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01 - Our Riches - The Conquest of Bread · Philosophy and Faith

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Speaker 1: The Conquest of Bread by Peter Kropotkin, Chapter one, Our Riches,
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Speaker 1: Part one. The human race has traveled far since those
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Speaker 1: bygone ages when men used to fashion their route implements
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Speaker 1: of flint and lived on the precarious spoils of the chase,
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Speaker 1: leaving to their children for their only heritage as sheltered
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Speaker 1: beneath the rocks, some poor utensils, and nature vast, ununderstood
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Speaker 1: and terrific, with whom they had to fight for their
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Speaker 1: wretched existence. During the agitated times which have elapsed since,
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Speaker 1: and which have lasted for many thousand years, mankind has
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Speaker 1: nevertheless a mass untold treasures. It has cleared the land,
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Speaker 1: dried the marshes, pierced the forests, made roads. It has
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Speaker 1: been building, inventing, observing reasoning. It has created a complex machinery,
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Speaker 1: rested her secrets from nature, and finally it has made
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Speaker 1: a servant of steam. And the result is that now
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Speaker 1: the child of the civilized man finds ready at its
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Speaker 1: birth to his hand an immense capital accumulated by those
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Speaker 1: who have gone before him. And this capital enables him
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Speaker 1: to acquire merely by his own labor, combined with the
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Speaker 1: labor of others riches surpassing the dreams of the Orient
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Speaker 1: expressed in the fairy tales of one thousand and one Nights.
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Speaker 1: The soil is cleared to a great extent, fit for
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Speaker 1: the reception of the best seeds, ready to make a
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Speaker 1: rich return for the skill and labor spent upon it,
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Speaker 1: a return more than sufficient for all the wants of humanity.
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Speaker 1: The methods of cultivation are known on the wide prairies
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Speaker 1: of America. Each hundred men, with the aid of powerful machinery,
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Speaker 1: can produce in a few months enough we to maintain
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Speaker 1: ten thousand people for a whole year. And where a
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Speaker 1: man wishes to double his produce, to trouble it, to
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Speaker 1: multiply it one hundredfold. He makes the soil, gives to
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Speaker 1: each plant that requisite care, and thus obtains enormous returns.
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Speaker 1: While the hunter of old had to scour fifty or
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Speaker 1: sixty square miles to find food for his family, the
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Speaker 1: civilized man supports his household with far less pains and
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Speaker 1: far more certainty on a thousandth part of that space.
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Speaker 1: Climate is no longer an obstacle. When the sun fails,
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Speaker 1: man replaces it by artificial heat, and we see the
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Speaker 1: coming of a time when artificial light also will be
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Speaker 1: used to stimulate vegetation. Meanwhile, by the use of glass
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Speaker 1: and hot water pipes, man renders a given space ten
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Speaker 1: and fifty times more productive than it was in its
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Speaker 1: natural state. The prodigies accomplished in industry are still more
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Speaker 1: striking with the cooperation of those intelligent beings modern machines themselves.
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Speaker 1: The fruit of three or four generations of inventors, mostly unknown,
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Speaker 1: one hundred men manufacture now the stuff to cloth ten
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Speaker 1: thousand persons for a period of two years. In well
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Speaker 1: managed coal mines, the labor of one hundred miners furnishes
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Speaker 1: each year enough fuel to warm ten thousand families under
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Speaker 1: an inclement sky. And we have lately witnessed twice the
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Speaker 1: spectacle of a wonderful city springing up in a few
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Speaker 1: months at Paris, without interrupting in the slightest degree the
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Speaker 1: regular work of the French nation. And if in manufactures,
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Speaker 1: as in agriculture, and is indeed through our whole social system,
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Speaker 1: the labor, the discoveries and the inventions of our ancestors
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Speaker 1: profit chiefly the few. It is nonetheless certain that mankind
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Speaker 1: in general, aided by the creatures of steel and iron,
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Speaker 1: which it already possesses, could already procure an existence of
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Speaker 1: wealth and ease for every one of its members. Truly,
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Speaker 1: we are rich, far richer than we think, rich in
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Speaker 1: what we already possess. Richer still in the possibilities of
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Speaker 1: production of our actual mechanical outfit. Richest of all in
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Speaker 1: what we might win from our soil, from our manufactures,
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Speaker 1: from our science, from our technical knowledge, were they but
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Speaker 1: applied to bring about the well being of all? Chapter one,
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Speaker 1: Part two, We in civilized societies are rich. Why then,
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Speaker 1: are the many poor? Why this painful drudgery for the masses,
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Speaker 1: Why even to the best paid workmen, this uncertainty for
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Speaker 1: the morrow, in the midst of all the wealth inherited
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Speaker 1: from the past, and in spite of the powerful means
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Speaker 1: of production which could ensure comfort to all in return
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Speaker 1: for a few hours of daily toil. The socialists have
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Speaker 1: said it, and repeated it unwearingly. Daily. They reiterate it,
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Speaker 1: demonstrating it by arguments taken from all the sciences, is
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Speaker 1: because all that is necessary for production, the land, the mines,
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Speaker 1: the highways, machinery, food, shelter, education, knowledge, all have been
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Speaker 1: seized by the few, in the course of that long
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Speaker 1: story of robbery, enforced migration, and wars of ignorance and oppression,
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Speaker 1: which has been the life of the human race before
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Speaker 1: it had learned to subdue the forces of nature. It
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Speaker 1: is because, taking advantage of alleged rights acquired in the past,
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Speaker 1: these few appropriate today two thirds of the products of
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Speaker 1: human labor, and then squander them in the most stupid
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Speaker 1: and shameful way. It is because, having reduced the masses
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Speaker 1: to a point at which they have not the means
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Speaker 1: of subsistence for a month or even a week in advance,
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Speaker 1: the few only allow the many to work on condition
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Speaker 1: of themselves receiving the lion's share. It is because these
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Speaker 1: few prevent the remainder of men from producing the things
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Speaker 1: they need, and force them to produce not the necessaries
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Speaker 1: of life for all, but whatever offers the greatest profits
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Speaker 1: to the monopolis. In this is the substance of all socialism.
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Speaker 1: Take indeed, a civilized country. The forests which once covered
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Speaker 1: it have been cleared, the marshes drained, the climate improved.
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Speaker 1: It has been made habitable. The soil which bore formerly
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Speaker 1: only a coarse vegetation, is covered today with rich harvests.
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Speaker 1: The rock walls in the valleys are laid out in
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Speaker 1: terraces and covered with vines bearing golden fruit. The wild plants,
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Speaker 1: which yielded not but acrid berries or uneatable roots, have
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Speaker 1: been transformed by generations of culture into succulent vegetables or
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Speaker 1: trees covered with delicious fruits. Thousands of highways and railroads
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Speaker 1: furrow the earth and pierce the mountains. The shriek of
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Speaker 1: the engine is heard in the wild gorges of the Alps,
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Speaker 1: the Caucases, and the Himalayas. The rivers have been made navigable.
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Speaker 1: The coasts, carefully surveyed, are easy of access. Artificial harbors,
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Speaker 1: laboriously dug out and protected against the fury of the sea,
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Speaker 1: afford shelter to the ships. Deep shafts have been sunk
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Speaker 1: in the rocks. Labyrinths of underground galleries have been dug out,
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Speaker 1: where a coal may be raised or minerals extracted. At
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Speaker 1: the crossings of the highways, great cities have sprung up,
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Speaker 1: and within their borders all the treasures of industry, science
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Speaker 1: and art have been accumulated. Whole generations that lived and
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Speaker 1: died in misery, oppressed and ill treated by their masters
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Speaker 1: and worn out by toil, have handed on this immense
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Speaker 1: inheritance to our century. For thousands of years, millions of
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Speaker 1: men have labored to clear the forests, to drain the marshes,
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Speaker 1: and to open up highways by land and water. Every
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Speaker 1: root of soil we cultivate in Europe has been watered
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Speaker 1: by the sweat of several races of men. Every acre
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Speaker 1: has its story of enforced labor, of intolerable toil, of
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Speaker 1: the people's sufferings. Every mile of railway, every yard of
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Speaker 1: tunnel has received its share of human blood. The shafts
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Speaker 1: of the mine still bear on their rocky walls the
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Speaker 1: marks made by the pick of the workmen who toiled
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Speaker 1: to excavate them. The space between each prop and the
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Speaker 1: underground galleries might be marked as a miner's grave. And
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Speaker 1: who can tell what each of these graves has cost
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Speaker 1: in tiers, in privations, and unspeakable wretchedness to the family
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Speaker 1: who depended on the scanty wage of the worker cut
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Speaker 1: off and is primed by fire, damp, rock fall, or flood.
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Speaker 1: The cities bound together by railroads and waterways, or organisms
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Speaker 1: which have lived through centuries dig beneath them and you
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Speaker 1: find one above another. The foundations of streets, of houses,
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Speaker 1: of theaters, of public buildings. Search into their history and
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Speaker 1: you will see how the civilization of the town, its industry,
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Speaker 1: its special characteristics have slowly grown and ripened through the
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Speaker 1: cooperation of generations of its inhabitants before it could become
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Speaker 1: what it is today. And even today, the value of
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Speaker 1: each dwelling, factory, and warehouse, which has been created by
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Speaker 1: the accumulated labor of the millions of workers now dead
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Speaker 1: and buried, is only maintained by the very presence and
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Speaker 1: labor of legions of the men who now inhabit that
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Speaker 1: special corner of the globe. Each of the atoms composing
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Speaker 1: what we call the wealth of nations owes its value
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Speaker 1: to the fact that it is part of the great whole.
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Speaker 1: What would a London dockyard or a great Paris warehouse
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Speaker 1: be if they were not situated in these great centers
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Speaker 1: of international commerce. What would become of our minds, our factories,
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Speaker 1: our workshops, and our railways without the immense quantities of
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Speaker 1: merchandise transported every day by sea and land. Millions of
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Speaker 1: human beings have labored to create the civilization on which
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Speaker 1: we pride ourselves today, Other millions scattered through the globe
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Speaker 1: labor to maintain it. Without them, nothing would be left
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Speaker 1: in fifty years but ruins. There is not even a
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Speaker 1: thought or an invention which is not common property born
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Speaker 1: of the past and the present. Thousands of inventors, known
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Speaker 1: and unknown, who have died in poverty, have cooperated in
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Speaker 1: the invention of each of these machines, which embody the
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Speaker 1: genius of man. Thousands of writers, of poets, of scholars
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Speaker 1: have labored to increase knowledge, to dissipate error, and to
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Speaker 1: create that atmospheric scientific thought without which the marvels of
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Speaker 1: our century could never have appeared. And these thousands of philosophers,
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Speaker 1: of poets, of scholars, of inventors have themselves been supported
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Speaker 1: by the labor of past centuries. They have been upheld
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Speaker 1: and nourished through life, both physically and mentally, by legions
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Speaker 1: of workers and craftsmen of all sorts. They have drawn
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Speaker 1: their motive force from the environment. The genius of a sageine,
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Speaker 1: a mayor a grove has certainly done more to launch
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Speaker 1: industry in new directions than all the capitalists in the world.
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Speaker 1: But men of genius are themselves the children of industry
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Speaker 1: as well as of science. Not until thousands of steam
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Speaker 1: engines had been working for years before all eyes constantly
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Speaker 1: transforming heat into dynamic force, and this force into sound, light,
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Speaker 1: and electricity, could the insight of genius proclaim the mechanical
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Speaker 1: origin in the unity of the physical forces. And if
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Speaker 1: we children of the nineteenth century have at last grasped
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Speaker 1: this idea, if we know now how to apply it,
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Speaker 1: it is again because daily experience has prepared the way
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Speaker 1: the thinkers of the eighteenth century saw and declared it.
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Speaker 1: But the idea remained undeveloped, because the eighteenth century had
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Speaker 1: not grown up like ours, side by side with the
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Speaker 1: steam engine. Imagine that decades that might have passed while
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Speaker 1: we remained in ignorance of this law, which has revolutionized
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Speaker 1: modern industry, had what not found at soho skilled workmen
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Speaker 1: to embody his ideas in metal, bringing all the parts
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Speaker 1: of his engine to perfection, so that steam pent in
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Speaker 1: a complete mechanism and rendered more docile than a horse,
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Speaker 1: more manageable than water, became at last the very soul
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Speaker 1: of modern industry. Every machine has had the same history,
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Speaker 1: a long record of sleepless nights and of poverty, of disillusions,
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Speaker 1: and of joys, of partial improvements discovered by several generations
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Speaker 1: of nameless workers who have added to the original invention,
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Speaker 1: these little nothings, without which the most fertile idea would
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Speaker 1: remain fruitless. More than that, every new invention is a synthesis,
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Speaker 1: the resultant of innumerable inventions which have preceded it. In
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Speaker 1: the vast field of mechanics and industry, science and industry,
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Speaker 1: knowledge and application, discovery and practical realization leading to new discoveries.
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Speaker 1: Cunning of brain and of hand, toil of mind and muscle,
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Speaker 1: all work together. Each discovery, each advance, each increase in
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Speaker 1: the sum of human riches, owes its being to the
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Speaker 1: physical and mental travail of the past and the present.
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Speaker 1: By what right, then, can anyone whatever, appropriate the least
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Speaker 1: morsel of this immense whole and say this is mine,
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Speaker 1: not yours? Chapter one, Part three. It has come about, however,
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Speaker 1: in the course of the ages traversed by the human race,
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Speaker 1: that all that enables man to produce and to increase
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Speaker 1: his power of production has been seized by the few. Sometime,
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Speaker 1: perhaps we will relate how this came to pass. For
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Speaker 1: the present, what it suffice to state the fact and
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Speaker 1: analyze its consequences. Today, the soil, which actually owes its
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Speaker 1: value to the needs of an ever increasing population, belongs
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Speaker 1: to a minority who prevent the people from cultivating it,
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Speaker 1: or do not allow them to cultivate it according to
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Speaker 1: modern methods. The minds, though they represent the lad of
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Speaker 1: several generations and derive their sole value from the requirements
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Speaker 1: of the industry of a nation and the density of
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Speaker 1: the population. The mines also belong to the few, and
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Speaker 1: these few restrict the output of coal or prevented entirely
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Speaker 1: if they find more profitable investments for their capital. Machinery, too,
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Speaker 1: has become the exclusive property of the few, and even
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Speaker 1: when a machine incontestably represents the improvements added to the
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Speaker 1: original rough invention by three or four generations of workers,
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Speaker 1: it nonetheless belongs to a few owners. And if the
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Speaker 1: descendants of the very inventor who constructed the first machine
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Speaker 1: for a lace making a century ago were to present
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Speaker 1: themselves today in a lease factory at Ball or Nottingham
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Speaker 1: and demand their rights, they would be told hands off,
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Speaker 1: this machine is not yours, and they would be shot
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Speaker 1: down if they attempted to take possession of it, the railways,
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Speaker 1: which would be useless as so much old iron without
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Speaker 1: the teeming population of Europe, its industry, its commerce, and
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Speaker 1: its marts, belonged to a few sharehold there is ignorant,
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Speaker 1: perhaps of the whereabouts of the lines of rails which
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Speaker 1: yield them revenues greater than those of medieval kings. And
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Speaker 1: if the children of those who perished by thousands while
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Speaker 1: excavating the railway, cuttings and tunnels were to assemble one day,
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Speaker 1: crowding in their rags and hunger, to demand bread from
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Speaker 1: the shareholders, they would be met with bayonets and grape
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Speaker 1: shot to disperse them in safeguard vested interests. In virtue
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Speaker 1: of this monstrous system, the son of the worker, on
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Speaker 1: entering life, finds no field which he may till, no
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Speaker 1: machine which he may tend, no mind in which he
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Speaker 1: may dig. Without accepting to leave a great part of
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Speaker 1: what he will produce to a master. He must sell
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Speaker 1: his labor for a scant and uncertain wage. His father
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Speaker 1: and his grandfather have toiled to drain this field, to
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Speaker 1: build this mill, to perfect this machine. They gave to
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Speaker 1: the work the full measure of their strength, and what
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Speaker 1: more could they give. But their heir comes into the
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Speaker 1: world poorer than the lowest savage. If he obtains leave
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Speaker 1: to till the fields, it is on condition of surrendering
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Speaker 1: a quarter of the produce to his master, and another
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Speaker 1: quarter to the government and the middleman. And this tax
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Speaker 1: levied upon him by the state, the capitalist, the lord
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Speaker 1: of the manor, and the middleman. It is always increasing.
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Speaker 1: It rarely leaves him the power to improve his system
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Speaker 1: of culture. If he turns to industry, he is allowed
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Speaker 1: to work, though not always even that, only on condition
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Speaker 1: that he yield a half or two thirds of the
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Speaker 1: product to him whom the land recognizes as the owner
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Speaker 1: of the machine. We cry shame on the feudal baron
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Speaker 1: who forbade the peasant to turn a clot of earth
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Speaker 1: unless he's surrendered to his lord a fourth of his crop.
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Speaker 1: We call those the barbarous times. But if the forms
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Speaker 1: have changed, the relations have remained the same, and the
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Speaker 1: worker is forced, under the name of free contract to
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Speaker 1: accept feudal obligations for turn where he will, he can
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Speaker 1: find no better conditions. Everything has become private property, and
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Speaker 1: he must accept or die of hunger. The result of
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Speaker 1: this state of things is that all our production tends
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Speaker 1: in the wrong direction. Enterprise takes no thought for the
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Speaker 1: needs of the community. Its only aim is to increase
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Speaker 1: the gains of the speculator. Hence the constant fluctuations of trade,
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Speaker 1: the periodical industrial crises, each of which throws scores of
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Speaker 1: thousands of workers on the streets. The working people cannot
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Speaker 1: purchase with their wages the wealth which they have produced,
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Speaker 1: and industry seeks foreign markets among the moneyed classes of
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Speaker 1: other nations in the East, in Africa, everywhere in Egypt,
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Speaker 1: Tonkan or the Congo. The European is thus bound to
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Speaker 1: promote the growth of serfdom, and so he does. But
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Speaker 1: soon he finds everywhere similar competitors. All the nations evolve
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Speaker 1: on the same lines, and wars. Perpetual wars break out
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Speaker 1: for the right of precedence in the market, wars for
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Speaker 1: the possession of the East, wars for the empire of
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Speaker 1: the sea, worse to impose duties on imports and to
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Speaker 1: dictate conditions to neighboring states against those blacks who revolved.
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Speaker 1: The roar of the cannon never ceases in the world.
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Speaker 1: Full races are massacred. The states of Europe spend a
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Speaker 1: third of their budgets and armaments, and we know how
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Speaker 1: heavily these taxes fall on the workers. Education still remains
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Speaker 1: the privilege of a small minority. For it is idle
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Speaker 1: to talk of education when the workman's child is forced
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Speaker 1: at the age of thirteen to go down into the
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Speaker 1: mine or to help his father on the farm. It
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Speaker 1: is idle to talk of studies to the worker who
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Speaker 1: comes home in the evening crushed by excessive toil, with
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Speaker 1: its brutalizing atmosphere. Society is thus bound to remain divided
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Speaker 1: into two hostile camps, and in such conditions, freedom is
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Speaker 1: a vain word. The radical begins by demanding a greater
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Speaker 1: extension of political rights, but he soon sees that the
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Speaker 1: breadth of liberty leads to the uplifting of the proletariat,
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Speaker 1: and then he turns round, changes his opinions, and reverts
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Speaker 1: to repressive legislation and government by the sword. A vast
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Speaker 1: are of courts, judges, executioners, policemen and jailers is needed
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Speaker 1: to uphold these privileges, and this array gives rise, in
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Speaker 1: its turn, to a whole system of espionage, of false witness,
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Speaker 1: of spies, of threats and corruption. The system under which
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Speaker 1: we live checks in its turn, the growth of the
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Speaker 1: social sentiment. We all know that without uprightness, without self respect,
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Speaker 1: without sympathy and mutual aid, humankind must perish, as perished
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Speaker 1: the few races of animals living by rapine or the
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Speaker 1: slave keeping ants. But such ideas are not to the
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Speaker 1: taste of the ruling classes, and they have elaborated a
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Speaker 1: whole system of pseudoscience to teach the contrary. Fine sermons
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Speaker 1: have been preached on the text that those who have
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Speaker 1: should share with those who have not. But he who
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Speaker 1: would act out this principle is speedily informed that these
18:48
Speaker 1: beautiful sentiments are all very well in poetry, but not
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Speaker 1: in practice. To lie is to degrade and besmirch oneself,
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Speaker 1: we say, and yet all civilized life becomes one huge lie.
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Speaker 1: We accustom ourselves and our children to hypocrisy, to the
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Speaker 1: practice of a double faced morality, And since the brain
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Speaker 1: is ill at ease among lies, we cheat ourselves with sophistry.
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Speaker 1: Hypocrisy and sophistry become the second nature of the civilized man.
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Speaker 1: But a society cannot live, thus it must return to
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Speaker 1: truth or cease to exist. Thus the consequences which spring
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Speaker 1: from the original act of monopoly, spread through the whole
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Speaker 1: of social life. Under pain of death, human societies are
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Speaker 1: forced to return to first principles, the means of production
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Speaker 1: being the collective work of humanity. The product should be
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Speaker 1: the collective property of the race. Individual appropriation is neither
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Speaker 1: just nor serviceable. All belongs to all. All things are
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Speaker 1: for all men, since all men have need of them,
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Speaker 1: since all men have worked, in the measure of their
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Speaker 1: strength to produce them, and since it is not possible
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Speaker 1: to evaluate everyone's part in the production of the world's wealth,
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Speaker 1: all things are for all. Here is an immense stock
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Speaker 1: of tools and implements. Here are all those iron slaves,
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Speaker 1: which we call machines, which saw and plane spin, and
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Speaker 1: wea for us unmaking and remaking, working up raw matter
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Speaker 1: to produce the marvels of our time. But nobody has
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Speaker 1: the right to seize a single one of these machines
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Speaker 1: and say this is mine. If you want to use it,
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Speaker 1: you must pay me a tax on each of your products,
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Speaker 1: any more than the feudal lord of medieval times had
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Speaker 1: the right to say to the peasant, this hill, this
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Speaker 1: meadow belongs to me, and you must pay me a
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Speaker 1: tax on every sheaf of corn you reap, on every
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Speaker 1: rick you build, All is for all. If the man
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Speaker 1: and the woman bear their fair share of work, they
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Speaker 1: have a right to their fair share of all that
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Speaker 1: is produced by all, and that share is enough to
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Speaker 1: secure them well being. No more of such vague formulas
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Speaker 1: as the right to work, or to each the whole
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Speaker 1: result of his labor. What we proclaim is the right
20:57
Speaker 1: to well being, well being for all. End of Chapter
21:02
Speaker 1: one