 6:21
  saw
• 6:22
  a
• 6:22
  starling
• 6:22
  the
• 6:22
  way
• 6:22
  starlings
• 6:23
  see
• 6:23
  each
• 6:24
  other,
• 6:24
  I
• 6:24
  mean,
• 6:24
  they're.
• 6:25
  They're
• 6:25
  spectacular
• 6:26
  creatures.
• 6:26
  As
• 6:26
  far
• 6:27
  as
• 6:27
  we
• 6:27
  can
• 6:27
  kind
• 6:27
  of
• 6:27
  model
• 6:28
  it
• 6:28
  and
• 6:28
  understand
• 6:28
  in
• 6:29
  terms
• 6:29
  of
• 6:29
  bird
• 6:29
  communication
• 6:30
  and
• 6:31
  coloration,
• 6:32
  then,
• 6:33
  you
• 6:33
  know,
• 6:33
  they
• 6:33
  live
• 6:33
  in
• 6:33
  this
• 6:33
  kind
• 6:33
  of
• 6:34
  other
• 6:34
  color
• 6:34
  dimension.
• 6:35
  But
• 6:35
  how
• 6:35
  does
• 6:35
  that
• 6:35
  shape
• 6:36
  their
• 6:36
  evolution
• 6:37
  or
• 6:37
  what
• 6:37
  patterns
• 6:38
  do
• 6:38
  you
• 6:38
  find
• 6:38
  really
• 6:38
  interesting
• 6:39
  in
• 6:39
  that
• 6:39
  context?
• 6:40
  There.
• 6:40
  There's
• 6:40
  kind
• 6:41
  of
• 6:41
  been
• 6:41
  this
• 6:41
  idea
• 6:42
  for
• 6:42
  a
• 6:42
  long
• 6:42
  time
• 6:42
  that
• 6:43
  because
• 6:43
  birds
• 6:44
  can
• 6:44
  see
• 6:44
  uv,
• 6:44
  that
• 6:45
  maybe
• 6:45
  UV
• 6:46
  is
• 6:46
  like
• 6:46
  a
• 6:46
  special
• 6:47
  channel
• 6:47
  of
• 6:47
  communication,
• 6:48
  and
• 6:48
  that
• 6:49
  birds
• 6:50
  can
• 6:50
  then
• 6:50
  see
• 6:50
  these
• 6:51
  colors.
• 6:51
  Maybe
• 6:51
  these
• 6:52
  colors
• 6:52
  are
• 6:52
  combining,
• 6:53
  and
• 6:53
  there'll
• 6:53
  be
• 6:54
  a
• 6:54
  bright
• 6:54
  patch
• 6:54
  that
• 6:55
  they
• 6:55
  can
• 6:55
  see
• 6:55
  that
• 6:55
  mammals
• 6:56
  can't.
• 6:56
  You
• 6:56
  know,
• 6:57
  mammals
• 6:57
  are
• 6:58
  a
• 6:58
  predator
• 6:58
  of
• 6:58
  birds,
• 6:59
  Although
• 6:59
  many
• 6:59
  birds
• 7:00
  are
• 7:00
  also
• 7:00
  predators
• 7:01
  of
• 7:01
  birds.
• 7:01
  Of
• 7:01
  course.
• 7:02
  Yeah.
• 7:03
  Seeing
• 7:03
  ultraviolet
• 7:04
  and
• 7:04
  having
• 7:04
  more
• 7:05
  types
• 7:05
  of
• 7:05
  cones
• 7:05
  is
• 7:06
  actually
• 7:06
  the
• 7:06
  ancestral
• 7:07
  state.
• 7:07
  So
• 7:07
  many
• 7:08
  fishes
• 7:09
  actually
• 7:09
  have
• 7:10
  more
• 7:10
  than
• 7:10
  four
• 7:10
  types
• 7:10
  of
• 7:11
  cones.
• 7:11
  You
• 7:11
  know,
• 7:11
  reptiles,
• 7:12
  amphibians,
• 7:12
  lizards,
• 7:13
  also
• 7:13
  can
• 7:13
  see
• 7:14
  UV
• 7:14
  colors.
• 7:14
  So
• 7:15
  it's
• 7:15
  actually
• 7:16
  just
• 7:16
  that
• 7:16
  we
• 7:16
  are
• 7:17
  almost.
• 7:17
  I
• 7:17
  don't
• 7:18
  want
• 7:18
  to
• 7:18
  say
• 7:18
  impaired,
• 7:18
  because
• 7:19
  we're
• 7:19
  just
• 7:19
  like.
• 7:20
  We
• 7:20
  just
• 7:20
  have
• 7:21
  lost
• 7:21
  the
• 7:21
  ability
• 7:22
  to
• 7:22
  see
• 7:22
  this.
• 7:22
  This
• 7:23
  wonderful
• 7:23
  realm
• 7:24
  of
• 7:24
  colors.
• 7:24
  But
• 7:25
  from
• 7:25
  a
• 7:25
  biologist
• 7:26
  point
• 7:26
  of
• 7:26
  view,
• 7:26
  that
• 7:26
  means
• 7:27
  that
• 7:27
  when
• 7:27
  I'm
• 7:27
  studying
• 7:28
  how
• 7:28
  colors
• 7:28
  evolve.
• 7:29
  I
• 7:29
  really
• 7:29
  need
• 7:29
  to
• 7:30
  consider
• 7:31
  colors
• 7:31
  not
• 7:32
  from
• 7:32
  how
• 7:32
  humans
• 7:33
  see
• 7:33
  them,
• 7:33
  but
• 7:33
  colors
• 7:34
  from
• 7:34
  how
• 7:34
  birds
• 7:34
  see
• 7:35
  them.
• 7:35
  We
• 7:35
  need
• 7:35
  to
• 7:35
  think
• 7:35
  about
• 7:36
  color
• 7:37
  either
• 7:37
  as
• 7:37
  measured
• 7:38
  with
• 7:38
  what's
• 7:39
  called
• 7:39
  a
• 7:39
  reflectance
• 7:40
  spectrophotometer,
• 7:41
  which
• 7:41
  is
• 7:41
  an
• 7:41
  unbiased
• 7:42
  way
• 7:42
  to
• 7:42
  see
• 7:43
  how
• 7:43
  much
• 7:44
  light
• 7:44
  is
• 7:44
  being
• 7:44
  reflected
• 7:45
  at
• 7:45
  each
• 7:46
  different
• 7:46
  wavelength,
• 7:47
  or
• 7:47
  color
• 7:48
  as
• 7:48
  modeled
• 7:49
  by
• 7:49
  the
• 7:49
  avian
• 7:50
  visual
• 7:50
  system
• 7:50
  as
• 7:51
  best
• 7:51
  we
• 7:51
  can,
• 7:52
  which
• 7:52
  includes
• 7:53
  those
• 7:53
  extended
• 7:53
  wavelengths
• 7:54
  and
• 7:55
  a
• 7:55
  couple
• 7:55
  other
• 7:55
  features
• 7:56
  of
• 7:56
  color
• 7:56
  that
• 7:56
  I
• 7:57
  really
• 7:57
  haven't
• 7:57
  talked
• 7:57
  about
• 7:58
  yet.
• 7:59
  Yeah,
• 8:00
  talk
• 8:00
  a
• 8:00
  little
• 8:00
  bit
• 8:00
  more
• 8:00
  about
• 8:00
  that.
• 8:01
  I
• 8:01
  mean,
• 8:01
  the
• 8:02
  unbiased
• 8:02
  way
• 8:02
  of
• 8:03
  measuring
• 8:03
  color
• 8:03
  is
• 8:03
  really
• 8:03
  interesting
• 8:04
  historically.
• 8:04
  Like,
• 8:05
  if
• 8:05
  people
• 8:05
  were
• 8:05
  trying
• 8:05
  to
• 8:06
  quantify
• 8:06
  color
• 8:06
  differences
• 8:07
  between
• 8:08
  different
• 8:08
  kinds
• 8:08
  of
• 8:08
  warblers,
• 8:09
  or
• 8:09
  like
• 8:09
  in
• 8:09
  your
• 8:09
  case,
• 8:10
  different
• 8:10
  kinds
• 8:10
  of
• 8:10
  tanagers,
• 8:11
  which
• 8:11
  was
• 8:11
  a
• 8:11
  large
• 8:11
  part
• 8:11
  of
• 8:12
  your
• 8:12
  research,
• 8:12
  they
• 8:13
  would
• 8:13
  just
• 8:13
  look
• 8:13
  in
• 8:13
  a
• 8:13
  field
• 8:14
  guide
• 8:14
  and
• 8:14
  like,
• 8:15
  grade,
• 8:15
  oh,
• 8:16
  this
• 8:16
  patch
• 8:16
  is
• 8:16
  this
• 8:17
  color,
• 8:17
  this
• 8:17
  patch
• 8:17
  is
• 8:18
  this
• 8:18
  color.
• 8:18
  But
• 8:18
  contemporarily,
• 8:19
  we
• 8:19
  don't
• 8:19
  really
• 8:20
  do
• 8:20
  that
• 8:20
  anymore.
• 8:21
  If
• 8:21
  we
• 8:21
  can
• 8:21
  get
• 8:21
  our
• 8:21
  hands
• 8:22
  on
• 8:22
  feathers
• 8:23
  and.
• 8:23
  And
• 8:23
  then
• 8:23
  these
• 8:24
  spectrophotometers.
• 8:24
  Could
• 8:25
  you
• 8:25
  walk
• 8:25
  us
• 8:25
  through
• 8:25
  how
• 8:25
  you
• 8:26
  do
• 8:26
  that?
• 8:26
  Absolutely,
• 8:27
  yeah.
• 8:27
  So
• 8:27
  I
• 8:28
  have
• 8:29
  other
• 8:29
  device
• 8:29
  that.
• 8:30
  It's
• 8:30
  got
• 8:31
  a
• 8:31
  probe.
• 8:31
  You
• 8:31
  know,
• 8:32
  I
• 8:32
  should
• 8:32
  have
• 8:32
  taken
• 8:32
  it
• 8:33
  out
• 8:33
  so
• 8:33
  I
• 8:33
  could
• 8:33
  actually
• 8:33
  just
• 8:34
  show
• 8:34
  it
• 8:34
  to
• 8:34
  you.
• 8:34
  But
• 8:35
  they're
• 8:35
  so
• 8:35
  delicate,
• 8:36
  though,
• 8:36
  I
• 8:37
  would
• 8:37
  be
• 8:37
  afraid
• 8:37
  of
• 8:38
  it
• 8:38
  breaking.
• 8:39
  Yeah,
• 8:40
  it's
• 8:40
  this
• 8:40
  little
• 8:40
  box
• 8:41
  that's
• 8:41
  about
• 8:41
  this
• 8:41
  big
• 8:42
  and
• 8:42
  it
• 8:42
  plugs
• 8:42
  into
• 8:42
  my
• 8:43
  computer.
• 8:44
  And
• 8:44
  basically
• 8:45
  there's
• 8:46
  another
• 8:46
  little
• 8:47
  box
• 8:47
  that's
• 8:47
  a
• 8:47
  source
• 8:48
  of
• 8:48
  light.
• 8:48
  So
• 8:48
  this
• 8:49
  is
• 8:49
  a.
• 8:50
  Basically
• 8:50
  it's
• 8:51
  a
• 8:51
  device
• 8:51
  that's
• 8:51
  going
• 8:52
  to
• 8:52
  shoot
• 8:52
  light
• 8:52
  out
• 8:53
  of
• 8:53
  a
• 8:53
  portal.
• 8:53
  And
• 8:53
  that
• 8:54
  portal
• 8:54
  is
• 8:54
  attached
• 8:55
  to
• 8:55
  a
• 8:55
  fiber
• 8:55
  optic
• 8:56
  probe.
• 8:56
  So
• 8:56
  the
• 8:56
  light
• 8:56
  goes
• 8:57
  down
• 8:57
  the
• 8:57
  fiber
• 8:57
  optic
• 8:58
  probe.
• 8:59
  At
• 9:00
  the
• 9:00
  end
• 9:00
  of
• 9:00
  the
• 9:00
  fiber
• 9:01
  optic
• 9:01
  probe
• 9:01
  I
• 9:02
  have.
• 9:03
  It's
• 9:03
  the
• 9:03
  specimen
• 9:04
  or
• 9:04
  whatever
• 9:04
  I
• 9:04
  want
• 9:05
  to
• 9:05
  measure.
• 9:05
  So
• 9:05
  some
• 9:06
  feathers,
• 9:06
  the
• 9:06
  bird
• 9:07
  that
• 9:07
  light
• 9:08
  shoots
• 9:08
  back
• 9:08
  into
• 9:08
  the
• 9:09
  fiber
• 9:09
  optic
• 9:09
  probe
• 9:10
  and
• 9:10
  then
• 9:10
  into
• 9:10
  the
• 9:10
  spectrometer
• 9:11
  that's
• 9:11
  connected
• 9:12
  to
• 9:12
  my
• 9:12
  computer.
• 9:13
  Essentially,
• 9:14
  I'm
• 9:14
  just
• 9:15
  controlling
• 9:15
  very
• 9:16
  precisely
• 9:16
  the
• 9:17
  light
• 9:17
  that
• 9:18
  gets
• 9:19
  reflected
• 9:19
  out.
• 9:19
  And
• 9:20
  then
• 9:20
  I
• 9:20
  know
• 9:20
  what's
• 9:21
  reflected
• 9:21
  back
• 9:21
  in
• 9:21
  and
• 9:22
  I
• 9:22
  do
• 9:22
  it
• 9:22
  via
• 9:23
  a
• 9:23
  standard.
• 9:24
  So
• 9:24
  something
• 9:24
  that
• 9:24
  I
• 9:24
  know
• 9:25
  the
• 9:25
  reflectance
• 9:25
  of.
• 9:26
  And
• 9:27
  so
• 9:27
  because
• 9:27
  of
• 9:27
  that,
• 9:27
  we
• 9:27
  can
• 9:28
  actually
• 9:28
  get
• 9:28
  pretty
• 9:29
  accurate
• 9:30
  measurements.
• 9:30
  There's
• 9:31
  also
• 9:31
  we
• 9:32
  could
• 9:32
  use
• 9:32
  photography.
• 9:33
  So
• 9:33
  that's
• 9:33
  another
• 9:34
  method
• 9:34
  that's
• 9:34
  becoming
• 9:35
  more
• 9:35
  and
• 9:35
  more
• 9:36
  popular.
• 9:36
  You
• 9:37
  actually
• 9:37
  use
• 9:37
  a
• 9:37
  regular
• 9:38
  camera,
• 9:38
  but
• 9:38
  you
• 9:38
  strip
• 9:39
  off
• 9:39
  the
• 9:39
  coating
• 9:40
  of
• 9:40
  the
• 9:40
  lens
• 9:40
  that's
• 9:41
  protecting
• 9:41
  the
• 9:41
  camera
• 9:42
  from
• 9:42
  uv,
• 9:43
  and
• 9:43
  then
• 9:44
  you
• 9:44
  have
• 9:44
  to
• 9:44
  get
• 9:44
  another
• 9:44
  special
• 9:45
  lens
• 9:45
  that
• 9:45
  will
• 9:45
  actually
• 9:46
  allow
• 9:46
  the
• 9:46
  sensors
• 9:47
  to
• 9:47
  capture
• 9:47
  uv.
• 9:48
  You
• 9:48
  know,
• 9:48
  there's
• 9:48
  kind
• 9:48
  of
• 9:49
  a
• 9:49
  few
• 9:49
  different
• 9:49
  methods
• 9:50
  that
• 9:50
  have
• 9:50
  pros
• 9:50
  and
• 9:51
  cons,
• 9:51
  but
• 9:51
  really
• 9:52
  a
• 9:52
  spectrotometer
• 9:53
  and
• 9:53
  then
• 9:53
  a
• 9:53
  camera
• 9:53
  are
• 9:53
  the
• 9:53
  main
• 9:54
  ones.
• 9:54
  And
• 9:55
  then
• 9:55
  in
• 9:55
  terms
• 9:55
  of
• 9:55
  those
• 9:55
  colors
• 9:56
  that
• 9:56
  you're
• 9:56
  measuring,
• 9:56
  could
• 9:57
  you
• 9:57
  talk
• 9:57
  a
• 9:57
  little
• 9:57
  bit
• 9:57
  about
• 9:58
  all
• 9:58
  the
• 9:58
  different
• 9:58
  ways
• 9:59
  that
• 9:59
  birds
• 9:59
  produce
• 10:00
  color?
• 10:00
  Because
• 10:01
  I
• 10:01
  think
• 10:01
  not
• 10:01
  a
• 10:02
  lot
• 10:02
  of
• 10:02
  people
• 10:02
  realize
• 10:03
  how
• 10:03
  much
• 10:03
  variation
• 10:04
  there
• 10:04
  is,
• 10:05
  and
• 10:05
  that
• 10:05
  there's
• 10:05
  really
• 10:05
  specific
• 10:06
  colors
• 10:06
  associated
• 10:07
  with
• 10:07
  either
• 10:08
  structure
• 10:08
  or
• 10:08
  pigment
• 10:09
  or
• 10:09
  whatever.
• 10:10
  Yeah.
• 10:10
  So
• 10:11
  there's.
• 10:11
  This
• 10:11
  is
• 10:12
  probably
• 10:12
  one
• 10:12
  of
• 10:12
  my
• 10:13
  very
• 10:13
  favorite
• 10:13
  topics,
• 10:14
  which
• 10:14
  is
• 10:14
  not
• 10:14
  just
• 10:15
  why
• 10:15
  are
• 10:16
  birds
• 10:16
  the
• 10:16
  colors
• 10:16
  that
• 10:16
  they
• 10:17
  are
• 10:17
  and
• 10:17
  what
• 10:17
  are
• 10:17
  those
• 10:17
  colors,
• 10:18
  but
• 10:18
  how
• 10:18
  are
• 10:19
  birds
• 10:19
  the
• 10:19
  colors
• 10:19
  that
• 10:19
  they
• 10:20
  are?
• 10:20
  So
• 10:21
  there's
• 10:21
  kind
• 10:21
  of
• 10:22
  two
• 10:22
  main
• 10:22
  ways
• 10:22
  that
• 10:22
  birds
• 10:23
  are
• 10:23
  the
• 10:23
  colors
• 10:23
  that
• 10:23
  they
• 10:24
  are.
• 10:24
  One
• 10:24
  is
• 10:25
  pigments.
• 10:26
  So
• 10:26
  pigments
• 10:27
  are
• 10:27
  essentially
• 10:28
  chemicals
• 10:29
  that
• 10:29
  birds
• 10:29
  can
• 10:29
  put
• 10:30
  into
• 10:30
  their
• 10:30
  feathers
• 10:31
  that
• 10:31
  absorb
• 10:32
  certain
• 10:32
  wavelengths
• 10:33
  of
• 10:33
  light.
• 10:33
  The
• 10:33
  two
• 10:33
  main
• 10:34
  ones
• 10:34
  are
• 10:35
  melanin,
• 10:35
  which
• 10:36
  produces
• 10:37
  browns
• 10:37
  and
• 10:37
  blacks.
• 10:38
  It's
• 10:38
  the
• 10:38
  same
• 10:38
  pigment
• 10:39
  that
• 10:39
  colors
• 10:39
  our
• 10:39
  hair
• 10:40
  and
• 10:40
  our
• 10:40
  skin.
• 10:41
  And
• 10:42
  then
• 10:42
  carotenoids,
• 10:43
  which
• 10:43
  are.
• 10:44
  Think
• 10:44
  carrots.
• 10:45
  You
• 10:45
  know,
• 10:45
  that's
• 10:46
  in
• 10:46
  the
• 10:46
  realm
• 10:46
  of
• 10:46
  carotenoids
• 10:47
  that
• 10:47
  produce
• 10:47
  yellows,
• 10:48
  oranges,
• 10:48
  and
• 10:49
  reds.
• 10:50
  And
• 10:50
  so
• 10:50
  that's
• 10:51
  how
• 10:51
  you
• 10:51
  get
• 10:51
  from
• 10:52
  the
• 10:52
  rainbow
• 10:52
  from
• 10:52
  red,
• 10:53
  essentially,
• 10:53
  to
• 10:54
  yellow.
• 10:55
  And
• 10:55
  then
• 10:56
  to
• 10:56
  go
• 10:56
  into
• 10:56
  greens
• 10:57
  and
• 10:57
  blues
• 10:57
  and
• 10:58
  violets,
• 10:58
  then
• 10:59
  you
• 10:59
  have
• 10:59
  to
• 10:59
  have
• 10:59
  what's
• 10:59
  called
• 11:00
  structural
• 11:00
  color,
• 11:01
  which
• 11:01
  is
• 11:01
  basically
• 11:03
  the
• 11:03
  little
• 11:04
  nanoscale
• 11:05
  structure
• 11:06
  inside
• 11:06
  of
• 11:07
  the
• 11:07
  feather.
• 11:08
  There
• 11:08
  are
• 11:08
  these
• 11:08
  pockets
• 11:09
  of
• 11:09
  air
• 11:09
  and
• 11:10
  keratin.
• 11:10
  Keratin
• 11:11
  is
• 11:11
  what
• 11:11
  feathers
• 11:11
  are
• 11:12
  made
• 11:12
  out
• 11:12
  of,
• 11:12
  just
• 11:12
  like
• 11:12
  our
• 11:13
  fingernails.
• 11:14
  Light
• 11:14
  is
• 11:14
  going
• 11:14
  to
• 11:15
  refract
• 11:15
  off
• 11:15
  of
• 11:16
  the
• 11:16
  keratin
• 11:16
  depending
• 11:17
  on
• 11:17
  exactly
• 11:17
  what
• 11:17
  that
• 11:18
  structure
• 11:18
  is
• 11:19
  and
• 11:19
  is
• 11:19
  going
• 11:20
  to.
• 11:20
  So
• 11:21
  certain
• 11:21
  wavelengths
• 11:22
  of
• 11:22
  light
• 11:22
  are
• 11:22
  going
• 11:22
  to
• 11:22
  reflect
• 11:22
  off
• 11:23
  of
• 11:23
  that.
• 11:23
  So
• 11:23
  that's
• 11:23
  how
• 11:24
  you
• 11:24
  get
• 11:24
  those
• 11:24
  shorter
• 11:25
  wavelength
• 11:26
  colors
• 11:26
  like
• 11:26
  blues.
• 11:27
  Interesting.
• 11:28
  Greens,
• 11:28
  which
• 11:28
  is
• 11:29
  my
• 11:29
  very
• 11:29
  favorite,
• 11:30
  is
• 11:30
  a
• 11:30
  combination
• 11:31
  usually
• 11:32
  of
• 11:32
  yellow
• 11:32
  pigment
• 11:33
  and
• 11:33
  blue
• 11:33
  feather
• 11:34
  structure.
• 11:35
  So
• 11:35
  think
• 11:35
  about
• 11:35
  finger
• 11:35
  paints.
• 11:36
  You
• 11:36
  mix
• 11:36
  them
• 11:36
  together,
• 11:37
  yellows
• 11:37
  and
• 11:37
  blues,
• 11:38
  you
• 11:38
  get
• 11:38
  green.
• 11:39
  Except
• 11:39
  for
• 11:39
  the
• 11:39
  turraco,
• 11:40
  which
• 11:40
  is
• 11:40
  my
• 11:40
  favorite.
• 11:41
  The
• 11:41
  turaco.
• 11:42
  The
• 11:42
  turacco.
• 11:43
  I
• 11:43
  love
• 11:43
  turacos.
• 11:44
  Yes.
• 11:44
  Yeah.
• 11:45
  I
• 11:46
  mean.
• 11:46
  Yeah.
• 11:46
  Tell
• 11:46
  us
• 11:47
  why.
• 11:47
  I
• 11:47
  mean,
• 11:48
  the
• 11:48
  green
• 11:48
  of
• 11:48
  the
• 11:48
  terraco
• 11:49
  is
• 11:49
  this
• 11:49
  special,
• 11:49
  special
• 11:50
  thing,
• 11:50
  right?
• 11:51
  It
• 11:51
  is,
• 11:51
  yeah.
• 11:52
  So
• 11:52
  it's
• 11:52
  basically.
• 11:54
  Well,
• 11:54
  I
• 11:54
  say
• 11:55
  the
• 11:55
  only
• 11:55
  green
• 11:56
  pigment
• 11:56
  with
• 11:56
  an
• 11:56
  asterisk
• 11:57
  because
• 11:58
  it
• 11:58
  turns
• 11:58
  out
• 11:58
  that
• 11:59
  the
• 11:59
  green
• 11:59
  of
• 12:00
  jacana
• 12:01
  wings,
• 12:01
  as
• 12:01
  well
• 12:01
  as
• 12:02
  the
• 12:02
  green
• 12:02
  in
• 12:02
  the
• 12:02
  rural,
• 12:03
  which
• 12:03
  is
• 12:03
  a
• 12:03
  type
• 12:03
  of
• 12:04
  pheasant,
• 12:04
  it's
• 12:04
  actually
• 12:04
  probably
• 12:05
  the
• 12:05
  same
• 12:05
  pigment
• 12:06
  as
• 12:06
  turacos
• 12:06
  have.
• 12:07
  Oh,
• 12:07
  really?
• 12:07
  Yeah.
• 12:08
  I
• 12:08
  did
• 12:08
  not
• 12:08
  know
• 12:08
  that.
• 12:08
  That's
• 12:09
  cool.
• 12:10
  As
• 12:10
  well
• 12:10
  as
• 12:10
  eiders
• 12:11
  have
• 12:11
  this
• 12:11
  really,
• 12:11
  you
• 12:12
  Know,
• 12:12
  the
• 12:12
  green
• 12:13
  on
• 12:13
  an
• 12:13
  eider
• 12:13
  neck
• 12:13
  is
• 12:14
  also
• 12:14
  a
• 12:14
  very
• 12:14
  unusual.
• 12:15
  Its
• 12:16
  own
• 12:16
  green
• 12:16
  pigment.
• 12:17
  Anyway.
• 12:18
  It's
• 12:18
  actually
• 12:18
  a
• 12:18
  green
• 12:19
  pigment
• 12:19
  that's
• 12:19
  very
• 12:20
  similar
• 12:20
  in
• 12:20
  structure
• 12:21
  to
• 12:21
  hemoglobin
• 12:22
  in
• 12:22
  our
• 12:22
  blood,
• 12:22
  but
• 12:22
  instead
• 12:23
  of
• 12:23
  iron,
• 12:23
  they
• 12:24
  have
• 12:24
  copper
• 12:24
  in
• 12:24
  the
• 12:24
  middle.
• 12:25
  So
• 12:25
  what
• 12:26
  color
• 12:26
  is
• 12:26
  oxidized
• 12:27
  copper?
• 12:29
  It's.
• 12:29
  Yeah.
• 12:29
  Pretty
• 12:30
  greenish.
• 12:30
  It's
• 12:30
  green.
• 12:31
  Yeah.
• 12:31
  Yeah,
• 12:31
  exactly.
• 12:31
  Oh,
• 12:32
  that's
• 12:32
  so
• 12:32
  cool.
• 12:33
  So
• 12:34
  their
• 12:35
  own
• 12:35
  special
• 12:35
  form
• 12:35
  of
• 12:36
  green.
• 12:36
  And
• 12:36
  it's
• 12:36
  actually
• 12:36
  the
• 12:36
  birds
• 12:37
  that
• 12:37
  got
• 12:37
  me
• 12:38
  started
• 12:38
  studying
• 12:39
  color.
• 12:39
  I
• 12:40
  really
• 12:40
  wanted
• 12:40
  to
• 12:40
  study
• 12:40
  Turoco's.
• 12:41
  I
• 12:42
  wrote
• 12:42
  my
• 12:43
  GRFP
• 12:43
  proposal
• 12:44
  on
• 12:44
  studying
• 12:44
  Tiroco.
• 12:45
  Someday
• 12:45
  I
• 12:45
  will
• 12:45
  study
• 12:46
  Tiroco.
• 12:46
  Someday
• 12:47
  you
• 12:47
  will.
• 12:47
  Someday
• 12:47
  I
• 12:48
  will.
• 12:48
  I
• 12:49
  like
• 12:49
  those
• 12:49
  someday
• 12:49
  I
• 12:50
  will
• 12:50
  studies
• 12:50
  especially.
• 12:51
  I
• 12:51
  mean,
• 12:51
  studying
• 12:52
  chiracos
• 12:52
  would
• 12:52
  be
• 12:52
  so
• 12:53
  cool.
• 12:53
  They
• 12:53
  are
• 12:53
  really
• 12:53
  awesome
• 12:54
  birds.
• 12:55
  Really
• 12:55
  beautiful
• 12:55
  colors.
• 12:56
  But,
• 12:56
  yeah,
• 12:56
  I
• 12:57
  think
• 12:57
  it's
• 12:57
  interesting
• 12:57
  and
• 12:58
  it's
• 12:58
  hard
• 12:58
  for
• 12:58
  people
• 12:58
  to
• 12:59
  think
• 12:59
  about
• 12:59
  the
• 12:59
  fact
• 13:00
  that
• 13:00
  there
• 13:00
  are
• 13:00
  no,
• 13:00
  like,
• 13:01
  the
• 13:01
  blue
• 13:01
  birds.
• 13:02
  We
• 13:02
  see
• 13:02
  the
• 13:02
  ones
• 13:02
  that
• 13:03
  we're
• 13:03
  really
• 13:03
  familiar
• 13:03
  with,
• 13:03
  blue
• 13:04
  jays
• 13:04
  and
• 13:04
  actual
• 13:05
  bluebirds,
• 13:05
  eastern,
• 13:06
  western,
• 13:06
  or
• 13:06
  mountain.
• 13:07
  If
• 13:07
  you
• 13:07
  take
• 13:08
  their
• 13:08
  feathers
• 13:08
  and
• 13:08
  you
• 13:09
  shine
• 13:09
  light
• 13:09
  through
• 13:10
  them
• 13:10
  and
• 13:10
  you
• 13:10
  look
• 13:10
  from
• 13:10
  the
• 13:10
  other
• 13:11
  side,
• 13:11
  they're
• 13:11
  gray,
• 13:11
  they're
• 13:12
  not
• 13:12
  blue.
• 13:13
  But
• 13:13
  it's
• 13:13
  hard
• 13:13
  until
• 13:14
  you're
• 13:14
  holding
• 13:14
  one
• 13:15
  and
• 13:15
  looking
• 13:15
  at
• 13:15
  it
• 13:15
  to
• 13:15
  really
• 13:15
  realize
• 13:16
  that
• 13:16
  that's
• 13:16
  all
• 13:17
  reflectance
• 13:18
  and
• 13:18
  not
• 13:18
  an
• 13:18
  actual
• 13:18
  pigment,
• 13:19
  but
• 13:19
  super
• 13:19
  cool.
• 13:20
  Exactly.
• 13:20
  Yeah.
• 13:21
  I
• 13:21
  like
• 13:21
  to
• 13:21
  say
• 13:22
  if
• 13:22
  you
• 13:22
  were
• 13:22
  to
• 13:22
  grind
• 13:23
  up
• 13:23
  the
• 13:23
  feather
• 13:23
  of
• 13:23
  a
• 13:24
  bluebird,
• 13:24
  you
• 13:25
  know,
• 13:25
  the
• 13:25
  powder
• 13:25
  would
• 13:25
  be
• 13:25
  kind
• 13:26
  of
• 13:26
  grayish
• 13:27
  brown
• 13:27
  because
• 13:27
  you're
• 13:28
  destroying
• 13:28
  that
• 13:28
  structure.
• 13:29
  If
• 13:29
  you
• 13:29
  were
• 13:29
  to
• 13:29
  grind
• 13:29
  up
• 13:30
  the
• 13:30
  feather
• 13:30
  of
• 13:30
  a
• 13:31
  yellow
• 13:31
  bird
• 13:32
  or
• 13:32
  red
• 13:32
  bird,
• 13:32
  like
• 13:32
  a
• 13:32
  cardinal
• 13:33
  or
• 13:33
  something
• 13:33
  like
• 13:33
  that,
• 13:34
  the
• 13:34
  powder
• 13:34
  would
• 13:34
  be
• 13:35
  red
• 13:35
  because
• 13:35
  the
• 13:36
  carotenoids
• 13:36
  are
• 13:36
  still
• 13:37
  intact.
• 13:37
  There
• 13:37
  was
• 13:38
  a
• 13:38
  recent
• 13:38
  paper.
• 13:38
  Well,
• 13:38
  I
• 13:38
  don't
• 13:39
  know
• 13:39
  how
• 13:39
  recent
• 13:39
  it
• 13:39
  is
• 13:39
  now,
• 13:40
  but
• 13:40
  the
• 13:40
  paper
• 13:40
  about
• 13:41
  budgie
• 13:41
  coloration,
• 13:42
  or
• 13:42
  parakeet
• 13:43
  coloration,
• 13:43
  where,
• 13:43
  you
• 13:44
  know,
• 13:44
  you
• 13:44
  have
• 13:44
  the
• 13:44
  blue
• 13:44
  ones
• 13:45
  that
• 13:45
  are
• 13:45
  blue
• 13:45
  and
• 13:45
  white,
• 13:45
  and
• 13:46
  then
• 13:46
  you
• 13:46
  have
• 13:46
  the
• 13:46
  wild
• 13:46
  type
• 13:47
  ones
• 13:47
  that
• 13:47
  are
• 13:48
  yellow
• 13:48
  and
• 13:48
  green,
• 13:49
  and
• 13:49
  the
• 13:49
  blue
• 13:49
  ones,
• 13:49
  they
• 13:50
  just
• 13:50
  don't
• 13:50
  have
• 13:50
  ability
• 13:51
  to
• 13:51
  deposit
• 13:51
  carotenoids.
• 13:52
  So
• 13:52
  everywhere
• 13:52
  that
• 13:52
  would
• 13:53
  have
• 13:53
  been
• 13:53
  yellow
• 13:53
  is
• 13:53
  now
• 13:54
  white,
• 13:54
  and
• 13:54
  everywhere
• 13:55
  that
• 13:55
  would
• 13:55
  have
• 13:55
  been
• 13:55
  green
• 13:55
  is
• 13:56
  now
• 13:56
  blue.
• 13:56
  And
• 13:56
  it's
• 13:57
  neat
• 13:57
  to
• 13:57
  think
• 13:57
  about
• 13:57
  how
• 13:57
  you
• 13:58
  can
• 13:58
  play
• 13:58
  around
• 13:58
  with
• 13:58
  those
• 13:58
  toggles
• 13:59
  in
• 13:59
  the
• 13:59
  kind
• 14:00
  of
• 14:00
  broader
• 14:00
  evolutionary
• 14:01
  framework
• 14:01
  of
• 14:01
  birds
• 14:02
  as
• 14:02
  well.
• 14:02
  Totally.
• 14:03
  Yeah.
• 14:03
  And
• 14:03
  those,
• 14:03
  you
• 14:03
  know,
• 14:04
  domesticated,
• 14:04
  while
• 14:05
  domesticated
• 14:06
  species,
• 14:07
  like
• 14:07
  budgies
• 14:07
  or,
• 14:08
  you
• 14:08
  know,
• 14:08
  some
• 14:08
  of
• 14:08
  the
• 14:09
  other
• 14:09
  parrots
• 14:09
  in
• 14:09
  captivity,
• 14:10
  it's
• 14:10
  because
• 14:11
  they
• 14:11
  break
• 14:12
  some
• 14:12
  of
• 14:12
  those
• 14:12
  pathways
• 14:13
  to
• 14:13
  having
• 14:13
  certain
• 14:14
  colors
• 14:14
  that
• 14:14
  we
• 14:14
  actually
• 14:14
  can
• 14:15
  learn
• 14:15
  about
• 14:15
  the
• 14:15
  genetics
• 14:16
  of
• 14:16
  how
• 14:16
  those
• 14:16
  colors
• 14:17
  come
• 14:17
  to
• 14:17
  be.
• 14:18
  Because
• 14:18
  you
• 14:18
  can
• 14:18
  actually
• 14:18
  do
• 14:19
  some
• 14:19
  like,
• 14:19
  experimental
• 14:20
  design
• 14:21
  or
• 14:21
  you
• 14:21
  can
• 14:22
  sequence,
• 14:22
  you
• 14:22
  know,
• 14:23
  individuals
• 14:24
  that
• 14:24
  have
• 14:24
  certain
• 14:24
  color
• 14:24
  patterns
• 14:25
  and,
• 14:25
  you
• 14:26
  know,
• 14:26
  actually
• 14:26
  figure
• 14:27
  out
• 14:27
  what
• 14:27
  are
• 14:27
  the
• 14:27
  genes
• 14:27
  responsible
• 14:28
  for
• 14:28
  some
• 14:28
  of
• 14:28
  these
• 14:29
  things.
• 14:29
  Which
• 14:29
  is
• 14:29
  pretty
• 14:30
  cool.
• 14:30
  Yeah.
• 14:31
  Because
• 14:31
  carotenoids
• 14:31
  are
• 14:32
  complicated.
• 14:32
  You
• 14:32
  have
• 14:32
  to
• 14:33
  eat
• 14:33
  them
• 14:34
  and
• 14:34
  then
• 14:34
  either
• 14:34
  just
• 14:35
  take
• 14:35
  what
• 14:35
  you've
• 14:35
  eaten
• 14:35
  and
• 14:36
  put
• 14:36
  it
• 14:36
  in
• 14:36
  a
• 14:36
  feather
• 14:37
  or
• 14:37
  take
• 14:37
  what
• 14:37
  you've
• 14:38
  eaten,
• 14:38
  turn
• 14:38
  it
• 14:38
  red
• 14:39
  and
• 14:39
  put
• 14:39
  it
• 14:39
  in
• 14:39
  a
• 14:40
  feather.
• 14:40
  Because
• 14:40
  usually
• 14:41
  like
• 14:41
  the
• 14:41
  consumed
• 14:42
  carotenoids
• 14:42
  are
• 14:42
  typically
• 14:43
  yellow,
• 14:43
  Right?
• 14:44
  Correct.
• 14:44
  Or
• 14:44
  take
• 14:44
  what
• 14:45
  you
• 14:45
  eat
• 14:45
  and
• 14:45
  turn
• 14:45
  it
• 14:46
  a
• 14:46
  different
• 14:46
  color
• 14:46
  yellow
• 14:47
  and
• 14:47
  put
• 14:47
  it
• 14:47
  in
• 14:47
  your.
• 14:48
  Yeah.
• 14:48
  Or
• 14:49
  put
• 14:49
  it
• 14:49
  in
• 14:49
  your
• 14:49
  eyes.
• 14:50
  Yeah.
• 14:50
  Oh,
• 14:50
  yeah.
• 14:50
  Or
• 14:50
  keep
• 14:51
  it
• 14:51
  in
• 14:51
  your
• 14:51
  blood.
• 14:51
  Yeah,
• 14:52
  yeah.
• 14:53
  You
• 14:53
  gotta
• 14:53
  move
• 14:53
  it
• 14:53
  around.
• 14:54
  You
• 14:54
  need
• 14:54
  to
• 14:54
  like
• 14:54
  put
• 14:54
  it
• 14:55
  in
• 14:55
  fat
• 14:55
  soluble
• 14:55
  molecules,
• 14:56
  get
• 14:56
  it
• 14:56
  into
• 14:57
  wherever
• 14:57
  you
• 14:57
  need
• 14:57
  it.
• 14:57
  And
• 14:58
  yeah,
• 14:58
  it's
• 14:59
  good
• 14:59
  to
• 14:59
  point
• 14:59
  out
• 14:59
  too,
• 14:59
  birds
• 15:00
  aren't
• 15:00
  just
• 15:00
  feather
• 15:01
  colorful.
• 15:01
  There's
• 15:01
  a
• 15:01
  lot
• 15:02
  of
• 15:02
  birds
• 15:02
  that
• 15:02
  have
• 15:02
  really
• 15:02
  colorful
• 15:03
  skin.
• 15:04
  Maybe
• 15:04
  just
• 15:04
  think
• 15:04
  of
• 15:04
  like
• 15:05
  a
• 15:05
  chicken
• 15:05
  and
• 15:05
  its
• 15:05
  colorful
• 15:06
  comb
• 15:08
  that's
• 15:08
  also
• 15:09
  pigmented.
• 15:10
  Exactly.
• 15:10
  Coming
• 15:10
  back
• 15:11
  to
• 15:11
  visual
• 15:11
  systems,
• 15:12
  we
• 15:12
  talked
• 15:12
  about
• 15:12
  them
• 15:12
  having
• 15:12
  those
• 15:13
  four
• 15:13
  types
• 15:13
  of
• 15:13
  cones.
• 15:14
  Right.
• 15:15
  So
• 15:16
  again,
• 15:16
  each
• 15:16
  of
• 15:16
  the
• 15:17
  long,
• 15:17
  the
• 15:18
  medium
• 15:18
  and
• 15:18
  the
• 15:18
  short
• 15:19
  wavelength
• 15:19
  cones
• 15:20
  also
• 15:20
  have
• 15:20
  little
• 15:20
  carotenoid
• 15:21
  filters
• 15:22
  on
• 15:22
  the
• 15:22
  cone.
• 15:23
  That's
• 15:24
  cool.
• 15:24
  That
• 15:24
  essentially
• 15:25
  makes
• 15:25
  them
• 15:25
  much
• 15:26
  more
• 15:26
  specific
• 15:27
  in
• 15:27
  what
• 15:27
  light
• 15:28
  activates
• 15:28
  them.
• 15:29
  And
• 15:29
  so
• 15:30
  carotenoids
• 15:31
  are
• 15:31
  an
• 15:32
  important
• 15:32
  feature
• 15:33
  of
• 15:33
  vision
• 15:33
  for
• 15:33
  all
• 15:34
  birds.
• 15:34
  We
• 15:34
  know
• 15:34
  all
• 15:35
  birds
• 15:35
  can,
• 15:35
  can
• 15:35
  produce
• 15:36
  carotenoids
• 15:36
  and
• 15:37
  circulate
• 15:37
  them
• 15:37
  and
• 15:37
  metabolism,
• 15:38
  because
• 15:38
  they
• 15:39
  all
• 15:39
  have
• 15:39
  this
• 15:40
  visual
• 15:40
  capabilities,
• 15:41
  just
• 15:42
  pretty
• 15:42
  cool.
• 15:42
  And
• 15:42
  they're
• 15:42
  little,
• 15:43
  little
• 15:43
  oil
• 15:44
  droplets,
• 15:44
  right.
• 15:44
  Like
• 15:45
  associated
• 15:45
  with
• 15:46
  the
• 15:46
  cones,
• 15:46
  that
• 15:46
  kind
• 15:46
  of
• 15:47
  fine
• 15:47
  tune
• 15:47
  color.
• 15:48
  And
• 15:49
  yeah,
• 15:49
  I
• 15:49
  guess
• 15:49
  even
• 15:50
  turtles
• 15:50
  and
• 15:51
  some
• 15:51
  of
• 15:51
  these
• 15:51
  other
• 15:51
  reptiles
• 15:52
  have
• 15:52
  some
• 15:52
  of
• 15:52
  those
• 15:53
  tuning
• 15:53
  colors
• 15:54
  in
• 15:54
  their
• 15:54
  eyes
• 15:55
  as
• 15:55
  well,
• 15:55
  which
• 15:55
  is
• 15:55
  this
• 15:56
  ancestral
• 15:56
  state
• 15:57
  that
• 15:57
  mammals
• 15:57
  unfortunately
• 15:58
  have
• 15:58
  lost.
• 15:59
  Which
• 16:00
  makes
• 16:00
  me
• 16:00
  kind
• 16:00
  of
• 16:00
  sad
• 16:00
  about
• 16:01
  the
• 16:01
  colors
• 16:01
  I
• 16:01
  see
• 16:01
  in
• 16:01
  the
• 16:02
  world
• 16:02
  and
• 16:02
  how
• 16:02
  much
• 16:02
  cooler
• 16:03
  it
• 16:03
  could
• 16:03
  be.
• 16:03
  I
• 16:04
  know,
• 16:05
  just
• 16:05
  imagine.
• 16:05
  Do
• 16:06
  we
• 16:06
  know
• 16:06
  more
• 16:06
  about
• 16:06
  the
• 16:07
  colors
• 16:07
  we're
• 16:07
  missing
• 16:08
  with
• 16:08
  respect
• 16:08
  to
• 16:08
  female
• 16:09
  bird
• 16:09
  coloration
• 16:10
  in
• 16:10
  general?
• 16:11
  Have
• 16:11
  there
• 16:11
  been
• 16:11
  any
• 16:11
  advances
• 16:12
  in
• 16:12
  kind
• 16:12
  of
• 16:13
  understanding
• 16:13
  that
• 16:14
  aspect
• 16:14
  of
• 16:14
  bird
• 16:14
  vision?
• 16:15
  There's
• 16:15
  like,
• 16:16
  there
• 16:16
  are
• 16:16
  one
• 16:16
  or
• 16:16
  two
• 16:17
  species
• 16:17
  where
• 16:18
  you
• 16:18
  look
• 16:18
  at
• 16:18
  a
• 16:18
  patch
• 16:19
  and
• 16:19
  it
• 16:19
  looks
• 16:19
  gray,
• 16:20
  but
• 16:20
  maybe
• 16:21
  it
• 16:21
  has
• 16:21
  UV
• 16:22
  in
• 16:22
  it.
• 16:22
  One
• 16:22
  of
• 16:23
  my
• 16:23
  favorites,
• 16:23
  the
• 16:23
  palm
• 16:23
  tanager,
• 16:24
  which
• 16:25
  you,
• 16:25
  if
• 16:25
  you
• 16:25
  ever
• 16:25
  go
• 16:26
  to,
• 16:26
  you
• 16:26
  know,
• 16:26
  Central
• 16:27
  and
• 16:27
  South
• 16:27
  America,
• 16:28
  palm
• 16:28
  tanagers
• 16:28
  is
• 16:29
  one
• 16:29
  of
• 16:29
  the
• 16:29
  birds
• 16:29
  you'll
• 16:30
  see
• 16:30
  in
• 16:30
  the
• 16:30
  city
• 16:30
  and
• 16:31
  look
• 16:31
  kind
• 16:32
  of
• 16:32
  bland,
• 16:32
  kind
• 16:32
  of
• 16:32
  grayish,
• 16:33
  maybe
• 16:33
  tiny
• 16:33
  bit
• 16:33
  yellowish,
• 16:34
  but
• 16:34
  actually
• 16:34
  very
• 16:35
  reflective
• 16:35
  in
• 16:35
  the
• 16:36
  uv.
• 16:36
  But
• 16:37
  there
• 16:37
  are
• 16:37
  very
• 16:38
  few
• 16:38
  cases
• 16:39
  of
• 16:39
  like
• 16:40
  hidden
• 16:40
  UV
• 16:41
  patterning.
• 16:41
  I
• 16:41
  won't
• 16:42
  say
• 16:42
  there's
• 16:42
  none
• 16:43
  because
• 16:43
  there's
• 16:43
  like
• 16:44
  one
• 16:44
  or
• 16:44
  two,
• 16:44
  but
• 16:44
  very
• 16:45
  few.
• 16:46
  That
• 16:46
  said,
• 16:46
  how
• 16:47
  many
• 16:47
  people
• 16:47
  have
• 16:47
  actually,
• 16:48
  like,
• 16:49
  looked
• 16:49
  at
• 16:49
  all
• 16:50
  female
• 16:50
  birds
• 16:51
  with
• 16:51
  a
• 16:52
  camera
• 16:52
  or
• 16:52
  a
• 16:52
  spectrometer
• 16:53
  to,
• 16:53
  like,
• 16:54
  see
• 16:54
  if
• 16:54
  there
• 16:54
  are
• 16:55
  hidden
• 16:56
  signals?
• 16:57
  I
• 16:57
  wouldn't
• 16:57
  be
• 16:57
  surprised
• 16:58
  if
• 16:58
  they
• 16:58
  didn't.
• 16:58
  I
• 16:58
  mean,
• 16:59
  when
• 16:59
  you
• 16:59
  open
• 16:59
  a
• 16:59
  typical
• 17:00
  drawer
• 17:00
  at
• 17:00
  a
• 17:00
  museum,
• 17:00
  it's
• 17:01
  full
• 17:01
  of
• 17:01
  the
• 17:01
  really
• 17:01
  colorful
• 17:02
  males.
• 17:02
  And
• 17:02
  typically
• 17:03
  females
• 17:03
  are
• 17:03
  underrepresented,
• 17:04
  right?
• 17:04
  Absolutely.
• 17:05
  Yeah,
• 17:05
  there
• 17:05
  was
• 17:06
  a
• 17:06
  paper
• 17:06
  documenting
• 17:07
  that
• 17:07
  very
• 17:07
  thing.
• 17:07
  And
• 17:08
  so
• 17:08
  there's
• 17:09
  definitely
• 17:09
  a
• 17:09
  bias
• 17:10
  in
• 17:10
  the
• 17:10
  literature
• 17:11
  towards
• 17:11
  studying
• 17:12
  male
• 17:12
  plumage
• 17:13
  and
• 17:13
  male
• 17:13
  coloration.
• 17:15
  Many,
• 17:15
  many
• 17:15
  fewer
• 17:16
  papers
• 17:16
  have
• 17:16
  studied
• 17:17
  female
• 17:17
  coloration
• 17:17
  and
• 17:18
  how
• 17:18
  colors
• 17:19
  are
• 17:19
  made.
• 17:19
  And
• 17:19
  so
• 17:20
  that's
• 17:20
  actually
• 17:20
  one
• 17:20
  of
• 17:20
  the
• 17:21
  goals
• 17:21
  for
• 17:22
  my
• 17:22
  research,
• 17:22
  is
• 17:23
  to,
• 17:23
  you
• 17:23
  know,
• 17:24
  add
• 17:24
  that
• 17:24
  female
• 17:25
  color
• 17:25
  perspective
• 17:26
  and
• 17:26
  maybe
• 17:26
  even
• 17:26
  focus
• 17:27
  on
• 17:27
  that
• 17:27
  sometimes.
• 17:31
  In
• 17:31
  the
• 17:31
  environment
• 17:32
  perspective.
• 17:33
  What
• 17:33
  have
• 17:33
  we
• 17:33
  learned
• 17:33
  about
• 17:34
  the
• 17:34
  light
• 17:34
  in
• 17:34
  a
• 17:34
  habitat
• 17:35
  and
• 17:35
  how
• 17:35
  that
• 17:35
  changes
• 17:36
  which
• 17:36
  colors
• 17:37
  work
• 17:37
  best,
• 17:37
  like
• 17:38
  open
• 17:38
  spaces
• 17:38
  versus
• 17:39
  forests,
• 17:39
  and
• 17:40
  like,
• 17:40
  what
• 17:40
  you
• 17:41
  could
• 17:41
  predict
• 17:41
  from
• 17:41
  seeing
• 17:42
  a
• 17:42
  bird
• 17:42
  in
• 17:42
  terms
• 17:42
  of
• 17:42
  where
• 17:43
  it
• 17:43
  might
• 17:43
  live
• 17:43
  based
• 17:44
  on
• 17:44
  coloration.
• 17:44
  Are
• 17:45
  there
• 17:45
  broader
• 17:45
  patterns
• 17:46
  there
• 17:46
  or.
• 17:46
  No.
• 17:47
  The
• 17:47
  broadest
• 17:48
  pattern
• 17:48
  that's
• 17:48
  been
• 17:49
  found
• 17:49
  over
• 17:49
  and
• 17:49
  over
• 17:49
  again
• 17:50
  is
• 17:50
  that
• 17:51
  birds
• 17:51
  that
• 17:51
  tend
• 17:52
  to
• 17:52
  live
• 17:52
  in
• 17:53
  closed
• 17:54
  habitats.
• 17:54
  So
• 17:55
  think
• 17:55
  like
• 17:55
  in
• 17:55
  forests,
• 17:56
  basically,
• 17:56
  areas
• 17:57
  that
• 17:57
  are
• 17:57
  protected
• 17:57
  from
• 17:58
  the
• 17:58
  sun
• 17:58
  tend
• 17:59
  to
• 17:59
  be
• 17:59
  darker
• 17:59
  in
• 17:59
  color.
• 18:00
  So
• 18:01
  understory
• 18:01
  birds
• 18:02
  or
• 18:02
  forested
• 18:03
  birds
• 18:03
  compared
• 18:04
  to
• 18:04
  birds
• 18:04
  that
• 18:04
  live
• 18:05
  in
• 18:05
  open
• 18:05
  habitats.
• 18:07
  Also,
• 18:07
  the
• 18:07
  wavelengths
• 18:08
  of
• 18:08
  light
• 18:08
  in
• 18:09
  these
• 18:09
  different
• 18:09
  habitats
• 18:10
  can
• 18:10
  be
• 18:10
  different
• 18:10
  as
• 18:11
  well.
• 18:11
  So,
• 18:12
  for
• 18:12
  example,
• 18:13
  in
• 18:13
  a
• 18:13
  forest
• 18:14
  environment,
• 18:14
  a
• 18:15
  blue
• 18:15
  actually
• 18:15
  might
• 18:16
  stand
• 18:16
  out
• 18:16
  a
• 18:16
  lot
• 18:17
  more
• 18:18
  than
• 18:18
  a
• 18:18
  red
• 18:18
  just
• 18:18
  because
• 18:19
  of
• 18:19
  the
• 18:19
  wavelengths
• 18:19
  of
• 18:19
  light
• 18:20
  that
• 18:20
  are
• 18:20
  there.
• 18:21
  And
• 18:21
  so,
• 18:21
  you
• 18:21
  know,
• 18:21
  what
• 18:22
  you
• 18:22
  might
• 18:22
  expect
• 18:22
  actually
• 18:23
  depends
• 18:23
  on
• 18:23
  what
• 18:23
  you
• 18:24
  think
• 18:24
  the
• 18:24
  birds
• 18:24
  want
• 18:24
  to
• 18:25
  do.
• 18:25
  Do
• 18:25
  they
• 18:25
  want
• 18:25
  to
• 18:25
  stand
• 18:25
  out
• 18:26
  or
• 18:26
  do
• 18:26
  they
• 18:26
  want
• 18:26
  to
• 18:26
  blend
• 18:27
  in?
• 18:27
  Totally.
• 18:28
  I
• 18:28
  always
• 18:28
  think
• 18:28
  about
• 18:29
  in
• 18:29
  that
• 18:29
  context,
• 18:30
  like
• 18:30
  birds
• 18:30
  of
• 18:30
  paradise
• 18:31
  males
• 18:31
  have
• 18:31
  these
• 18:32
  feather
• 18:32
  elaborations.
• 18:33
  They
• 18:33
  have
• 18:33
  insane
• 18:34
  behaviors
• 18:34
  along
• 18:34
  with
• 18:35
  really,
• 18:35
  really
• 18:35
  amazing
• 18:36
  colors,
• 18:36
  often
• 18:36
  flashes
• 18:37
  of
• 18:37
  color.
• 18:38
  Whereas
• 18:38
  the
• 18:38
  females
• 18:39
  are
• 18:39
  more
• 18:39
  camouflaged,
• 18:40
  and
• 18:40
  they're
• 18:40
  the
• 18:40
  ones
• 18:40
  that
• 18:41
  lay
• 18:41
  the
• 18:41
  eggs,
• 18:41
  take
• 18:42
  care
• 18:42
  of
• 18:42
  the
• 18:42
  chicks.
• 18:42
  The
• 18:42
  males
• 18:43
  don't
• 18:43
  help.
• 18:43
  So
• 18:44
  it
• 18:44
  makes
• 18:45
  sense
• 18:45
  that
• 18:45
  evolution
• 18:45
  would
• 18:46
  favor
• 18:46
  this
• 18:46
  elaborate
• 18:47
  coloration.
• 18:47
  I
• 18:47
  think
• 18:48
  my
• 18:48
  favorite
• 18:48
  thing
• 18:48
  about
• 18:48
  the
• 18:48
  birds
• 18:49
  of
• 18:49
  paradise
• 18:49
  was
• 18:50
  we
• 18:50
  watch
• 18:50
  them
• 18:51
  from
• 18:51
  our
• 18:51
  perspective
• 18:52
  as
• 18:52
  people.
• 18:52
  But
• 18:52
  once
• 18:53
  you
• 18:53
  actually
• 18:53
  position
• 18:53
  yourself
• 18:54
  to
• 18:54
  watch
• 18:54
  a
• 18:55
  bird
• 18:55
  of
• 18:55
  paradise
• 18:55
  during
• 18:56
  its
• 18:56
  display,
• 18:57
  like
• 18:57
  a
• 18:57
  female
• 18:57
  bird
• 18:58
  of
• 18:58
  paradise
• 18:58
  would,
• 18:58
  it
• 18:59
  becomes
• 18:59
  much
• 19:00
  more
• 19:00
  colorful.
• 19:01
  Absolutely.
• 19:01
  And
• 19:01
  you
• 19:01
  know
• 19:02
  what
• 19:02
  I
• 19:02
  can't
• 19:02
  wait
• 19:03
  for
• 19:03
  is
• 19:03
  when
• 19:03
  people
• 19:04
  actually
• 19:04
  look
• 19:04
  at
• 19:05
  the
• 19:06
  neurology
• 19:06
  of
• 19:07
  birds,
• 19:07
  like,
• 19:07
  how
• 19:07
  do
• 19:07
  birds
• 19:08
  brains
• 19:09
  work?
• 19:09
  You
• 19:09
  know,
• 19:09
  we've
• 19:09
  studied
• 19:10
  a
• 19:10
  lot
• 19:10
  about,
• 19:10
  like,
• 19:10
  their
• 19:11
  eyes.
• 19:12
  We're
• 19:12
  now
• 19:12
  thinking
• 19:12
  about
• 19:12
  their
• 19:13
  behaviors,
• 19:14
  but
• 19:14
  how
• 19:15
  are
• 19:15
  their
• 19:15
  brains
• 19:15
  processing
• 19:16
  color?
• 19:17
  That's
• 19:17
  like
• 19:17
  something
• 19:17
  we
• 19:18
  don't
• 19:18
  know
• 19:18
  at
• 19:18
  all.
• 19:18
  Your
• 19:19
  current
• 19:19
  research
• 19:19
  is
• 19:20
  kind
• 19:20
  of
• 19:20
  looking
• 19:20
  into
• 19:20
  this,
• 19:21
  like,
• 19:21
  human
• 19:21
  impacts
• 19:22
  on
• 19:22
  coloration
• 19:23
  in
• 19:23
  birds.
• 19:24
  Could
• 19:24
  you
• 19:24
  talk
• 19:24
  a
• 19:24
  little
• 19:25
  bit
• 19:25
  about
• 19:25
  what
• 19:25
  people
• 19:25
  have
• 19:25
  been
• 19:26
  finding?
• 19:26
  What
• 19:26
  are
• 19:26
  the
• 19:26
  big
• 19:27
  stressors
• 19:27
  that
• 19:27
  you
• 19:28
  find
• 19:28
  interesting
• 19:28
  or
• 19:29
  studying
• 19:29
  right
• 19:29
  now?
• 19:30
  What
• 19:30
  I
• 19:30
  specifically
• 19:31
  am
• 19:31
  thinking
• 19:32
  a
• 19:32
  lot
• 19:32
  about,
• 19:32
  I
• 19:32
  think
• 19:32
  a
• 19:32
  lot
• 19:33
  about
• 19:33
  urban
• 19:33
  environments.
• 19:34
  And
• 19:35
  there's
• 19:35
  been
• 19:36
  a
• 19:36
  few
• 19:36
  cool
• 19:36
  papers
• 19:37
  looking
• 19:37
  at
• 19:37
  how
• 19:37
  urban
• 19:38
  environments
• 19:38
  might
• 19:39
  filter
• 19:39
  birds.
• 19:40
  So,
• 19:40
  like,
• 19:41
  more
• 19:41
  there.
• 19:41
  There's
• 19:42
  actually
• 19:42
  some
• 19:42
  paper
• 19:42
  showing
• 19:42
  that
• 19:43
  more
• 19:43
  colorful
• 19:43
  birds
• 19:44
  tend
• 19:44
  to
• 19:44
  live
• 19:44
  in
• 19:44
  cities,
• 19:46
  which
• 19:46
  is
• 19:47
  very
• 19:47
  interesting.
• 19:49
  What
• 19:49
  I'm
• 19:50
  studying
• 19:50
  right
• 19:50
  now
• 19:51
  is
• 19:51
  actually
• 19:51
  pollution
• 19:52
  and
• 19:52
  how
• 19:52
  pollution
• 19:53
  shapes
• 19:54
  birds
• 19:54
  phenotypes.
• 19:55
  And
• 19:55
  so
• 19:56
  if
• 19:56
  birds
• 19:56
  are
• 19:56
  exposed
• 19:57
  to
• 19:57
  pollutants
• 19:58
  like
• 19:58
  heavy
• 19:58
  metals
• 19:59
  or
• 19:59
  they
• 19:59
  don't
• 19:59
  have
• 19:59
  as
• 19:59
  rich
• 20:00
  diets
• 20:00
  or
• 20:00
  things
• 20:00
  like
• 20:01
  that,
• 20:01
  you
• 20:01
  can
• 20:01
  imagine
• 20:01
  that
• 20:02
  their
• 20:02
  colors
• 20:02
  might
• 20:02
  be
• 20:02
  less
• 20:03
  vibrant
• 20:03
  just
• 20:03
  because
• 20:04
  color
• 20:04
  is
• 20:04
  often
• 20:05
  tied
• 20:06
  to
• 20:06
  bird
• 20:06
  health.
• 20:06
  So
• 20:07
  it's
• 20:07
  an
• 20:07
  indicator
• 20:07
  of
• 20:07
  how
• 20:08
  healthy
• 20:08
  birds
• 20:08
  are.
• 20:09
  But
• 20:09
  then
• 20:09
  in
• 20:10
  a
• 20:10
  much
• 20:10
  simpler
• 20:11
  way,
• 20:11
  pollution
• 20:12
  actually
• 20:12
  can
• 20:13
  lay
• 20:13
  on
• 20:13
  top
• 20:13
  of
• 20:14
  colors
• 20:14
  and
• 20:14
  block
• 20:14
  them.
• 20:15
  So,
• 20:15
  for
• 20:15
  example,
• 20:17
  I'm
• 20:17
  a
• 20:17
  museum
• 20:17
  curator.
• 20:18
  I
• 20:18
  work
• 20:18
  in
• 20:18
  museum
• 20:19
  collections.
• 20:19
  When
• 20:20
  I
• 20:20
  first
• 20:20
  got
• 20:20
  here,
• 20:21
  I
• 20:21
  was
• 20:21
  looking
• 20:21
  at
• 20:22
  drawers
• 20:22
  of
• 20:22
  house
• 20:22
  finches
• 20:23
  because
• 20:23
  I
• 20:23
  studied
• 20:23
  house
• 20:23
  finches
• 20:24
  for
• 20:24
  my
• 20:24
  dissertation.
• 20:25
  And
• 20:25
  I
• 20:26
  noted
• 20:27
  that
• 20:27
  some
• 20:27
  of
• 20:27
  our
• 20:27
  house
• 20:27
  finches
• 20:28
  were
• 20:28
  black.
• 20:28
  And
• 20:29
  even
• 20:29
  the
• 20:29
  red,
• 20:30
  I
• 20:30
  could
• 20:30
  tell
• 20:30
  that
• 20:30
  they
• 20:30
  were
• 20:31
  males
• 20:31
  and
• 20:31
  that
• 20:31
  they
• 20:31
  had
• 20:32
  red,
• 20:32
  but
• 20:32
  it's
• 20:32
  covered
• 20:33
  in
• 20:33
  black.
• 20:33
  So
• 20:33
  it's
• 20:33
  completely
• 20:34
  like
• 20:34
  almost
• 20:34
  completely
• 20:35
  blocking
• 20:35
  out
• 20:35
  that
• 20:36
  signal.
• 20:36
  Wow.
• 20:37
  And
• 20:37
  right
• 20:38
  around
• 20:38
  the
• 20:38
  time
• 20:38
  that
• 20:38
  I
• 20:38
  started,
• 20:40
  Shane
• 20:40
  Dube
• 20:41
  and
• 20:41
  Carl
• 20:41
  Fuldner
• 20:42
  had
• 20:42
  come
• 20:42
  out
• 20:42
  with
• 20:42
  this
• 20:42
  paper
• 20:43
  in
• 20:44
  the
• 20:44
  Chicago
• 20:45
  area
• 20:45
  showing
• 20:45
  that
• 20:46
  actually
• 20:46
  how
• 20:47
  dirty
• 20:47
  bird
• 20:48
  specimens
• 20:48
  are
• 20:48
  tracks
• 20:49
  major
• 20:50
  world
• 20:50
  events
• 20:51
  and
• 20:51
  is
• 20:52
  probably
• 20:52
  a
• 20:52
  good
• 20:52
  proxy
• 20:53
  for
• 20:53
  levels
• 20:53
  of
• 20:54
  air
• 20:54
  pollution.
• 20:54
  I've
• 20:55
  now
• 20:55
  since
• 20:55
  jumped
• 20:56
  into
• 20:56
  that
• 20:56
  realm.
• 20:57
  So
• 20:57
  it
• 20:57
  really
• 20:57
  opens
• 20:58
  up
• 20:58
  a
• 20:58
  few
• 20:58
  different
• 20:58
  avenues.
• 20:59
  One
• 20:59
  is
• 21:00
  using
• 21:00
  museum
• 21:01
  specimens
• 21:01
  to
• 21:01
  measure
• 21:02
  air
• 21:02
  pollution
• 21:02
  levels
• 21:03
  through
• 21:03
  space
• 21:03
  and
• 21:03
  time.
• 21:04
  In
• 21:04
  times
• 21:04
  when
• 21:05
  we
• 21:05
  actually,
• 21:05
  as
• 21:05
  humans,
• 21:06
  we
• 21:06
  didn't
• 21:06
  record
• 21:06
  it.
• 21:07
  But
• 21:07
  I'm
• 21:08
  also
• 21:08
  thinking
• 21:08
  about
• 21:08
  what
• 21:09
  does
• 21:09
  the
• 21:09
  air
• 21:09
  pollution
• 21:09
  do
• 21:10
  to
• 21:10
  the
• 21:10
  birds,
• 21:11
  how
• 21:11
  well
• 21:12
  feathers
• 21:12
  can
• 21:12
  absorb
• 21:13
  or
• 21:13
  reflect
• 21:13
  heat,
• 21:14
  which
• 21:14
  is
• 21:14
  a
• 21:14
  whole
• 21:14
  nother
• 21:15
  physiological
• 21:16
  constraint.
• 21:17
  Carbon
• 21:18
  is
• 21:18
  known
• 21:18
  to
• 21:18
  absorb
• 21:19
  more
• 21:19
  heat.
• 21:20
  And
• 21:20
  so
• 21:21
  I
• 21:21
  had
• 21:22
  a
• 21:22
  postbac,
• 21:23
  Melissa
• 21:23
  Gonzalez,
• 21:24
  who
• 21:24
  was
• 21:24
  working
• 21:24
  with
• 21:24
  me
• 21:25
  last
• 21:26
  year
• 21:26
  on
• 21:26
  these
• 21:27
  dirty
• 21:27
  birds
• 21:27
  with
• 21:27
  our
• 21:28
  infrared
• 21:28
  spectrophotometer.
• 21:29
  We
• 21:29
  have
• 21:29
  another
• 21:30
  spectrophotometer
• 21:30
  now,
• 21:31
  working
• 21:32
  with
• 21:32
  me
• 21:32
  and
• 21:32
  my
• 21:32
  collaborator,
• 21:33
  Terry
• 21:33
  McGlynn,
• 21:34
  to
• 21:34
  say,
• 21:35
  does
• 21:35
  having
• 21:35
  a
• 21:36
  bunch
• 21:36
  of
• 21:36
  carbon
• 21:37
  not
• 21:37
  only
• 21:37
  change
• 21:38
  the
• 21:38
  colors
• 21:38
  that
• 21:39
  you
• 21:39
  are
• 21:39
  visually,
• 21:39
  but
• 21:40
  also
• 21:40
  change
• 21:40
  how
• 21:41
  much
• 21:41
  heat
• 21:41
  you
• 21:42
  are
• 21:42
  absorbing?
• 21:43
  And
• 21:44
  we're
• 21:45
  writing
• 21:45
  up
• 21:45
  this
• 21:46
  paper
• 21:46
  now,
• 21:46
  but
• 21:46
  the
• 21:46
  short
• 21:47
  answer
• 21:47
  is
• 21:47
  yes.
• 21:48
  So
• 21:48
  if
• 21:48
  you're
• 21:49
  a
• 21:49
  pale
• 21:49
  color,
• 21:49
  like
• 21:50
  white
• 21:50
  or,
• 21:50
  say,
• 21:51
  yellow
• 21:51
  or
• 21:51
  something
• 21:51
  like
• 21:52
  that,
• 21:53
  and
• 21:53
  you're
• 21:53
  covered
• 21:53
  in
• 21:54
  carbon
• 21:54
  because
• 21:54
  you're
• 21:55
  really
• 21:55
  dirty,
• 21:55
  you're
• 21:55
  exposed
• 21:55
  to
• 21:56
  pollution,
• 21:56
  you
• 21:57
  actually,
• 21:57
  your
• 21:57
  feathers
• 21:58
  are
• 21:58
  absorbing
• 21:58
  a
• 21:58
  lot
• 21:58
  more
• 21:59
  heat
• 21:59
  than
• 21:59
  they
• 21:59
  would
• 21:59
  otherwise,
• 22:00
  which
• 22:01
  is
• 22:01
  pretty
• 22:01
  interesting.
• 22:02
  Yeah.
• 22:03
  And
• 22:04
  potentially
• 22:04
  exacerbating
• 22:05
  ongoing
• 22:06
  changes
• 22:07
  in
• 22:07
  how
• 22:07
  hot
• 22:08
  places
• 22:08
  get
• 22:08
  and
• 22:09
  the
• 22:09
  frequency
• 22:09
  of
• 22:09
  heat
• 22:10
  waves
• 22:10
  and
• 22:10
  stuff
• 22:10
  like
• 22:10
  that.
• 22:11
  Exactly.
• 22:11
  I
• 22:12
  think
• 22:12
  it's
• 22:12
  hard
• 22:13
  to
• 22:13
  comprehend
• 22:14
  how
• 22:14
  much
• 22:14
  of
• 22:14
  an
• 22:14
  impact
• 22:15
  humans
• 22:15
  are
• 22:16
  having
• 22:16
  and
• 22:16
  have
• 22:16
  had
• 22:17
  on
• 22:17
  the
• 22:17
  environment.
• 22:17
  But
• 22:18
  then,
• 22:18
  yeah,
• 22:19
  just
• 22:19
  thinking
• 22:19
  about
• 22:19
  carbon
• 22:20
  deposition
• 22:20
  on
• 22:20
  feathers
• 22:21
  and
• 22:21
  that
• 22:21
  that
• 22:21
  can
• 22:22
  influence
• 22:22
  both
• 22:22
  the
• 22:22
  way
• 22:23
  birds
• 22:23
  perceive
• 22:23
  each
• 22:23
  other,
• 22:23
  but
• 22:24
  also
• 22:24
  their
• 22:24
  ability
• 22:24
  to
• 22:25
  thermal
• 22:25
  regulate
• 22:25
  is.
• 22:26
  That's
• 22:27
  incredible.
• 22:27
  I
• 22:27
  mean,
• 22:28
  that's
• 22:28
  like
• 22:28
  outside
• 22:28
  of
• 22:28
  the
• 22:29
  light
• 22:29
  environment
• 22:29
  that
• 22:30
  cities
• 22:30
  produce,
• 22:31
  which
• 22:31
  can
• 22:32
  alter,
• 22:32
  you
• 22:32
  know,
• 22:33
  the
• 22:33
  visual
• 22:33
  way
• 22:34
  birds
• 22:34
  can
• 22:34
  see
• 22:34
  each
• 22:34
  other
• 22:35
  too.
• 22:35
  There's
• 22:35
  so
• 22:35
  many
• 22:36
  different
• 22:36
  aspects,
• 22:37
  and
• 22:37
  it's.
• 22:37
  Yeah,
• 22:37
  like
• 22:38
  you
• 22:38
  said,
• 22:38
  it's
• 22:39
  kind
• 22:39
  of
• 22:39
  bonkers
• 22:40
  to
• 22:40
  think
• 22:40
  about
• 22:40
  how
• 22:40
  they
• 22:40
  all
• 22:41
  interact
• 22:41
  with
• 22:41
  each
• 22:41
  other.
• 22:42
  Where's
• 22:42
  your
• 22:42
  research
• 22:42
  program
• 22:43
  going
• 22:43
  in
• 22:43
  terms
• 22:44
  of
• 22:44
  bird
• 22:45
  color?
• 22:45
  Like,
• 22:45
  what's
• 22:46
  the
• 22:46
  most
• 22:46
  exciting
• 22:46
  part?
• 22:47
  What
• 22:47
  I'm
• 22:48
  thinking
• 22:48
  a
• 22:48
  lot
• 22:48
  about
• 22:48
  now
• 22:49
  is
• 22:49
  how
• 22:50
  other
• 22:51
  aspects
• 22:51
  of
• 22:51
  feather
• 22:52
  morphology.
• 22:53
  So
• 22:54
  we've
• 22:54
  talked
• 22:54
  a
• 22:54
  lot
• 22:54
  about
• 22:55
  nanostructure
• 22:56
  and
• 22:56
  how
• 22:56
  that
• 22:56
  produces
• 22:57
  structural
• 22:57
  color.
• 22:57
  We've
• 22:58
  talked
• 22:58
  about
• 22:58
  pigments.
• 22:59
  But
• 23:00
  something
• 23:00
  I'm
• 23:01
  really
• 23:01
  excited
• 23:01
  about
• 23:01
  is
• 23:01
  how
• 23:02
  feather
• 23:03
  barbs.
• 23:03
  So
• 23:03
  if
• 23:03
  we
• 23:04
  have
• 23:04
  a
• 23:04
  feather,
• 23:04
  you
• 23:04
  could
• 23:05
  think
• 23:05
  about
• 23:05
  the
• 23:05
  central
• 23:05
  shaft.
• 23:06
  That's
• 23:06
  what
• 23:06
  we
• 23:07
  call
• 23:07
  the
• 23:07
  rachis
• 23:07
  of
• 23:07
  the
• 23:07
  feather.
• 23:08
  Branching
• 23:09
  off
• 23:09
  of
• 23:09
  that
• 23:09
  are
• 23:10
  feather
• 23:10
  barbs.
• 23:10
  Think
• 23:11
  of
• 23:11
  like
• 23:11
  the
• 23:11
  branches
• 23:11
  of
• 23:11
  a
• 23:12
  tree.
• 23:12
  And
• 23:13
  branching
• 23:13
  off
• 23:13
  of
• 23:13
  that
• 23:13
  even
• 23:14
  smaller
• 23:14
  are
• 23:14
  feather
• 23:14
  barbules.
• 23:16
  Think
• 23:16
  like
• 23:16
  twigs
• 23:16
  in
• 23:17
  a
• 23:17
  branch,
• 23:17
  for
• 23:17
  example.
• 23:18
  And
• 23:18
  so
• 23:19
  we're
• 23:19
  learning
• 23:19
  that
• 23:19
  actually
• 23:20
  the
• 23:20
  shapes
• 23:20
  of
• 23:21
  these
• 23:21
  barbs
• 23:21
  and
• 23:22
  these
• 23:22
  barbules
• 23:23
  actually
• 23:23
  also
• 23:25
  can
• 23:25
  have
• 23:25
  really
• 23:26
  big
• 23:26
  impacts
• 23:26
  on
• 23:26
  colors.
• 23:27
  They
• 23:27
  can
• 23:27
  change
• 23:28
  how
• 23:28
  bright
• 23:29
  colors
• 23:29
  are.
• 23:29
  They
• 23:29
  can
• 23:30
  change
• 23:30
  how
• 23:31
  rich
• 23:31
  and
• 23:32
  saturated
• 23:32
  colors
• 23:33
  are,
• 23:34
  even
• 23:34
  to
• 23:35
  some
• 23:35
  extent,
• 23:35
  change
• 23:36
  hue,
• 23:36
  although
• 23:37
  that's
• 23:37
  more
• 23:37
  tuned
• 23:38
  by
• 23:38
  some
• 23:38
  of
• 23:38
  those.
• 23:39
  The
• 23:40
  deeper
• 23:40
  coloration
• 23:41
  mechanism,
• 23:41
  like
• 23:42
  pigments
• 23:42
  and
• 23:42
  the
• 23:43
  structural
• 23:43
  colors.
• 23:44
  So
• 23:45
  I'm
• 23:45
  excited
• 23:46
  about
• 23:46
  thinking
• 23:46
  about
• 23:47
  how
• 23:47
  these
• 23:47
  mechanisms
• 23:48
  all
• 23:48
  add
• 23:49
  up
• 23:49
  to
• 23:49
  each
• 23:49
  other
• 23:50
  to
• 23:50
  produce
• 23:51
  this
• 23:51
  one
• 23:51
  phenotype
• 23:52
  that
• 23:52
  we
• 23:52
  call
• 23:53
  color
• 23:53
  that's
• 23:54
  made
• 23:54
  up
• 23:54
  of
• 23:54
  all
• 23:55
  of
• 23:55
  these
• 23:55
  different
• 23:55
  things
• 23:56
  on
• 23:56
  top
• 23:56
  of
• 23:56
  each
• 23:56
  other,
• 23:57
  even
• 23:58
  the
• 23:58
  color
• 23:58
  of
• 23:58
  the
• 23:58
  feathers
• 23:59
  that
• 23:59
  lay
• 23:59
  on
• 23:59
  top
• 23:59
  of
• 24:00
  each
• 24:00
  other.
• 24:00
  I
• 24:00
  don't
• 24:00
  know
• 24:00
  if
• 24:00
  you
• 24:00
  saw
• 24:01
  our
• 24:01
  paper
• 24:01
  led
• 24:02
  by
• 24:02
  Rosalind
• 24:02
  Price
• 24:03
  Waldman
• 24:03
  in
• 24:03
  Science
• 24:04
  Advances,
• 24:04
  where
• 24:05
  we
• 24:05
  found
• 24:06
  something
• 24:06
  that
• 24:07
  makes
• 24:07
  a
• 24:07
  lot
• 24:08
  of
• 24:08
  sense,
• 24:08
  but
• 24:08
  nobody's
• 24:09
  ever
• 24:09
  thought
• 24:10
  about
• 24:10
  it,
• 24:10
  which
• 24:10
  is
• 24:11
  that
• 24:11
  birds
• 24:12
  actually
• 24:12
  have,
• 24:13
  in
• 24:13
  some
• 24:13
  species,
• 24:14
  some
• 24:14
  of
• 24:14
  the
• 24:15
  brightest
• 24:15
  colored
• 24:15
  birds
• 24:16
  have
• 24:16
  an
• 24:16
  under
• 24:16
  layer
• 24:17
  that
• 24:18
  changes
• 24:18
  the
• 24:18
  color
• 24:19
  of
• 24:19
  light.
• 24:19
  So
• 24:20
  again,
• 24:20
  let's
• 24:21
  think
• 24:21
  about
• 24:21
  the
• 24:21
  structure
• 24:22
  of
• 24:22
  a
• 24:22
  feather.
• 24:22
  So
• 24:22
  if
• 24:22
  I
• 24:23
  have
• 24:23
  a
• 24:23
  feather
• 24:23
  in
• 24:23
  my
• 24:24
  hand,
• 24:24
  the
• 24:25
  base
• 24:25
  that's
• 24:25
  closest
• 24:26
  to
• 24:26
  the
• 24:26
  bird
• 24:26
  is
• 24:26
  often
• 24:27
  kind
• 24:27
  of
• 24:27
  gray
• 24:27
  and
• 24:28
  very
• 24:28
  fluffy.
• 24:28
  That's
• 24:29
  the
• 24:29
  downy
• 24:29
  part
• 24:29
  of
• 24:29
  the
• 24:30
  feather.
• 24:30
  Whereas
• 24:31
  the
• 24:31
  tips
• 24:31
  will
• 24:32
  would
• 24:32
  be
• 24:32
  very
• 24:33
  colorful.
• 24:33
  So
• 24:33
  that's
• 24:34
  where
• 24:34
  most
• 24:34
  of
• 24:34
  the
• 24:34
  color
• 24:34
  is
• 24:35
  in
• 24:35
  the
• 24:35
  feather.
• 24:36
  And
• 24:36
  so
• 24:36
  in
• 24:37
  many
• 24:37
  birds,
• 24:37
  we've
• 24:37
  only
• 24:38
  ever
• 24:38
  thought
• 24:38
  about
• 24:39
  the
• 24:39
  gray
• 24:39
  downy
• 24:40
  part
• 24:40
  and
• 24:41
  the
• 24:41
  colorful
• 24:41
  tips.
• 24:42
  But
• 24:42
  in
• 24:43
  tanagers
• 24:44
  is
• 24:44
  what
• 24:44
  we
• 24:44
  studied
• 24:45
  them
• 24:45
  in.
• 24:45
  But
• 24:45
  we
• 24:46
  actually
• 24:46
  have
• 24:46
  found
• 24:46
  them
• 24:46
  in
• 24:47
  many
• 24:47
  different
• 24:47
  types
• 24:48
  of
• 24:48
  songbirds.
• 24:49
  We
• 24:49
  found
• 24:49
  that
• 24:49
  there
• 24:50
  is
• 24:50
  an
• 24:50
  in
• 24:50
  between
• 24:51
  layer
• 24:51
  that's
• 24:51
  white
• 24:52
  if
• 24:52
  you're
• 24:53
  colored
• 24:53
  by
• 24:53
  pigments,
• 24:54
  or
• 24:54
  black
• 24:54
  if
• 24:55
  you're
• 24:55
  colored
• 24:55
  by
• 24:56
  structural
• 24:56
  color.
• 24:57
  And
• 24:57
  so
• 24:58
  if
• 24:58
  you
• 24:58
  think
• 24:58
  about
• 24:58
  how
• 24:58
  feathers
• 24:59
  lay
• 24:59
  on
• 24:59
  top
• 24:59
  of
• 24:59
  each
• 25:00
  other,
• 25:00
  they're
• 25:00
  kind
• 25:00
  of
• 25:00
  like
• 25:01
  tiles
• 25:01
  on
• 25:01
  a
• 25:02
  roof
• 25:02
  in
• 25:02
  that
• 25:03
  those
• 25:03
  tips
• 25:04
  are
• 25:04
  then
• 25:04
  laying
• 25:04
  on
• 25:04
  top
• 25:05
  of
• 25:05
  that
• 25:05
  white
• 25:06
  or
• 25:06
  black,
• 25:07
  you
• 25:07
  know,
• 25:07
  hidden
• 25:08
  layer.
• 25:09
  And
• 25:09
  the
• 25:10
  effect
• 25:10
  of
• 25:10
  that
• 25:10
  white
• 25:11
  is
• 25:11
  that
• 25:11
  it's
• 25:12
  allowing
• 25:12
  those
• 25:13
  structures,
• 25:13
  those
• 25:13
  pigmentary
• 25:14
  colors,
• 25:14
  so
• 25:15
  those
• 25:15
  oranges
• 25:15
  and
• 25:15
  yellows
• 25:16
  and
• 25:16
  reds
• 25:16
  to
• 25:16
  be
• 25:17
  much
• 25:17
  brighter
• 25:17
  because
• 25:18
  more
• 25:18
  light
• 25:18
  is
• 25:19
  being
• 25:19
  reflected
• 25:19
  through
• 25:20
  those
• 25:20
  pigments.
• 25:21
  And
• 25:21
  the
• 25:21
  black,
• 25:22
  those
• 25:22
  structural
• 25:22
  colors
• 25:23
  are
• 25:23
  actually
• 25:23
  much
• 25:23
  richer
• 25:24
  and
• 25:24
  more
• 25:24
  saturated
• 25:25
  because
• 25:25
  it's
• 25:26
  absorbing
• 25:26
  all
• 25:26
  of
• 25:27
  the
• 25:27
  wavelengths
• 25:27
  of
• 25:27
  light
• 25:27
  that
• 25:28
  are
• 25:28
  not
• 25:28
  being
• 25:28
  scattered
• 25:29
  by
• 25:29
  those
• 25:29
  nanostructures.
• 25:30
  So
• 25:31
  what's
• 25:32
  even
• 25:32
  really
• 25:32
  cooler
• 25:33
  is
• 25:33
  that
• 25:34
  in
• 25:34
  many
• 25:34
  of
• 25:34
  these
• 25:34
  Tengara
• 25:35
  tanagers,
• 25:36
  the
• 25:37
  males
• 25:37
  are
• 25:37
  colorful
• 25:38
  and
• 25:38
  the
• 25:38
  females
• 25:38
  are
• 25:39
  also
• 25:39
  pretty
• 25:39
  colorful.
• 25:40
  They
• 25:40
  have
• 25:40
  the
• 25:40
  same
• 25:41
  patterns,
• 25:41
  but
• 25:41
  they're
• 25:41
  a
• 25:42
  little
• 25:42
  bit
• 25:42
  duller.
• 25:43
  And
• 25:43
  actually,
• 25:43
  it's
• 25:44
  entirely
• 25:44
  caused
• 25:45
  by
• 25:45
  the
• 25:45
  females
• 25:46
  not
• 25:46
  having
• 25:47
  that
• 25:47
  intermediate
• 25:48
  hidden
• 25:48
  layer
• 25:49
  like
• 25:49
  we
• 25:49
  actually
• 25:49
  looked
• 25:50
  at.
• 25:50
  The
• 25:50
  color
• 25:51
  in
• 25:51
  the
• 25:51
  tips
• 25:51
  themselves
• 25:52
  is
• 25:52
  the
• 25:52
  same.
• 25:53
  It's
• 25:53
  just
• 25:53
  they
• 25:53
  don't
• 25:54
  have
• 25:54
  that
• 25:54
  extra
• 25:55
  white
• 25:55
  or
• 25:55
  black
• 25:55
  layer.
• 25:56
  So
• 25:56
  that's
• 25:56
  causing
• 25:57
  sexual
• 25:57
  dichromatism
• 25:58
  or
• 25:58
  the
• 25:58
  differences
• 25:59
  between
• 25:59
  males
• 25:59
  and
• 25:59
  females
• 26:00
  in
• 26:00
  those
• 26:00
  species.
• 26:02
  That's
• 26:02
  fascinating.
• 26:03
  Yeah,
• 26:05
  that's
• 26:05
  very
• 26:05
  cool.
• 26:06
  That
• 26:06
  was
• 26:06
  very
• 26:07
  like
• 26:07
  just
• 26:07
  thinking
• 26:07
  about
• 26:08
  how
• 26:08
  that's
• 26:08
  how
• 26:08
  you
• 26:08
  could
• 26:08
  have
• 26:09
  differences
• 26:09
  between
• 26:10
  males
• 26:10
  and
• 26:10
  females
• 26:11
  just
• 26:11
  by
• 26:11
  varying
• 26:11
  the
• 26:11
  actual
• 26:12
  underlying
• 26:12
  color
• 26:13
  and
• 26:13
  not
• 26:13
  the
• 26:13
  actual
• 26:14
  color
• 26:15
  itself.
• 26:15
  From
• 26:16
  a,
• 26:16
  I
• 26:16
  guess
• 26:17
  a
• 26:17
  biochemical
• 26:18
  perspective
• 26:18
  makes
• 26:18
  sense,
• 26:19
  really,
• 26:19
  because
• 26:19
  you'd
• 26:20
  have
• 26:20
  to
• 26:20
  alter
• 26:20
  pathways
• 26:20
  pretty
• 26:21
  considerably
• 26:21
  to
• 26:22
  either
• 26:22
  be
• 26:23
  green
• 26:23
  or
• 26:23
  not
• 26:23
  be
• 26:23
  green.
• 26:24
  But
• 26:24
  if
• 26:24
  you
• 26:24
  can
• 26:24
  just
• 26:24
  play
• 26:24
  around
• 26:25
  with
• 26:25
  the
• 26:25
  base
• 26:25
  layer
• 26:26
  and
• 26:26
  that
• 26:26
  makes
• 26:26
  you
• 26:26
  a
• 26:26
  little
• 26:27
  less
• 26:27
  vibrant,
• 26:28
  that's
• 26:28
  super
• 26:29
  cool.
• 26:29
  Yeah.
• 26:33
  In
• 26:33
  your
• 26:34
  opinion,
• 26:34
  what
• 26:34
  three
• 26:35
  birds
• 26:36
  are
• 26:36
  kind
• 26:37
  of
• 26:37
  the
• 26:37
  best
• 26:37
  example
• 26:38
  of
• 26:39
  The,
• 26:40
  I
• 26:40
  don't
• 26:41
  know,
• 26:41
  vibrancy
• 26:41
  of
• 26:41
  color
• 26:42
  in
• 26:42
  nature.
• 26:42
  Our
• 26:43
  YouTube
• 26:43
  and
• 26:43
  Spotify
• 26:44
  visitors
• 26:44
  will
• 26:44
  get
• 26:44
  to
• 26:44
  see
• 26:45
  the
• 26:45
  examples
• 26:45
  as
• 26:46
  we
• 26:46
  talk.
• 26:46
  But
• 26:46
  for
• 26:46
  audio
• 26:47
  only,
• 26:47
  listeners,
• 26:48
  describe
• 26:49
  those
• 26:49
  three
• 26:49
  species
• 26:50
  as
• 26:50
  best
• 26:50
  you
• 26:50
  can.
• 26:51
  If
• 26:51
  I
• 26:51
  were
• 26:52
  to
• 26:52
  just
• 26:52
  name
• 26:52
  species,
• 26:53
  I
• 26:53
  would
• 26:54
  probably
• 26:54
  pick
• 26:54
  three
• 26:54
  birds
• 26:55
  of
• 26:55
  paradise.
• 26:56
  Because
• 26:56
  birds
• 26:56
  of
• 26:57
  paradise
• 26:57
  have
• 26:58
  the
• 26:58
  fanciest
• 26:59
  plumages,
• 26:59
  the
• 27:00
  fanciest
• 27:00
  feathers,
• 27:01
  the
• 27:01
  fanciest
• 27:01
  dances
• 27:02
  that
• 27:02
  go
• 27:02
  along
• 27:02
  with
• 27:02
  that.
• 27:03
  Their
• 27:04
  feathers
• 27:04
  are
• 27:04
  even
• 27:04
  the
• 27:04
  fanciest
• 27:05
  when
• 27:05
  you
• 27:05
  start
• 27:05
  looking
• 27:05
  them
• 27:06
  at
• 27:06
  the
• 27:06
  microscopic
• 27:07
  level.
• 27:07
  So
• 27:07
  it's
• 27:07
  hard
• 27:07
  to
• 27:08
  pick
• 27:08
  just
• 27:08
  one.
• 27:08
  But
• 27:09
  king
• 27:10
  bird
• 27:10
  of
• 27:10
  paradise,
• 27:11
  they
• 27:12
  have
• 27:12
  these
• 27:12
  little
• 27:12
  green
• 27:13
  tails
• 27:13
  where
• 27:13
  the
• 27:13
  tail
• 27:14
  feathers
• 27:14
  are
• 27:14
  these
• 27:15
  long
• 27:15
  wires
• 27:16
  with
• 27:16
  little
• 27:16
  swirly
• 27:17
  bits
• 27:17
  on
• 27:18
  the
• 27:18
  very
• 27:18
  bottom.
• 27:18
  And
• 27:19
  they
• 27:19
  look.
• 27:19
  It's
• 27:19
  just
• 27:20
  amazing
• 27:20
  that
• 27:21
  a
• 27:21
  feather
• 27:21
  could
• 27:21
  grow
• 27:21
  like
• 27:22
  that.
• 27:22
  To
• 27:22
  me.
• 27:23
  Yeah.
• 27:24
  As
• 27:24
  well
• 27:24
  as
• 27:24
  having,
• 27:25
  you
• 27:25
  know,
• 27:25
  these
• 27:25
  really
• 27:26
  beautiful
• 27:26
  red
• 27:27
  breast
• 27:27
  feathers
• 27:28
  and
• 27:28
  these
• 27:28
  yellow
• 27:29
  black
• 27:29
  feathers
• 27:30
  and
• 27:30
  they're.
• 27:31
  We
• 27:31
  don't,
• 27:31
  we
• 27:31
  can't
• 27:32
  see
• 27:32
  this
• 27:32
  in
• 27:32
  our
• 27:32
  specimens
• 27:33
  because
• 27:34
  skin
• 27:34
  colors
• 27:34
  dehydrate,
• 27:35
  but
• 27:35
  their
• 27:35
  legs
• 27:36
  are
• 27:36
  a
• 27:36
  bright
• 27:36
  blue,
• 27:37
  which
• 27:37
  I
• 27:38
  think
• 27:38
  is
• 27:38
  just
• 27:38
  super
• 27:39
  cool.
• 27:39
  We'll
• 27:40
  do
• 27:40
  something
• 27:40
  in
• 27:41
  the
• 27:42
  Americas.
• 27:43
  How
• 27:43
  about.
• 27:44
  I'm
• 27:44
  gonna
• 27:45
  have
• 27:45
  to
• 27:45
  go
• 27:45
  with,
• 27:46
  we'll
• 27:46
  say
• 27:46
  the
• 27:47
  lovely
• 27:47
  kitinga.
• 27:48
  It's
• 27:48
  hard
• 27:48
  to
• 27:49
  beat
• 27:49
  a
• 27:49
  kitinga
• 27:50
  for
• 27:50
  just
• 27:50
  bright,
• 27:51
  vibrant
• 27:52
  plumage
• 27:53
  these
• 27:53
  birds
• 27:53
  have.
• 27:54
  You
• 27:55
  know,
• 27:55
  they're
• 27:55
  beautiful.
• 27:56
  Their
• 27:57
  back
• 27:57
  almost
• 27:57
  looks
• 27:58
  like
• 27:58
  an
• 27:58
  electric
• 27:58
  blue.
• 27:59
  Right.
• 27:59
  And
• 27:59
  they've
• 27:59
  got
• 28:00
  these
• 28:00
  beautiful
• 28:01
  purple
• 28:03
  breasts
• 28:03
  on
• 28:04
  them.
• 28:04
  And
• 28:05
  I,
• 28:06
  you
• 28:06
  know,
• 28:06
  they're.
• 28:07
  Their
• 28:07
  feathers
• 28:08
  were
• 28:08
  highly
• 28:09
  sought
• 28:09
  after
• 28:10
  by
• 28:10
  Victorian
• 28:11
  fly
• 28:11
  tyers
• 28:12
  for.
• 28:12
  They're
• 28:12
  like
• 28:13
  one
• 28:13
  of
• 28:13
  the
• 28:13
  species
• 28:13
  that
• 28:14
  they
• 28:14
  used
• 28:14
  to
• 28:14
  use
• 28:14
  for.
• 28:15
  For
• 28:15
  tying
• 28:16
  flies.
• 28:16
  One
• 28:16
  of
• 28:16
  the
• 28:17
  species
• 28:17
  that
• 28:18
  people
• 28:19
  have
• 28:19
  stolen
• 28:19
  from
• 28:20
  museums
• 28:20
  over
• 28:20
  the
• 28:20
  years,
• 28:20
  so.
• 28:21
  Oh,
• 28:21
  yeah,
• 28:22
  the
• 28:22
  feather
• 28:22
  thief,
• 28:22
  right?
• 28:23
  Yeah,
• 28:24
  exactly.
• 28:24
  It's
• 28:25
  a
• 28:25
  good
• 28:25
  book.
• 28:25
  It's
• 28:26
  a
• 28:26
  good
• 28:26
  book.
• 28:26
  I
• 28:26
  know
• 28:26
  someone
• 28:27
  who
• 28:27
  wants
• 28:27
  to
• 28:27
  turn
• 28:27
  it
• 28:27
  into
• 28:28
  a
• 28:28
  movie,
• 28:28
  actually,
• 28:28
  which
• 28:29
  I
• 28:29
  think
• 28:30
  I
• 28:30
  would
• 28:30
  watch.
• 28:30
  Yeah.
• 28:31
  Yeah.
• 28:31
  Well,
• 28:32
  we
• 28:32
  have
• 28:32
  some
• 28:32
  in
• 28:32
  our
• 28:32
  collection
• 28:33
  and
• 28:33
  every
• 28:33
  time
• 28:33
  I
• 28:33
  open
• 28:34
  that
• 28:34
  drawer,
• 28:35
  I
• 28:35
  mean,
• 28:36
  that's
• 28:36
  one
• 28:36
  species
• 28:36
  of
• 28:37
  katinga.
• 28:37
  But
• 28:37
  any
• 28:37
  of
• 28:38
  the
• 28:38
  ones
• 28:38
  that
• 28:38
  are
• 28:38
  closely
• 28:39
  related
• 28:39
  are
• 28:39
  just
• 28:39
  like,
• 28:40
  it's
• 28:41
  just
• 28:41
  people
• 28:41
  are
• 28:42
  like,
• 28:42
  what?
• 28:42
  That's
• 28:42
  a
• 28:42
  bird
• 28:43
  that's
• 28:43
  real.
• 28:43
  It's
• 28:43
  like,
• 28:43
  yes,
• 28:44
  it
• 28:44
  is
• 28:44
  real.
• 28:44
  It's
• 28:45
  amazing.
• 28:46
  So,
• 28:46
  yeah,
• 28:47
  the
• 28:47
  first
• 28:47
  time
• 28:47
  I
• 28:47
  ever
• 28:47
  saw
• 28:48
  a
• 28:48
  plum
• 28:48
  throated
• 28:48
  kitinga
• 28:49
  in
• 28:49
  the
• 28:49
  wild,
• 28:49
  I
• 28:49
  was
• 28:50
  just
• 28:50
  dumbfounded.
• 28:51
  Like
• 28:51
  that
• 28:51
  that
• 28:52
  color
• 28:52
  could
• 28:52
  exist.
• 28:53
  Okay,
• 28:54
  then
• 28:54
  how
• 28:54
  about
• 28:54
  you
• 28:54
  choose
• 28:54
  your
• 28:55
  favorite
• 28:55
  tanager
• 28:56
  from
• 28:56
  a
• 28:56
  color
• 28:56
  perspective?
• 28:57
  My
• 28:57
  favorite
• 28:57
  tanager,
• 28:58
  I
• 28:58
  mean,
• 28:59
  so
• 28:59
  that
• 28:59
  was
• 28:59
  probably
• 29:00
  gonna
• 29:00
  be
• 29:00
  the
• 29:00
  paradise
• 29:00
  tanager,
• 29:01
  which
• 29:02
  is
• 29:02
  pretty
• 29:03
  amazing.
• 29:03
  You
• 29:03
  know,
• 29:03
  it's
• 29:04
  got
• 29:04
  a
• 29:04
  good,
• 29:05
  a
• 29:05
  nice
• 29:05
  patch
• 29:05
  of
• 29:06
  each
• 29:06
  different
• 29:06
  color
• 29:07
  that
• 29:07
  you
• 29:07
  want.
• 29:08
  So
• 29:08
  you've
• 29:08
  got
• 29:08
  your
• 29:08
  beautiful
• 29:09
  green
• 29:09
  head,
• 29:09
  you've
• 29:10
  got
• 29:10
  your
• 29:10
  red
• 29:10
  rump,
• 29:11
  your
• 29:11
  beautiful
• 29:12
  blue,
• 29:12
  and,
• 29:13
  you
• 29:13
  know,
• 29:13
  violet
• 29:13
  throat
• 29:14
  and
• 29:14
  blue
• 29:14
  belly.
• 29:15
  And,
• 29:15
  of
• 29:15
  course,
• 29:15
  the
• 29:15
  black
• 29:16
  is
• 29:16
  this
• 29:17
  amazing
• 29:17
  super
• 29:17
  black
• 29:18
  plumage
• 29:19
  that
• 29:19
  is
• 29:21
  black,
• 29:21
  not
• 29:22
  just
• 29:22
  because
• 29:22
  of
• 29:22
  the
• 29:22
  melanin
• 29:23
  and
• 29:23
  the
• 29:23
  pigments,
• 29:23
  but
• 29:24
  because
• 29:24
  of
• 29:24
  the
• 29:25
  way
• 29:25
  the
• 29:25
  barbs
• 29:25
  and
• 29:25
  the
• 29:26
  barbules
• 29:26
  are
• 29:26
  absorbing
• 29:27
  extra
• 29:27
  light.
• 29:28
  Very
• 29:28
  similar
• 29:28
  to
• 29:28
  vantablack
• 29:29
  paint,
• 29:30
  but
• 29:30
  we,
• 29:31
  you
• 29:31
  know,
• 29:31
  not
• 29:32
  covered
• 29:32
  by
• 29:32
  a
• 29:33
  patent
• 29:33
  that
• 29:33
  doesn't
• 29:33
  allow
• 29:34
  anyone
• 29:34
  else
• 29:34
  to
• 29:34
  use
• 29:35
  it.
• 29:35
  Birds
• 29:36
  did
• 29:36
  it
• 29:36
  first.
• 29:37
  Birds
• 29:37
  did
• 29:38
  it
• 29:38
  first.
• 29:38
  We
• 29:38
  didn't
• 29:38
  talk
• 29:38
  about
• 29:39
  super
• 29:39
  black.
• 29:39
  I
• 29:39
  know.
• 29:40
  I
• 29:40
  was
• 29:40
  like,
• 29:40
  oh,
• 29:40
  we
• 29:41
  didn't
• 29:41
  talk
• 29:41
  about
• 29:41
  super
• 29:41
  black,
• 29:42
  but,
• 29:42
  you
• 29:42
  know,
• 29:42
  it's
• 29:43
  super
• 29:43
  cool.
• 29:43
  Now.
• 29:44
  Now
• 29:44
  we
• 29:44
  have.
• 29:44
  Now
• 29:45
  we
• 29:45
  have.
• 29:45
  Yeah.
• 29:46
  All
• 29:46
  right,
• 29:46
  we've
• 29:46
  reached
• 29:47
  the
• 29:47
  part
• 29:47
  of
• 29:47
  the
• 29:47
  show
• 29:47
  that
• 29:47
  we
• 29:47
  call
• 29:48
  that's
• 29:48
  BS
• 29:48
  or
• 29:49
  that's
• 29:49
  bird
• 29:49
  stuff,
• 29:50
  where
• 29:50
  we
• 29:50
  give
• 29:50
  our
• 29:51
  guests
• 29:51
  an
• 29:51
  opportunity
• 29:51
  to
• 29:52
  debunk
• 29:52
  a
• 29:52
  myth
• 29:52
  that
• 29:52
  ruffles
• 29:53
  their
• 29:53
  feathers.
• 29:54
  So,
• 29:54
  Alison,
• 29:54
  what
• 29:55
  do
• 29:55
  you
• 29:55
  want
• 29:55
  to
• 29:55
  call
• 29:55
  BS
• 29:56
  On?
• 29:56
  I
• 29:57
  will
• 29:57
  call
• 29:58
  BS
• 29:59
  on
• 30:00
  some
• 30:00
  birds
• 30:00
  glowing
• 30:01
  in
• 30:01
  the
• 30:01
  dark.
• 30:02
  So.
• 30:03
  Okay,
• 30:04
  that's
• 30:04
  a
• 30:04
  good
• 30:04
  one.
• 30:05
  Yes.
• 30:05
  You
• 30:06
  know,
• 30:06
  so,
• 30:06
  yes,
• 30:07
  birds.
• 30:07
  Some
• 30:07
  birds
• 30:08
  have
• 30:08
  fluorescent
• 30:08
  pigments.
• 30:09
  So
• 30:09
  if
• 30:09
  you
• 30:09
  shine
• 30:10
  a
• 30:10
  black
• 30:10
  light
• 30:10
  at
• 30:11
  the
• 30:11
  wing
• 30:11
  of
• 30:11
  an
• 30:11
  owl,
• 30:12
  for
• 30:12
  example,
• 30:12
  they
• 30:12
  have
• 30:12
  got
• 30:13
  a
• 30:13
  pigment
• 30:13
  called
• 30:13
  porphyryns
• 30:14
  that's
• 30:15
  going
• 30:15
  to
• 30:15
  glow
• 30:16
  pink.
• 30:17
  And
• 30:18
  that's
• 30:18
  true
• 30:18
  of,
• 30:19
  you
• 30:19
  know,
• 30:19
  some
• 30:20
  other
• 30:20
  kind
• 30:20
  of
• 30:20
  nighttime
• 30:21
  birds.
• 30:21
  And
• 30:21
  so
• 30:21
  a
• 30:22
  lot
• 30:22
  of
• 30:22
  people
• 30:22
  are
• 30:22
  like,
• 30:23
  these
• 30:24
  birds
• 30:24
  glow
• 30:24
  in
• 30:24
  the
• 30:24
  dark.
• 30:25
  That's
• 30:25
  amazing.
• 30:26
  But
• 30:27
  what
• 30:27
  people
• 30:27
  forget
• 30:28
  is
• 30:28
  you
• 30:29
  have
• 30:29
  to
• 30:29
  think
• 30:29
  about
• 30:29
  the
• 30:29
  context.
• 30:31
  What
• 30:32
  is
• 30:32
  fluorescence?
• 30:33
  It's
• 30:33
  actually
• 30:33
  taking
• 30:34
  wavelengths
• 30:34
  of
• 30:35
  light
• 30:35
  of
• 30:35
  one
• 30:35
  color
• 30:36
  and
• 30:36
  shifting
• 30:37
  them
• 30:37
  to
• 30:37
  be
• 30:37
  another
• 30:38
  color.
• 30:38
  In
• 30:39
  this
• 30:39
  case,
• 30:39
  it's
• 30:39
  taking
• 30:40
  ultraviolet
• 30:41
  color,
• 30:41
  wavelengths
• 30:42
  of
• 30:42
  light
• 30:42
  and
• 30:43
  shifting
• 30:43
  it
• 30:43
  into
• 30:44
  longer
• 30:44
  wavelengths
• 30:45
  of
• 30:45
  light,
• 30:45
  taking
• 30:45
  UV
• 30:46
  color
• 30:46
  and
• 30:46
  making
• 30:46
  it
• 30:46
  pink.
• 30:48
  And
• 30:49
  what's
• 30:49
  important
• 30:49
  to
• 30:50
  remember
• 30:50
  is
• 30:50
  that
• 30:50
  there's,
• 30:51
  like,
• 30:51
  not
• 30:52
  a
• 30:52
  lot
• 30:52
  of
• 30:52
  UV
• 30:53
  light
• 30:53
  at
• 30:53
  night
• 30:54
  when
• 30:54
  the,
• 30:55
  you
• 30:55
  know,
• 30:56
  and
• 30:57
  actually
• 30:58
  our
• 30:58
  eyes
• 30:58
  see
• 30:59
  pink
• 30:59
  the
• 30:59
  same
• 30:59
  way
• 31:00
  that
• 31:00
  these
• 31:00
  bird's
• 31:00
  eyes
• 31:01
  see
• 31:01
  pink.
• 31:01
  So
• 31:01
  the
• 31:01
  fact
• 31:01
  that
• 31:02
  we're
• 31:02
  not
• 31:03
  walking
• 31:03
  around
• 31:03
  seeing
• 31:04
  glowing
• 31:04
  pink
• 31:04
  owls
• 31:05
  means
• 31:05
  that
• 31:06
  other
• 31:07
  birds
• 31:07
  are
• 31:07
  not
• 31:07
  also
• 31:07
  walking.
• 31:08
  You
• 31:08
  know,
• 31:08
  they're
• 31:08
  not
• 31:08
  flying.
• 31:09
  Seeing
• 31:09
  glowing
• 31:09
  owls.
• 31:10
  In
• 31:10
  fact,
• 31:11
  it's
• 31:11
  potentially
• 31:11
  actually
• 31:12
  a
• 31:12
  means
• 31:12
  of
• 31:13
  camouflage
• 31:14
  because.
• 31:15
  But,
• 31:15
  you
• 31:15
  know,
• 31:15
  the
• 31:16
  owls
• 31:16
  are
• 31:16
  taking
• 31:17
  UV
• 31:18
  light,
• 31:18
  maybe
• 31:19
  say,
• 31:19
  moonlight,
• 31:20
  and
• 31:20
  changing
• 31:20
  it
• 31:21
  to
• 31:21
  something
• 31:22
  that's
• 31:22
  much
• 31:22
  less
• 31:23
  prevalent.
• 31:23
  So
• 31:23
  there
• 31:23
  actually
• 31:24
  might
• 31:24
  be
• 31:24
  even
• 31:24
  darker
• 31:25
  to
• 31:25
  their
• 31:25
  prey
• 31:25
  in
• 31:26
  the
• 31:26
  dark.
• 31:26
  So
• 31:26
  it
• 31:26
  might
• 31:26
  actually
• 31:26
  be
• 31:27
  camouflaged
• 31:27
  to
• 31:27
  them.
• 31:28
  Oh,
• 31:29
  cool.
• 31:29
  I
• 31:29
  didn't
• 31:30
  know
• 31:30
  about
• 31:30
  the
• 31:30
  camouflage
• 31:31
  piece,
• 31:31
  but,
• 31:31
  yeah,
• 31:32
  it's
• 31:32
  the
• 31:32
  same
• 31:32
  as
• 31:32
  you
• 31:33
  can
• 31:33
  go
• 31:33
  looking
• 31:33
  for
• 31:33
  scorpions
• 31:34
  with
• 31:34
  ultraviolet
• 31:35
  light.
• 31:35
  But
• 31:35
  in
• 31:35
  the
• 31:35
  absence
• 31:36
  of
• 31:36
  ultraviolet
• 31:36
  light,
• 31:36
  a
• 31:37
  scorpion
• 31:37
  isn't
• 31:37
  running
• 31:38
  around
• 31:38
  a
• 31:38
  little
• 31:38
  green
• 31:39
  thing.
• 31:39
  Exactly.
• 31:39
  On
• 31:40
  the
• 31:40
  ground.
• 31:41
  Have
• 31:41
  their
• 31:41
  UV
• 31:41
  flashlights
• 31:42
  that
• 31:42
  they're
• 31:43
  using
• 31:43
  to,
• 31:43
  like,
• 31:44
  look
• 31:44
  at
• 31:44
  each
• 31:44
  other.
• 31:45
  Yeah.
• 31:46
  Yeah.
• 31:46
  But
• 31:46
  I've
• 31:47
  definitely
• 31:47
  seen
• 31:47
  that
• 31:47
  in
• 31:47
  the
• 31:47
  popular
• 31:48
  press
• 31:48
  that,
• 31:48
  you
• 31:48
  know,
• 31:49
  owls
• 31:49
  glow
• 31:49
  at
• 31:49
  night.
• 31:50
  So
• 31:50
  thank
• 31:50
  you
• 31:50
  for
• 31:50
  debunking
• 31:51
  that.
• 31:52
  My
• 31:52
  pleasure.
• 31:53
  All
• 31:53
  right,
• 31:53
  well,
• 31:53
  it's
• 31:53
  been
• 31:53
  really
• 31:54
  awesome
• 31:54
  to
• 31:54
  chat
• 31:54
  with
• 31:54
  you
• 31:54
  about
• 31:55
  all
• 31:55
  things
• 31:55
  bird
• 31:56
  color,
• 31:56
  from
• 31:56
  the
• 31:57
  way
• 31:57
  they
• 31:57
  perceive
• 31:57
  it
• 31:57
  to
• 31:57
  the
• 31:57
  way
• 31:58
  they
• 31:58
  make
• 31:58
  them.
• 31:58
  Thanks
• 31:59
  for
• 31:59
  taking
• 31:59
  the
• 31:59
  time
• 31:59
  to
• 31:59
  join
• 32:00
  us
• 32:00
  today.
• 32:00
  Thanks
• 32:00
  so
• 32:00
  much
• 32:00
  for
• 32:01
  having
• 32:01
  me,
• 32:01
  Scott.
• 32:02
  It's
• 32:02
  been
• 32:02
  really
• 32:02
  fun
• 32:03
  to
• 32:03
  talk
• 32:03
  to
• 32:03
  you,
• 32:03
  and
• 32:04
  I
• 32:04
  can't
• 32:05
  wait
• 32:05
  to
• 32:05
  hear
• 32:06
  what
• 32:06
  everybody
• 32:06
  thinks
• 32:07
  about
• 32:07
  color.
• 32:12
  Birds
• 32:12
  are
• 32:12
  dinosaurs,
• 32:12
  and
• 32:13
  around
• 32:13
  here,
• 32:13
  we
• 32:13
  like
• 32:13
  our
• 32:13
  snacks.
• 32:14
  So
• 32:14
  we
• 32:14
  end
• 32:14
  each
• 32:14
  episode
• 32:15
  with
• 32:15
  a
• 32:15
  dinosaur
• 32:16
  nugget.
• 32:16
  Today's
• 32:17
  dinosaur
• 32:17
  nugget
• 32:17
  is
• 32:17
  that
• 32:18
  a
• 32:18
  bird's
• 32:18
  world
• 32:18
  is
• 32:18
  more
• 32:19
  colorful
• 32:19
  for
• 32:19
  many
• 32:20
  reasons.
• 32:20
  First,
• 32:21
  it's
• 32:21
  the
• 32:21
  way
• 32:21
  they
• 32:21
  see
• 32:22
  color.
• 32:22
  They
• 32:22
  can
• 32:23
  see
• 32:23
  ultraviolet
• 32:23
  light
• 32:23
  with
• 32:24
  their
• 32:24
  extra
• 32:24
  cones,
• 32:25
  and
• 32:25
  their
• 32:25
  cones
• 32:25
  have
• 32:26
  oil
• 32:26
  droplet
• 32:26
  lenses
• 32:27
  that
• 32:27
  fine
• 32:28
  tune
• 32:28
  their
• 32:28
  vision
• 32:28
  even
• 32:29
  more.
• 32:29
  Second,
• 32:30
  it's
• 32:30
  the
• 32:30
  diverse
• 32:31
  ways
• 32:31
  that
• 32:31
  birds
• 32:31
  can
• 32:31
  make
• 32:32
  colorful
• 32:32
  feathers.
• 32:33
  From
• 32:33
  pigments
• 32:33
  to
• 32:33
  structural
• 32:34
  color
• 32:34
  and
• 32:34
  reflectance
• 32:35
  to
• 32:36
  the
• 32:36
  way
• 32:36
  they
• 32:36
  combine
• 32:36
  the
• 32:36
  two.
• 32:37
  Even
• 32:37
  the
• 32:38
  color
• 32:38
  of
• 32:38
  the
• 32:38
  feather
• 32:38
  under
• 32:39
  the
• 32:39
  feather.
• 32:39
  Think
• 32:40
  shingles
• 32:40
  on
• 32:40
  a
• 32:40
  house.
• 32:40
  Has
• 32:41
  a
• 32:41
  huge
• 32:41
  influence
• 32:41
  on
• 32:42
  bird
• 32:42
  coloration.
• 32:43
  That's
• 32:43
  a
• 32:43
  wrap
• 32:43
  on
• 32:44
  this
• 32:44
  week's
• 32:44
  episode.
• 32:44
  Okay,
• 32:45
  but
• 32:45
  why
• 32:45
  is
• 32:45
  a
• 32:45
  bird's
• 32:46
  world
• 32:46
  more
• 32:46
  colorful?
• 32:47
  If
• 32:47
  you
• 32:47
  like
• 32:47
  this
• 32:48
  episode,
• 32:48
  do
• 32:48
  all
• 32:49
  the
• 32:49
  things
• 32:49
  leave
• 32:50
  a
• 32:50
  rating?
• 32:50
  Follow
• 32:50
  us.
• 32:51
  You've
• 32:51
  gotten
• 32:51
  the
• 32:51
  point
• 32:52
  by
• 32:52
  now,
• 32:52
  and
• 32:53
  we
• 32:53
  want
• 32:53
  to
• 32:53
  know
• 32:53
  what
• 32:53
  other
• 32:53
  big
• 32:54
  bird
• 32:54
  questions
• 32:54
  you
• 32:55
  have
• 32:55
  so
• 32:55
  we
• 32:55
  can
• 32:55
  tackle
• 32:56
  them
• 32:56
  on
• 32:56
  upcoming
• 32:56
  episodes.
• 32:57
  So
• 32:57
  leave
• 32:57
  us
• 32:57
  a
• 32:57
  comment.
• 32:58
  We'll
• 32:58
  catch
• 32:58
  you
• 32:58
  next
• 32:58
  time.
• 32:59
  Byeee.
• 33:03
  Okay,
• 33:05
  But...
• 33:05
  Birds
• 33:06
  is
• 33:06
  hosted
• 33:06
  by
• 33:06
  Scott
• 33:07
  Taylor,
• 33:07
  with
• 33:08
  production
• 33:08
  and
• 33:08
  creative
• 33:09
  by
• 33:09
  Zach
• 33:09
  Karl.