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خلاصه کتاب انسان خردمند، قسمت اول · دانشگاه صوتی چکیده ماندگار | کتاب تاریخی سیاسی

• 0:01
  Speaker 1: A Brief History of Humankind by Yuval Nuharari. We will
• 0:06
  Speaker 1: summarize the book in two parts. This is the first part.
• 0:26
  Speaker 1: About 200,000 years ago, on the planet Earth, there lived
• 0:29
  Speaker 1: a creature that was neither the biggest, nor the fastest,
• 0:31
  Speaker 1: nor even the most intelligent.
• 0:34
  Speaker 2: A two-legged monkey in the corner of East Africa.
• 0:38
  Speaker 1: Weak as milk, thin as food. Imagine a camel lying
• 0:40
  Speaker 1: in the middle of the desert. For millions of years,
• 1:19
  Speaker 1: this place was neither a hunting ground nor a hunting
• 1:22
  Speaker 1: ground for other hunters. It was just a small and
• 1:25
  Speaker 1: unimportant playground in the middle.
• 1:28
  Speaker 2: Of the food chain.
• 1:29
  Speaker 1: But about 70,000 years ago, a strange event occurred. The
• 1:34
  Speaker 1: brain of this place became a weapon. That weak object quickly.
• 1:38
  Speaker 2: Jumped over the food chain.
• 1:46
  Speaker 1: It was the first time in the history of life
• 1:48
  Speaker 1: that a lion had never experienced this speed.
• 1:51
  Speaker 2: Lions and cats have.
• 1:52
  Speaker 1: Been lions for millions of years until they reached the
• 1:57
  Speaker 1: peak of power. And this lion gave the opportunity to
• 2:01
  Speaker 1: the other animals around them to slowly lift themselves up.
• 2:05
  Speaker 2: But this two-legged beast, in almost.
• 2:08
  Speaker 1: One eye, that is, only 70,000 years ago, who, according
• 2:15
  Speaker 1: to the knowledge of the land, reached the top of
• 2:17
  Speaker 1: the food chain in the time of Andakia. So fast
• 2:19
  Speaker 1: that the rest of the survivors did not have the
• 2:24
  Speaker 1: opportunity to change their behavior against this new sultan and
• 2:28
  Speaker 1: make themselves.
• 2:30
  Speaker 2: And perhaps exactly for the same reason that Harari.
• 2:34
  Speaker 1: Says, we are still full of confusion and insecurity against
• 2:38
  Speaker 1: the Shias. We have reached a new dictator that we
• 2:44
  Speaker 1: still do not believe that we are really the ruling power.
• 2:47
  Speaker 2: The reason for this was not.
• 2:48
  Speaker 1: In stronger arms and not in sharper teeth, but in
• 2:54
  Speaker 1: a strange mental ability, the ability to believe in stories
• 2:58
  Speaker 1: that have no physical existence. It was this ability that
• 3:03
  Speaker 1: made this existence possible, money, to create religion, empire and
• 3:14
  Speaker 1: nation from his own imagination. He created common tales that
• 3:19
  Speaker 1: connected millions of poor people without knowing each other and
• 3:22
  Speaker 1: turned his world into a single powerful network. In the
• 3:25
  Speaker 1: course of this journey, all his human enemies, other sins
• 3:28
  Speaker 1: such as Neanderthals, And Homo Arcturus or the real human
• 3:45
  Speaker 1: being who at the same time destroyed the scene of
• 3:48
  Speaker 1: living on earth with us.
• 3:50
  Speaker 2: He spread the.
• 3:53
  Speaker 1: Words of the animal world like mammoths and finally set
• 3:57
  Speaker 1: foot on the moon. Today, he is standing in his
• 4:02
  Speaker 1: own hands in the design room of life. The preparation
• 4:08
  Speaker 1: of the rewriting of the law that has been ruling
• 4:10
  Speaker 1: on earth for billions of years without anyone's intervention It
• 4:13
  Speaker 1: is processing the DNA of the present to create new
• 4:17
  Speaker 1: sins And for the first time in the history of life,
• 4:20
  Speaker 1: it is seriously looking for a way to turn death
• 4:23
  Speaker 1: around and defeat it This book is the story of
• 4:25
  Speaker 1: this adventure from that cowardly beast next to the cowardly
• 4:39
  Speaker 1: corpse to the existence that today has a divine claim
• 4:43
  Speaker 1: And the question we are looking for in this book
• 4:47
  Speaker 1: is that with all this power, does man really know
• 4:49
  Speaker 1: what he is doing? And perhaps more importantly, has this
• 4:54
  Speaker 1: unprecedented power made man more fortunate?
• 4:57
  Speaker 2: Hello to the.
• 5:01
  Speaker 1: Student university of Chekideh Mandegar, welcome I am Isfandiyar Khudai.
• 5:07
  Speaker 2: We choose.
• 5:09
  Speaker 1: The important books of Iran and the world here, read them,
• 5:12
  Speaker 1: analyze them, and provide you with accurate and accurate conclusions.
• 5:16
  Speaker 1: To prepare the conclusion of the book of Khardmand, I
• 5:20
  Speaker 1: read this book many times, listened to it, and completed
• 5:23
  Speaker 1: a few other conclusions. And I also read a few
• 5:31
  Speaker 1: articles on this book, which we will discuss in the
• 5:35
  Speaker 1: second part, that is, in the parts of the quotes.
• 5:41
  Speaker 1: This book is full of stories and details that are
• 5:45
  Speaker 1: not in any summary. Therefore, if you have the opportunity,
• 5:48
  Speaker 1: read the full text of the book. Now let's go
• 5:51
  Speaker 1: to the introduction of the writer of the book. Yuval
• 5:57
  Speaker 1: Nuh Harari came to the world in 1976 in Israel.
• 6:00
  Speaker 1: He got his license from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
• 6:06
  Speaker 1: and in 2002 he graduated from the Oxford University of England.
• 6:09
  Speaker 1: His doctorate was about the military memories of European officers
• 6:13
  Speaker 1: during the Renaissance. By the way, after him, he became
• 6:24
  Speaker 1: a professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. So, his
• 6:28
  Speaker 1: main specialty is the history of the Qur'an and the
• 6:31
  Speaker 1: history of the military, not the history or the completion
• 6:35
  Speaker 1: of man, which the book of Man of Khardmand tells him.
• 6:40
  Speaker 1: And he himself, in the book, explains this point. The
• 6:44
  Speaker 1: book of Man of Khardmand started from a university lesson,
• 6:48
  Speaker 1: a lesson that no previous teacher was ready to teach.
• 6:53
  Speaker 1: He wrote a book on those classic items and published
• 6:58
  Speaker 1: it in Hebrew in 2011. But when the English version
• 7:01
  Speaker 1: was sent to American publishers, none of them were ready
• 7:05
  Speaker 1: to publish it. 25 publishers rejected it because they said
• 7:08
  Speaker 1: no one knew the name of this Israeli master.
• 7:18
  Speaker 2: In the end, he wrote an.
• 7:20
  Speaker 1: Article and published the book in 2014.
• 7:24
  Speaker 2: At first, it was.
• 7:25
  Speaker 1: Not accepted by many, but a year later, in 2015,
• 7:30
  Speaker 1: Mark Zuckerberg, founder of Facebook and owner of Instagram, published
• 7:36
  Speaker 1: the book of Kharadman in the list of his recommended
• 7:39
  Speaker 1: books on his website. A few months later, Bill Gates,
• 7:45
  Speaker 1: the CEO of Microsoft, also described this book in his
• 7:49
  Speaker 1: personal blog and these two definitions at the same time
• 7:53
  Speaker 1: increased the book's sales. A year later, Barack Obama also
• 7:58
  Speaker 1: improved this book and said that it is interesting and
• 8:01
  Speaker 1: imaginative and he felt that we have been on this
• 8:04
  Speaker 1: earth for a short time.
• 8:06
  Speaker 2: These descriptions.
• 8:09
  Speaker 1: And compliments caused the enthusiasm of a little-known teacher to
• 8:15
  Speaker 1: the permanent speakers of the Davos meeting and the guest
• 8:19
  Speaker 1: of conversation with the world leaders.
• 8:21
  Speaker 2: Today, the.
• 8:23
  Speaker 1: Book of Kharadman sold tens of millions of copies all
• 8:28
  Speaker 1: over the world and has been translated into more than
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: 60 languages.
• 8:34
  Speaker 2: Fans and critics showed different reactions.
• 8:35
  Speaker 1: Some described this book as shiva, shujana and khallagana. Some
• 8:42
  Speaker 1: of them understood the meaning of it as a deep
• 8:44
  Speaker 1: awareness and a message that we discuss in the debates.
• 8:48
  Speaker 1: But despite these differences, everyone accepts that the book that
• 8:52
  Speaker 1: was intended to be just a part of a scientific lesson,
• 8:56
  Speaker 1: has today bravely pleased the political leaders, scientists and millions
• 9:01
  Speaker 1: of ordinary readers all over the world. Another point about
• 9:13
  Speaker 1: the heat, which is especially important for the Iranian audience,
• 9:18
  Speaker 1: is that he is Israeli and clearly introduces himself as
• 9:21
  Speaker 1: a Zionist, although in recent years he has been one
• 9:25
  Speaker 1: of Netanyahu's critics and says that Israel's policy in the
• 9:27
  Speaker 1: Bakhtari camp has no security purpose.
• 9:37
  Speaker 2: He condemns the murder.
• 9:38
  Speaker 1: Of non-military and hunger in Gaza, although he ignores the
• 9:43
  Speaker 1: term genocide. He is a fan of the Palestinian-Israeli bilateral
• 9:49
  Speaker 1: and coexistence solution, a topic that has both supporters and
• 9:53
  Speaker 1: opponents in Israel. Being Israeli and being of the same
• 10:00
  Speaker 1: gender does not prevent the choice of its book to
• 10:05
  Speaker 1: be used as an excuse. It is not our fault
• 10:08
  Speaker 1: here that we confirm or reject the writers. If it
• 10:13
  Speaker 1: was like this, we should have put aside the images
• 10:15
  Speaker 1: of Marx, Hannah Arendt, Foucault, Kissinger, Karl Popper and many others.
• 10:21
  Speaker 1: Our standard is that what they say, not what they say,
• 10:25
  Speaker 1: is a warning to us and not a warning to me.
• 10:32
  Speaker 2: The first.
• 10:35
  Speaker 1: Part is the revolution of knowledge. 100,000 years ago, if
• 10:42
  Speaker 1: you stepped into the middle of the forest, you would
• 10:45
  Speaker 1: not only see a man of gold, but also several
• 10:49
  Speaker 1: other human beings. You would see Neanderthals stronger than us,
• 10:53
  Speaker 1: with a brain even bigger than our brain. You would
• 10:55
  Speaker 1: see Homo Arcturus, or that human being of the right wing,
• 10:59
  Speaker 1: who had been on Earth for nearly 2 million years,
• 11:07
  Speaker 1: Two million years is a record that no other human being,
• 11:09
  Speaker 1: even us, have ever been close to it. In a
• 11:11
  Speaker 1: small island in Indonesia called Flores, small humans lived that
• 11:15
  Speaker 1: their height did not reach even one meter. And in
• 11:19
  Speaker 1: Siberian caves, a kind of human creature lived that we
• 11:23
  Speaker 1: only know today from a finger bone.
• 11:26
  Speaker 2: And we named it Denisoan.
• 11:37
  Speaker 1: The Earth was six times smaller than humans in those days.
• 11:41
  Speaker 1: And the interesting point is that in the first setback
• 11:47
  Speaker 1: between the Kharatman and the Neanderthals about 100,000 years ago,
• 11:50
  Speaker 1: these Neanderthals were the.
• 11:51
  Speaker 2: Ones who won.
• 11:52
  Speaker 1: A group of Kharatman people migrated to the north, to
• 11:55
  Speaker 1: the land of the Neanderthals, but they could not establish
• 11:59
  Speaker 1: a settlement and made a retreat. Harari says that the
• 12:07
  Speaker 1: exact reason is not clear. Maybe the bombings were harder,
• 12:11
  Speaker 1: maybe the air and water were unfamiliar and unorganized, maybe
• 12:15
  Speaker 1: there were local angles that the body of these new
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: immigrants was not organized. Whatever it was, there was no
• 12:21
  Speaker 1: sign at that moment that we were going to be
• 12:24
  Speaker 1: the final winner of this competition. Now, what exactly happened 70,000
• 12:28
  Speaker 1: years ago? Harari says that an accidental genetic genealogy changed
• 12:40
  Speaker 1: the genealogy of the human brain. The event that made
• 12:45
  Speaker 1: its name known. Now you may say, well, this genealogy
• 12:48
  Speaker 1: must have given us a tongue, because we speak with
• 12:52
  Speaker 1: the tongue and animals cannot. But the story is more
• 12:57
  Speaker 1: complicated than this. Even the zamburs have a tongue and
• 13:01
  Speaker 1: can tell the exact location of the flowers to each other.
• 13:05
  Speaker 1: The point is that our language has found a strange ability,
• 13:10
  Speaker 1: the ability to talk about things that do not exist
• 13:13
  Speaker 1: in the outside world. It was the same power of
• 13:14
  Speaker 1: imagination and imagination that caused the.
• 13:17
  Speaker 2: Rise of the human race.
• 13:19
  Speaker 1: A green potato can shout, be careful, milk, and it
• 13:21
  Speaker 1: knows this work very well.
• 13:32
  Speaker 2: But no monkey has.
• 13:33
  Speaker 1: Ever been able to say in the history of evolution
• 13:35
  Speaker 1: that milk is the guardian spirit of our tribe and
• 13:39
  Speaker 1: we must sit on its back.
• 13:41
  Speaker 2: Why is this sentence important?
• 13:43
  Speaker 1: Because this belief, even without really giving milk to the guardian,
• 13:48
  Speaker 1: can unite hundreds of poor people with the idea of
• 13:51
  Speaker 1: a common identity behind this belief.
• 13:53
  Speaker 2: This ability to make common.
• 13:54
  Speaker 1: Tales, Or as Harari said, lies are the same thing
• 14:03
  Speaker 1: that separated us from all other sins.
• 14:04
  Speaker 2: Why is this subject so important?
• 14:08
  Speaker 1: Because without common tales, human cooperation has a natural ceiling.
• 14:13
  Speaker 1: Scientists call this ceiling the number of Danbar. Approximately 150 people,
• 14:18
  Speaker 1: this is about the same number of people that we
• 14:26
  Speaker 1: can still really know and talk about them with each other.
• 14:29
  Speaker 1: A bottle of champagne also has exactly the same limitation.
• 14:33
  Speaker 1: When a group of people crosses these boundaries, the social
• 14:36
  Speaker 1: system falls apart and the group becomes two-part. But greedy
• 14:40
  Speaker 1: people have found a way to break this limitation. They
• 14:43
  Speaker 1: believe in stories that only exist in our collective mind.
• 14:56
  Speaker 1: Harari uses an interesting example to explain this idea.
• 15:00
  Speaker 2: Peugeot. This French company has more than 200,000.
• 15:02
  Speaker 1: Employees around the world today, most of whom have never
• 15:08
  Speaker 1: seen each other before. But they all believe that something
• 15:11
  Speaker 1: called Peugeot really exists. Now the question is, where exactly
• 15:15
  Speaker 1: is Peugeot? If you destroy all the Peugeot workshops, destroy
• 15:30
  Speaker 1: all their cars and expel all the workers, the Peugeot
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: company itself can still hire someone and file a complaint
• 15:35
  Speaker 1: in court or file a complaint.
• 15:37
  Speaker 2: Peugeot is not a physical reality.
• 15:39
  Speaker 1: It is a legal story that a French lawyer has
• 15:42
  Speaker 1: created with the signature on paper. It is exactly the
• 15:58
  Speaker 1: same thing that happens in the Bible of the Catholic Church.
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: The church, with the help of a few holy words,
• 16:07
  Speaker 1: in the faith of millions of believers, turns simple food
• 16:11
  Speaker 1: and drink into the body and blood of Christ. Not
• 16:15
  Speaker 1: with a real physical change, but with a change in
• 16:18
  Speaker 1: the faith of the community.
• 16:21
  Speaker 2: Now the heat goes a step back.
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: You can't touch them, show them weight or put them
• 17:26
  Speaker 1: under a microscope. But this common belief gives them a
• 17:34
  Speaker 1: real power. Heat calls these things mental realities. Something that
• 17:39
  Speaker 1: is only in the mind of a person is just
• 17:40
  Speaker 1: a personal thought. But something that millions of people have
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: a common belief in becomes a mountain, a mountain and
• 17:47
  Speaker 1: a reality. But our opponents, i.e. the Neanderthals, could only
• 18:27
  Speaker 1: hunt in small and friendly groups. The mercenaries could organize
• 18:33
  Speaker 1: hundreds of people from different tribes to capture a wild wolf.
• 18:37
  Speaker 2: Exactly to the favor of this common belief.
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: And this superiority in organization, not body superiority, finally defeated
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: the competition. In a few thousand years, Neanderthals, Homo Arcturus,
• 18:57
  Speaker 1: humans of the Flores continent, all disappeared from the scene
• 19:01
  Speaker 1: and only one human being remained on Earth. Harari says
• 19:05
  Speaker 1: we don't know the cause of these attacks for sure.
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: Maybe it was a competition over food resources, maybe it
• 19:11
  Speaker 1: was an indirect threat and maybe it was a combination
• 19:16
  Speaker 1: of both. But one thing is clear, the power of
• 19:18
  Speaker 1: a greedy person in the great cooperation of the competition
• 19:26
  Speaker 1: and the competitive advantage of the winner in this competition.
• 19:31
  Speaker 1: Although the mistakes of those who have been defeated are
• 19:36
  Speaker 1: still in our existence, for example, the human race sometimes
• 19:40
  Speaker 1: had a relationship with the Neanderthals, and that is why
• 19:43
  Speaker 1: today 1-4% of the DNA of Europeans and Asians is
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: inherited from those Neanderthals, who were our opponents. The Kharatman
• 19:51
  Speaker 1: human being, the only remaining human being on earth, has
• 19:57
  Speaker 1: destroyed the.
• 19:58
  Speaker 2: World with the power of storytelling.
• 20:03
  Speaker 1: The life of this hunter, the pioneer, was not difficult
• 20:06
  Speaker 1: for many people. They usually worked only 30 to 35
• 20:09
  Speaker 1: hours a week and had a very diverse food regime
• 20:12
  Speaker 1: from the later period, that is, the colonial era, to today.
• 20:17
  Speaker 1: But the presence that had divided the world with the
• 20:20
  Speaker 1: power of storytelling, He soon became a prisoner of a
• 20:33
  Speaker 1: new story, a story that was apparently a great historical event,
• 20:37
  Speaker 1: but Harari calls it something else, the greatest failure in history,
• 20:44
  Speaker 1: that is, the revolution of Keshavarzi. An event that, despite
• 20:47
  Speaker 1: the subtle benefits it had, by the words of Harari,
• 20:51
  Speaker 1: took freedom and the diversity of life from man and
• 20:54
  Speaker 1: brought it.
• 20:54
  Speaker 2: To a new level.
• 20:59
  Speaker 1: The second part is the revolution of agriculture.
• 21:05
  Speaker 2: The narration that we all heard from our childhood is this.
• 21:09
  Speaker 1: Man became more mature every day, discovered agriculture, got rid
• 21:14
  Speaker 1: of the constant hunting and hunting, and built a peaceful
• 21:17
  Speaker 1: and prosperous life. Now let's not talk about the story
• 21:21
  Speaker 1: from a human point of view, but from a strange
• 21:24
  Speaker 1: point of view, from the point of Gandom. 10,000 years ago,
• 21:29
  Speaker 1: wheat was just a small piece of wild grass that
• 21:33
  Speaker 1: you could see through a small ear. Today, it covers
• 21:36
  Speaker 1: more than 2.5 million square kilometers of land, something close
• 21:41
  Speaker 1: to 10 times the area of the whole of Britain
• 21:45
  Speaker 1: or 1.5 times the area of Iran. From the point
• 21:53
  Speaker 1: of view of sustainability, if we know the success rate
• 21:55
  Speaker 1: of a crop and its growth and decay, wheat is
• 21:57
  Speaker 1: one of the most successful crops in the history of
• 22:00
  Speaker 1: the world. But how did this successfulness happen? The answer
• 22:03
  Speaker 1: is that wheat made us people, not us wheat. Think
• 22:07
  Speaker 1: about it, wheat didn't like to be covered in soil
• 22:13
  Speaker 1: full of rocks and rocks, so people were playing with
• 22:17
  Speaker 1: the ground and They cleaned the rocks. The wheat wanted
• 22:25
  Speaker 1: fresh water, so the people made water from far distances.
• 22:28
  Speaker 2: To the field of Hamr.
• 22:29
  Speaker 1: The wheat did not want to compete with the leaves
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: of Harz, so the people sat under the scorching sun
• 22:35
  Speaker 1: for hours on Zanu and cut the leaves one by one.
• 22:40
  Speaker 1: The human body was millions of years old, which was
• 22:45
  Speaker 1: designed to go up from the tree of Sib and
• 22:48
  Speaker 1: to follow Ghazal. not for this kind of forceful work.
• 22:52
  Speaker 1: Investigators found in the first skeletons the traces of a
• 22:57
  Speaker 1: broken back disc, arthritis and fever, signs that were not
• 23:02
  Speaker 1: seen in the previous hunting skeletons. And worse than that,
• 23:06
  Speaker 1: the judicial regime for a single product was much weaker
• 23:12
  Speaker 1: than the judicial system for hunters.
• 23:19
  Speaker 2: A hunter could eat dozens.
• 23:20
  Speaker 1: Of different plants and animals in a day, but a
• 23:25
  Speaker 1: deer only ate wheat or rice in the morning, noon
• 23:31
  Speaker 1: and evening. The researchers showed that the first farmers were
• 23:35
  Speaker 1: shorter and sicker than their hunter ancestors.
• 23:38
  Speaker 2: The life of a hunter, i.e.
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: The accumulation of society, and the accumulation of society, i.e.
• 23:45
  Speaker 2: The new, more.
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: Contagious diseases, which until that time man had never faced
• 23:52
  Speaker 1: with them. So why did man accept this deal? Harari
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: calls it the Tala-e-Tajammal. That is, when you get used
• 24:01
  Speaker 1: to a small health or comfort that you cannot live
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: without it, even if it ends in a short time.
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: Every small step in its own moment seems completely logical.
• 24:17
  Speaker 1: Zamin ro kenden o shokh zeden be jaye pashiden sadeh
• 24:20
  Speaker 1: bazraha mahsul bishtari midad. Mahsul bishtar yani mishe bachayi bishtari
• 24:25
  Speaker 1: be dunya avorda o zendeh negah dasht. Amma bachayi bishtar
• 24:29
  Speaker 1: yani dehanha bishtari ke bayad sir beshan, pas dobare bayad
• 24:33
  Speaker 1: zamin bishtari kashd. Wa injaast ke taleh vagan baste mishe.
• 24:38
  Speaker 1: Wakti jamiyati ye rusta az sad nafar be hezar nafar
• 24:42
  Speaker 1: resideh bud, digi aslan emkan nadasht in teedad adam.
• 25:14
  Speaker 2: Along with the.
• 25:16
  Speaker 1: Judicial system of the country, something else was also born
• 25:19
  Speaker 1: that was unprecedented in human history until that time, the
• 25:22
  Speaker 1: series of marathas. Before the country, most of the hunting
• 25:26
  Speaker 1: groups were relatively equal. No one owned land or a
• 25:29
  Speaker 1: piece of land that he wanted to keep or to
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: give to his children. But when the judicial system came
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: into force for the first time, something came into being
• 25:37
  Speaker 1: that had the value of protecting and defending. And this
• 25:45
  Speaker 1: was the beginning of one of the most difficult periods
• 25:50
  Speaker 1: in human history.
• 25:52
  Speaker 2: The power of food.
• 25:54
  Speaker 1: Anyone who had more food could serve others and get
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: their products. The history of Tamadun was built from the
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: pyramids of Egypt to the wall of China behind the
• 26:05
  Speaker 1: walls of the Dehganans who stayed hungry and slept in
• 26:08
  Speaker 1: the hut while their ancestors, Ashraf and Kahinan, They lived
• 26:15
  Speaker 1: in caves. And this system was not only based on force,
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: but also on stories and religious tales. The will of God,
• 26:24
  Speaker 1: the natural system of the world. But these stories were
• 26:28
  Speaker 1: not just the same common tales, but the same tools
• 26:30
  Speaker 1: that changed the human being into the people of the earth,
• 26:34
  Speaker 1: and now he has taken it with him. Almost no
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: series of measures taken by the Indian caste system has
• 26:46
  Speaker 1: a logical or existential role in America. Most of them
• 26:49
  Speaker 1: have started from a historical event. For example, in America,
• 26:53
  Speaker 1: African women were not chosen for their skin color or
• 26:56
  Speaker 1: skin color, but for a completely economic reason. They were
• 26:59
  Speaker 1: more resistant than European workers to the malaria of the
• 27:02
  Speaker 1: hot desert. But then they made stories to guide this election.
• 27:17
  Speaker 1: These stories caused the black people to be deprived of
• 27:20
  Speaker 1: good things, to become poorer.
• 27:23
  Speaker 2: And to have less opportunity to study.
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: And then this poverty and incompetence turned into a lesson
• 27:28
  Speaker 1: to prove the same first story. The generations come and
• 27:41
  Speaker 1: go and no one else remembers.
• 27:43
  Speaker 2: That everything started with a lie.
• 27:46
  Speaker 1: That lie has now become the law of nature. A
• 27:50
  Speaker 1: historical coincidence turns into a little bit of a forgotten record.
• 27:55
  Speaker 1: But when the answer was raised from a few hundred
• 27:58
  Speaker 1: people to a few thousand people and then a few
• 28:00
  Speaker 1: million people, a bigger question was raised. A question that
• 28:03
  Speaker 1: the country could not answer alone. How can millions of
• 28:10
  Speaker 1: poor people who have never seen each other and who
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: don't even speak to each other believe that they will
• 28:18
  Speaker 1: cooperate with each other, pay taxes and fight under a flag?
• 28:22
  Speaker 1: In response to this question, as we will see, there
• 28:25
  Speaker 1: were three things that man invented over the next thousands
• 28:27
  Speaker 1: of years. Money, empire and religion. And these three things
• 28:36
  Speaker 1: They turned the world into a single global network. The
• 28:39
  Speaker 1: third part is.
• 28:39
  Speaker 2: The destruction of humanity. In 1519, Hernán Cortés and.
• 28:45
  Speaker 1: His Spanish soldiers entered Mexico. The Mexicans quickly realized something strange.
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: These aliens had a kind of sickly reaction to a
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: yellow ball. Of course, the Aztecs themselves were not foreign
• 29:09
  Speaker 1: to gold. They made jewelry out of it. But in
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: their daily shopping and sales, they used cocoa and parchment.
• 29:16
  Speaker 1: For them, it was completely incomprehensible why these Spaniards were
• 29:21
  Speaker 1: so crazy about gold. When they asked Curtis what this
• 29:26
  Speaker 1: strange whisper was for, he answered in a joke, I
• 29:33
  Speaker 1: and my colleagues suffer from a heart disease that can
• 29:36
  Speaker 1: only be cured with money. But this disease was not
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: only for the Spaniards. Christians, Muslims and Chinese were also
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: looking for money. Three years before the arrival of Curtis
• 29:49
  Speaker 1: to Spain, Europeans and Muslims were in religious and religious wars.
• 29:54
  Speaker 1: Cities were being destroyed and thousands of people were killed.
• 29:59
  Speaker 1: But the same day, the Muslims who were engaged in
• 30:02
  Speaker 1: jihad with the infidels, were pleased with the gold coins
• 30:06
  Speaker 1: that were on the map of Jesus and Mary. The
• 30:10
  Speaker 1: Christians also had no problem with the Muslim coins that
• 30:14
  Speaker 1: were written on them, La ilaha illallah and Muhammad Rasulullah.
• 30:21
  Speaker 1: Harari says that three great forces have turned this world
• 30:25
  Speaker 1: into a single network over the course of history. Money,
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: empire and religion. Let's start with money. A coin or
• 30:34
  Speaker 1: a coin has no personal value. It cannot be eaten.
• 30:38
  Speaker 1: It cannot be made into a special tool. But if
• 30:45
  Speaker 1: we all have faith in it, it will turn into
• 30:47
  Speaker 1: the most powerful tool of cooperation in the history of mankind.
• 30:51
  Speaker 1: Money also passes the threshold of religion, politics, salvation and language.
• 30:59
  Speaker 1: The only question you ask is whether you believe in
• 31:02
  Speaker 1: the value of me or not. For the reason that
• 31:05
  Speaker 1: Harari says, money is the most successful story and legend
• 31:09
  Speaker 1: that has ever been told. Osama Bin Laden, the leader
• 31:14
  Speaker 1: of Al-Qaeda, was a fan of America and Western culture
• 31:17
  Speaker 1: and wanted to destroy their civilization. But when money came
• 31:20
  Speaker 1: to him, he had no problem with the US dollar,
• 31:24
  Speaker 1: but it was hard to follow him. But another thing
• 31:29
  Speaker 1: other than money has caused the formation of tribes, cities
• 31:34
  Speaker 1: and villages and that is the political system of the empires.
• 31:38
  Speaker 1: that has caused people to unite with each other with
• 31:42
  Speaker 1: other legends. Today, we know the emperors as one with
• 31:46
  Speaker 1: arrogance and exploitation, and many parts of this idea are
• 31:50
  Speaker 1: also true. But the emperors also had another positive and
• 31:54
  Speaker 1: unwanted work, which was to bring the cultures together, to
• 31:58
  Speaker 1: unify languages, laws, money, and manners, and to do something
• 32:02
  Speaker 1: that completely different people to see themselves as a part
• 32:09
  Speaker 1: of a larger being. The language we speak today, the
• 32:13
  Speaker 1: food we eat, even our country's legal system is probably
• 32:17
  Speaker 1: inherited from an old empire. There is almost no culture
• 32:21
  Speaker 1: left on earth that has not passed through history and
• 32:26
  Speaker 1: the empires have not affected it.
• 32:27
  Speaker 2: But the third force, Religion.
• 32:37
  Speaker 1: Harari says that today we know religion as a source
• 32:40
  Speaker 1: of discrimination, but in the course of history religion has
• 32:44
  Speaker 1: been one of.
• 32:45
  Speaker 2: The greatest forces of unity.
• 32:47
  Speaker 1: World religions such as Christianity, Islam and Buddhism, unlike tribal
• 32:52
  Speaker 1: and local beliefs, were the subject of a universal truth.
• 32:58
  Speaker 1: They said that this law is not only for this
• 33:00
  Speaker 1: tribe or this region, but for all people everywhere forever.
• 33:02
  Speaker 1: And this belief of millions of people who have never
• 33:05
  Speaker 1: seen each other has united another common story. Harari sees
• 33:09
  Speaker 1: the modern nationalists in the continuation of this religion.
• 33:13
  Speaker 2: The nation is also like a religion.
• 33:26
  Speaker 1: Paracham be jaye salib, surud milli be jaye dua, wa
• 33:30
  Speaker 1: kushteshudigan rahe vatan be jaye shohaday din. Milyonha adami ke
• 33:36
  Speaker 1: hargiz ham diger ro nadidan, khodeshon ro ham vatan midunan,
• 33:40
  Speaker 1: serfan chon be ye dastan mushtarek darbariye tarikh o sarnvesht
• 33:44
  Speaker 1: jamiyshon bavar daran. Baz ham hamon furbul hamishegi, yek afsaney
• 33:49
  Speaker 1: mushtarek ke hamkariye bozorg miqyas ro mumkin mikone. Harari migae,
• 33:56
  Speaker 1: All these regimes, money, empire and religion are of the
• 34:02
  Speaker 1: same kind. They are joint ideological systems. And to prove this,
• 34:07
  Speaker 1: they put two signs on top of each other, which
• 34:10
  Speaker 1: are close to 3,500 years apart.
• 34:12
  Speaker 2: The first is the Hammurabi.
• 34:14
  Speaker 1: Law in Babylon, written 1,776 years before the beginning of
• 34:17
  Speaker 1: the century.
• 34:17
  Speaker 2: And the second is.
• 34:19
  Speaker 1: The American Declaration of Independence, exactly this time, 1776 AD Now,
• 34:26
  Speaker 1: I would like to say this in parentheses that the
• 34:30
  Speaker 1: tower of Hammurabi's law was not found in Babylon in
• 34:33
  Speaker 1: 1901 AD but in the city of Shush in Iran's Khuzestan.
• 34:35
  Speaker 2: The Ilami people had built.
• 34:37
  Speaker 1: It about 600 years after its construction as a treasure
• 34:40
  Speaker 1: in Shush. Of course, this tower is kept in the
• 34:43
  Speaker 1: Louvre Museum in Paris.
• 34:56
  Speaker 2: The Hammurabi law says that.
• 34:58
  Speaker 1: Humans are divided into two genders, women and men, and
• 35:01
  Speaker 1: they are divided into three classes, the ashram, the ordinary people,
• 35:06
  Speaker 1: and the beggars, who are not equal to each other.
• 35:10
  Speaker 1: If one of the ordinary people cuts off the eye
• 35:12
  Speaker 1: of a beggar, he will only pay half the price
• 35:15
  Speaker 1: of that beggar to his owner.
• 35:16
  Speaker 2: It's like he's hurt something.
• 35:19
  Speaker 1: But if a man's eyes are blinded by a man's eyes,
• 35:21
  Speaker 1: he will be blinded himself. And this, according to Hammurabi,
• 35:26
  Speaker 1: was the law of God for all humans and forever.
• 35:31
  Speaker 1: The second is the American Declaration of Independence 250 years ago,
• 35:36
  Speaker 1: which says that we know these facts clearly, that all
• 35:39
  Speaker 1: humans have become equal and equal to them is a
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: right that cannot be denied, including the right to life,
• 35:45
  Speaker 1: freedom and the desire for happiness. These two facts are
• 35:49
  Speaker 1: completely contradictory at first glance. One believes that inequality is sacred,
• 35:54
  Speaker 1: and the other believes that equality is natural and correct.
• 36:01
  Speaker 2: But which of them is right?
• 36:02
  Speaker 1: The temperature point is not whether the balance is right
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: or Hammurabi is right. The point is that both of
• 36:11
  Speaker 1: these are imaginary systems, stories that we believe in, not
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: because they are written in nature, but because this belief
• 36:16
  Speaker 1: allows us to cooperate with each other in.
• 36:19
  Speaker 2: A vast comparison.
• 36:19
  Speaker 1: Hammurabi and Jefferson's difference is not that one of them
• 36:23
  Speaker 1: is telling the truth and the other is lying. As
• 36:56
  Speaker 1: a result, this co-existence of money, empire, and religion was
• 37:00
  Speaker 1: concluded in an amour. About 4,500 years ago, thousands of
• 37:04
  Speaker 1: completely unknown and unknown human worlds existed on this planet.
• 37:07
  Speaker 1: Systems that did not even know that that mountain or
• 37:10
  Speaker 1: ocean existed and lived. But until 1450 AD, that is,
• 37:12
  Speaker 1: the beginning of the Renaissance and Industrial Revolution, close to
• 37:27
  Speaker 1: 90% of the world's population have been connected to a
• 37:29
  Speaker 1: single network of human societies in Asia, Europe and Africa
• 37:32
  Speaker 1: with the help of money, empire and religion. But the
• 37:35
  Speaker 1: human story is not over here. 500 years ago, another
• 37:37
  Speaker 1: revolution took place. This time, not at the end of
• 37:41
  Speaker 1: believing in old stories, but at the end of a
• 37:44
  Speaker 1: simple and convincing confession, which we do not know. and
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: this scientific revolution led us to the abode of God.
• 38:00
  Speaker 1: This is the end of the first part of the
• 38:03
  Speaker 1: summary of the book of the human trader. So far
• 38:05
  Speaker 1: we have seen how about 70,000 years ago a small
• 38:07
  Speaker 1: gap in the human brain, that is, the revolution of knowledge,
• 38:11
  Speaker 1: made us out of between six different types of human beings.
• 38:14
  Speaker 1: We have seen how about 12,000 years ago Gandom, A
• 38:26
  Speaker 1: wild wave of the country's revolution made us equal, not
• 38:31
  Speaker 1: the other way around. And we saw how, in the
• 38:35
  Speaker 1: last 5,000 years, money, empire and religion have turned the
• 38:39
  Speaker 1: world into a united world network. From the fact that
• 38:41
  Speaker 1: you have been with us so far, I am very grateful.
• 38:52
  Speaker 1: The continuation of this story, how in the continuation of
• 38:56
  Speaker 1: the revolution of knowledge, the revolution of agriculture and the
• 39:00
  Speaker 1: revolution of unity, this time the scientific revolution has led
• 39:03
  Speaker 1: man to the throne of God, and whether all this
• 39:07
  Speaker 1: power has made him more fortunate or not, you will
• 39:10
  Speaker 1: hear in the second part of this episode. Likewise, we
• 39:13
  Speaker 1: include the input points in the book in the second part.
• 39:17
  Speaker 1: The summary of each book, from reading and investigation to writing, writing, editing,
• 39:26
  Speaker 1: publishing and publishing, takes at least a week of hard work.
• 39:31
  Speaker 1: Our sponsor is only you, and our budget is only
• 39:34
  Speaker 1: provided by your personal support and development. If you find
• 39:38
  Speaker 1: these book summaries useful, and you want this light to
• 39:52
  Speaker 1: remain bright, you can support us with the donation of
• 39:57
  Speaker 1: any amount. This is the most important support for you
• 40:00
  Speaker 1: to continue this journey. The link to support Dav Talabaneh
• 40:05
  Speaker 1: is in the description of this post and in the
• 40:07
  Speaker 1: bio of the channel. Just click on the link, and
• 40:12
  Speaker 1: the bank card number and the donation address will be
• 40:16
  Speaker 1: in your hand. Before I go, I would like to
• 40:19
  Speaker 1: recommend the book, The Lobby of Israel and the American
• 40:23
  Speaker 1: Foreign Policy, written by John Mersheimer and Stephen Walt. These
• 40:27
  Speaker 1: two professors of the Chicago and Harvard universities show in
• 40:31
  Speaker 1: this book that the support of the US and Israel
• 40:33
  Speaker 1: is not based on national interests or moral agreements that
• 40:36
  Speaker 1: are under the.
• 40:36
  Speaker 2: Influence of the Israeli lobby.
• 40:47
  Speaker 1: Merchandise World, with evidence and evidence, explains how the Israeli
• 40:51
  Speaker 1: lobby causes the United States to sacrifice thousands of billions
• 40:56
  Speaker 1: of dollars, thousands of soldiers and its global trust to Israel.
• 40:59
  Speaker 1: Without understanding the role of the Israeli lobby, we cannot
• 41:02
  Speaker 1: understand the changes of the Middle East. We have summarized
• 41:06
  Speaker 1: this book of the Israeli lobby in three parts.
• 41:08
  Speaker 2: Listen. Check-in is available in all internal and.
• 41:21
  Speaker 1: External messages, especially on Telegram and Baleh at the address
• 41:26
  Speaker 1: of AdSign Esfandiar Khudai in your address. Thank you and
• 41:31
  Speaker 1: hope to see you in the second part of the
• 41:33
  Speaker 1: podcast of Khardmand and God bless you.