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20 - History of the Philippines by David Prescott Barrows · History of the Philippines

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Speaker 1: Chapter eleven, Part two, A History of the Philippines. This
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Speaker 1: is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the
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Speaker 1: public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please visit
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Speaker 1: LibriVox doroorg. Recording by Nathan Markham. A scientific survey of
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Speaker 1: the coast of the Islands. About seventeen ninety the Philippines
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Speaker 1: were visited by two Spanish frigates, the Discubierta and the Atrevida,
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Speaker 1: under the command of Captain Malaspina. These vessels formed an
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Speaker 1: exploring expedition sent out by the Spanish government to make
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Speaker 1: a hydrographic and astronomic survey of the coasts of Spanish America,
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Speaker 1: the Ladrones and the Philippines. It was one of those
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Speaker 1: creditable enterprises for the widening of scientific knowledge which modern
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Speaker 1: governments have successively and with great honor conducted. The expedition
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Speaker 1: charted the strait of the San Bernardino, the coasts of
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Speaker 1: several of the Bisayan islands, and Mindanao. One of the
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Speaker 1: scientists the party was the young botanist don Antonio Pineda,
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Speaker 1: who died in Ilocos in seventeen ninety two, but whose
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Speaker 1: studies in the Flora of the Philippines thoroughly established his reputation.
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Speaker 1: A monument to his memory was erected near the church
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Speaker 1: in Malat, but it has since suffered from neglect and
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Speaker 1: is now falling in ruins. Establishment of a permanent navy
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Speaker 1: in the Philippines. The intentions of England in this archipelago
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Speaker 1: were still regarded with suspicion by the Spanish government, and
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Speaker 1: in seventeen ninety five and seventeen ninety six a strong
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Speaker 1: Spanish fleet, sent secretly by way of the coast of
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Speaker 1: South America, was concentrated in the waters of the Philippines,
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Speaker 1: under the command of Admiral Alava. Its object was the
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Speaker 1: defense of the islands in case of a new war
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Speaker 1: with Great Britain. News of the declaration of war between
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Speaker 1: these two countries reached Manila in March seventeen ninety seven,
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Speaker 1: but though for many months there was anxiety, in England
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Speaker 1: made no attempt at reoccupation. These events led, however, to
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Speaker 1: the formation of a permanent naval squadron, with headquarters and
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Speaker 1: naval station at Cavite Note one. These little islands have
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Speaker 1: a dense population, but owing to their stormy situation, seemed
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Speaker 1: never to have been examined until the visit of the
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Speaker 1: English freebooter Dampier in sixteen eighty seven. End Note the
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Speaker 1: climax of Moro piracy. The continued presence of the Moros
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Speaker 1: in Mindoro, where they haunted the bays and rivers of
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Speaker 1: both east and west coasts for months at a time,
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Speaker 1: stealing off from this island for attack in every direction,
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Speaker 1: was especially noted by Padre Sufiliga and indicated how feebly
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Speaker 1: the Spaniards repulsed these pirates. A hundred years ago. It
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Speaker 1: was the latest severe phase of Malay piracy, when even
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Speaker 1: the strongest merchant ships of England and America dreaded the
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Speaker 1: Straits of Borneo and passed with caution through the China Sea,
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Speaker 1: North Borneo, the Sulu Archipelago, and the southern coasts of
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Speaker 1: Minninow with the centers from which came these fierce sea wolves,
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Speaker 1: whose cruel exploits have left their many traditions in the
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Speaker 1: American and British merchant navies, just as they periodically appear
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Speaker 1: in the chronicles of the Philippines. Five hundred captives annually
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Speaker 1: seem to have been the spoils taken by these motos
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Speaker 1: in the Philippines Islands and as far south as Batavia
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Speaker 1: and Macassar. Captive Filipinos were sold in the slave marts
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Speaker 1: of the Malays. The aged and infirm were in humanly
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Speaker 1: bartered to the savage tribes of Borneo, who offered them
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Speaker 1: up in their ceremonial sacrifices. The measures of the Spanish government,
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Speaker 1: though constant and expensive, were ineffective. Between seventeen seventy eight
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Speaker 1: and seventeen ninety three, a million and a half of
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Speaker 1: besos were expended on the fleets and expeditions to drive
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Speaker 1: back or punish the Motos, but at the end of
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Speaker 1: the century a veritable climax of piracy was attained. Pirates
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Speaker 1: swarmed continually about the coasts of Mindoro, Burias, and Masbate,
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Speaker 1: and even frequented the Esteros of Manila Bay. Some sort
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Speaker 1: of peace seems to have been established with Holo, and
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Speaker 1: a friendly commerce was engaged in toward the end of
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Speaker 1: the century, but the Motos of Mindanao and Borneo were
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Speaker 1: unceasing enemies. In seventeen ninety eight, a fleet of twenty
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Speaker 1: five Moro bancas passed up the Pacific coast of Lucon
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Speaker 1: and fell upon the isolated towns of Balaer, Casiguran and Palanan,
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Speaker 1: destroying the pueblos and taking four hundred and fifty captives.
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Speaker 1: The Kura of Casiguran was ransomed in Binangonan for the
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Speaker 1: sum of twenty five hundred pesos For four years. This
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Speaker 1: pirate fleet and its rendezvous on Burias, whence it raided
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Speaker 1: the adjacent coasts in the Catanduanes the Great Wars in
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Speaker 1: America and Europe. The English riachicupied Baalambangan in eighteen o three,
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Speaker 1: beheld the island for only three years, when it is
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Speaker 1: definitely abandoned. For some years, however, the coasts of the
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Speaker 1: Philippines were threatened by English vessels, and there was reflected
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Speaker 1: here in the far East the tremendous conflicts which were
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Speaker 1: convulsing Europe at this time. The wars which changed Europe
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Speaker 1: at the close of the eighteenth century following the French
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Speaker 1: Revolution formed one of the most important and interesting periods
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Speaker 1: of European history, but it is also one of the
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Speaker 1: most difficult Peers to judge and describe. We will say
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Speaker 1: of it here only so much as will be sufficient
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Speaker 1: to show the effect upon Spain, and so upon the Philippines.
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Speaker 1: The Revolution of the English Colonies in America. In seventeen
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Speaker 1: seventy six, the thirteen English colonies on the Atlantic coast
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Speaker 1: of North America declared their independence of Great Britain and
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Speaker 1: the unfair treatment of the British King and Parliament they had,
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Speaker 1: they believed just grounds for revolution. Eight years of war continued,
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Speaker 1: by which England strove to reduce them again to obedience.
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Speaker 1: But at the end of that time, England, having successively
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Speaker 1: lost two armies of invasion by defeat and capture, made
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Speaker 1: peace with the American colonists and recognized their independence. In
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Speaker 1: seventeen eighty nine, the Americans framed their present constitution and
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Speaker 1: established the United States of America. The French Revolution condition
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Speaker 1: of the people in France. In their struggle for independence.
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Speaker 1: The Americans had been aided by France, who hoped, through
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Speaker 1: this opportunity, to cripple her great colonial rival England. Between
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Speaker 1: America and France there was close sympathy of political ideas
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Speaker 1: and theories, although in their actual social conditions the two
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Speaker 1: countries were as widely separated as could be. In America,
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Speaker 1: the society and government were democratic. All classes were experienced
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Speaker 1: in politics and government they had behind them the priceless
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Speaker 1: heritage of England's long struggle for free and representative government.
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Speaker 1: There was an abundance of the necessaries of las and
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Speaker 1: nearly complete freedom of opportunity. France, like nearly every other
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Speaker 1: country of continental Europe, was suffering from the obsolete burden
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Speaker 1: of feudalism. The ownership of the land was divided between
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Speaker 1: the aristocracy and the church. The great bulk of the
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Speaker 1: population were serfs, a bound to the estates, miserably oppressed
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Speaker 1: and suffering from lack of food and despoiled of almost
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Speaker 1: every blessing which can brighten and dignify human life. The
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Speaker 1: life of the court and of the nobility grew more luxurious, extravagant,
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Speaker 1: and selfish as the economic conditions in France became worse.
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Speaker 1: The king was nearly an absolute monarch, his will was law,
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Speaker 1: and the earlier representative institutions, which in England had developed
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Speaker 1: into the splendid system of parliamentary government, had in France
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Speaker 1: fallen into decay. In other countries of Europe, the German
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Speaker 1: states of Austria, Italy and Spain, the condition of the
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Speaker 1: people was quite as bad, probably in some places even
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Speaker 1: worse than it was in France. But it was in
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Speaker 1: France that the revolt broke forth, and it was France
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Speaker 1: which led Europe in a movement for a better and
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Speaker 1: more democratic order. Frenchmen had fought in the armies of America,
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Speaker 1: they had experienced the benefits of a freer society, and
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Speaker 1: it is significant that in the same year seventeen eighty nine,
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Speaker 1: thus saw the founding of the American state of the
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Speaker 1: revolution in France began. It started in a sincere and
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Speaker 1: conservative attempt to remedy the evils under which France was suffering.
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Speaker 1: But the accumulation of injustice and misery was too great
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Speaker 1: to be settled by slow and hesitating measures. The masses,
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Speaker 1: ignorant and bitter with their wrongs, broke from the control
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Speaker 1: of statesmen and reformer threw themselves upon the established state
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Speaker 1: and church, both equally detestable to them, and tore them
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Speaker 1: to pieces. Both king and Queen died by beheading. The
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Speaker 1: nobility were either murdered or expelled. The revolutionary government, if
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Speaker 1: such it could be called, fell into the hands of
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Speaker 1: wicked and terrible leaders who maintained themselves by murder and terrorism.
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Speaker 1: Effects of the revolution these are the outward and terrible
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Speaker 1: expressions of the revolution which were seized upon by European statesmen,
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Speaker 1: and which have been most dwelt upon by historical writers.
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Speaker 1: But apart from the bloody acts of the years from
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Speaker 1: seventeen ninety three to seventeen ninety five, the Revolution modernized
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Speaker 1: France and brought in calculable gains to the French people.
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Speaker 1: By the seizure of the great estates and their division
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Speaker 1: among the peasantry, the agricultural products of the country were
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Speaker 1: doubled in a single year, and that terrible condition of
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Speaker 1: semi starvation which had prevailed for centuries was ended. The
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Speaker 1: other monarchies of Europe regarded the events in France with
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Speaker 1: horror and alarm. Monarchs felt their own thrones threatened, and
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Speaker 1: a coalition of European monarchies was formed to destroy the
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Speaker 1: Republic and to restore the French monarchy in old regime.
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Speaker 1: France found herself invaded by armies upon every front. It
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Speaker 1: was then the remarkable effects produced by the revolution upon
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Speaker 1: the people of France appeared with a passionate enthusiasm which
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Speaker 1: was irresistible. The people responded to the call for war.
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Speaker 1: Great armies were enlisted, which by an almost uninterrupted series
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Speaker 1: of victories, threw back the forces of the allies. Men
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Speaker 1: rose from obscurity to the command of armies, and there
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Speaker 1: was developed that famous group of commanders, the Marshals of France.
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Speaker 1: Out of this terrible period of warfare. There arose too
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Speaker 1: another who was, perhaps, if we except the Macedonian King Alexander,
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Speaker 1: the greatest man ever permitted to lead armies and to
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Speaker 1: rule men. Bonaparte, later the Emperor Napoleon the first France
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Speaker 1: and Europe under Napoleon Bonaparte. From seventeen ninety five, when
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Speaker 1: Bonaparte was given command of the invasion of Italy until
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Speaker 1: eighteen fifteen, when he was finally defeated at Waterloo in Belgium,
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Speaker 1: Europe experienced almost continuous war. The genius of Napoleon reduced
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Speaker 1: to the position of vassal states Italy, Switzerland, Holland, Belgium,
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Speaker 1: Germany and Austria. In all these countries, the ancient thrones
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Speaker 1: were humbled, feudalism was swept away, and the power of
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Speaker 1: a corrupt church and aristocracy was broken. In spite of
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Speaker 1: the humiliation of national pride, these great benefits to Europe
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Speaker 1: of Napoleon's conquests cannot be overestimated. Wherever Napoleon's power extended,
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Speaker 1: there followed the results of the revolution, a better system
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Speaker 1: of law, the introduction of the liberal code Napoleon, the
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Speaker 1: liberation of the people from the crushing toils of medievalism,
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Speaker 1: and the founding of a better society. These are the
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Speaker 1: debts which Europe owes to the French Revolution, the decline
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Speaker 1: of Spain lack of progress in this advance in progress
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Speaker 1: Spain did not share. The Empire of Napoleon was never
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Speaker 1: established in the peninsula. In eighteen eleven, the Spaniards, with
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Speaker 1: the assusmstance of the English, under the Great General Wellington,
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Speaker 1: repulsed the armies of the French. This victory, so gratifying
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Speaker 1: to national pride, was perhaps a real loss to Spain,
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Speaker 1: for the reforms which prevailed in the other parts of
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Speaker 1: Europe were never carried out in Spain, and she remains
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Speaker 1: even yet unliberated from aristocratic and clerical power. A liberal
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Speaker 1: constitutional government was however, set up in Spain in eighteen
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Speaker 1: twelve by the Cortesse, and in eighteen fourteen King Ferdinand
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Speaker 1: the Seventh, aided by the Spanish aristocracy and clergy, was
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Speaker 1: able to overthrow this representative government and with tyrannical power
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Speaker 1: to cast reforms aside, fifty thousand people were imprisoned for
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Speaker 1: their liberal opinions. The Inquisition was restored, the Cortesse abolished,
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Speaker 1: and its acts nullified. The effects of these acts upon
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Speaker 1: the Philippines will be noticed presently. Separation of the Philippines
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Speaker 1: from Mexico. The events of these years served to separate
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Speaker 1: the Fililippines from their long dependency on Mexico. In eighteen thirteen,
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Speaker 1: the Cortes decreed the suppression of the subsidized Acapulco Galleon.
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Speaker 1: The Mexican trade had long been waning and voyages had
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Speaker 1: become less profitable. The last of the galleons left Manila
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Speaker 1: in eighteen eleven and returned from Acapulco in eighteen fifteen,
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Speaker 1: never again to attempt this classical voyage. The cessation of
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Speaker 1: these voyages only briefly preceded the complete separation from America.
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Speaker 1: From the first period of settlement, the Philippines had, in
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Speaker 1: many respects been a dependency of the New World. Mexico
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Speaker 1: had until late afforded the only means of communication with
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Speaker 1: the mother country, the only land of foreign trade Mexican
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Speaker 1: officials frequently administered the government of the islands. The Mexican
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Speaker 1: Indians formed the larger part of the small standing army
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Speaker 1: of the Philippines, including the regiment of the King. As
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Speaker 1: we have seen, a large subsidy, the Situalo, was annually
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Speaker 1: drawn from the Mexican treasury to assist the deficient revenues
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Speaker 1: of the Philippines. Rebellion of the South American countries, but
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Speaker 1: the grievances of the Spanish American colonists were very great
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Speaker 1: and very real. The revolution, which had successfully stirred North
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Speaker 1: America and Europe, now passed back again to the Spanish
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Speaker 1: countries of the New World, and between eighteen ten and
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Speaker 1: eighteen twenty five they fought themselves free of Spain. The
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Speaker 1: last of the colonies from which the Spaniards were forced
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Speaker 1: to retire was Peru. Mexico achieved her separation in eighteen twenty.
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Speaker 1: Spain lost every possession upon the mainland of both Americas,
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Speaker 1: and the only vestiges of her once vast American empire
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Speaker 1: were the rich islands of the Greater Antilles, Cuba and
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Speaker 1: Puerto Rico. Limited trade with the Philippines. The Philippines were
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Speaker 1: now forced to communicate by ship directly with Spain. The
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Speaker 1: route for the next fifty years lay by sailing vessels
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Speaker 1: around the Cape of Good Hope. It occupied from four
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Speaker 1: to six months. But this route had now become practically
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Speaker 1: a neutral passage. Its winds and currents were well understood,
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Speaker 1: and it was annually followed by greater numbers of vessels
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Speaker 1: of Europe, England and United States. Trade was still limited
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Speaker 1: to the ships of the Royal Philippine Company, and this
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Speaker 1: shipping monopoly lasted until eighteen thirty five, when a new
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Speaker 1: era in the commercial and industrial life of the Philippines opened.
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Speaker 1: An English commercial house was established in Manila. As early
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Speaker 1: as eighteen o nine. Volcanic eruptions, the terrible eruptions of
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Speaker 1: Mount tal, the last of which occurred in seventeen fifty four,
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Speaker 1: were followed in the next century by the destructive activity
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Speaker 1: of Mount Mayon. In eighteen fourteen, an indescribable eruption of
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Speaker 1: ashes and lava occurred, and the rich hemp towns around
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Speaker 1: the base of this mountain were destroyed. Father Francisco Aragonesis
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Speaker 1: Gura of Cagsawa, an eye witness, states that twelve thousand
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Speaker 1: people perished in the Church of Buriau alone, two hundred
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Speaker 1: lay dead. Rebellions in the Philippines the Liberal Spanish Cortess
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Speaker 1: two revolts in the Philippines that occurred at this period
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Speaker 1: are of much importance and show the effect in the
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Speaker 1: Philippines of the political changes in Spain. In eighteen ten,
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Speaker 1: the Liberal Spanish Cortest had declared that the kingdoms and
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Speaker 1: provinces of America and Asia are and ought to have
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Speaker 1: been always reputed an integral part of the Spanish monarchy,
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Speaker 1: and for that same their natives and free inhabitants are
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Speaker 1: equal in rights and privileges to those of the Peninsula.
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Speaker 1: This important declaration, which if carried out, would have completely
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Speaker 1: revolutionized Spain's colonial policy, was published in the Philippines, and
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Speaker 1: with that remarkable and interesting facility by which such news
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Speaker 1: is spread even among the least educated classes of Filipinos,
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Speaker 1: this proclamation had been widely disseminated and discussed throughout the islands.
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Speaker 1: It was welcomed by the Filipino with great satisfyc action,
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Speaker 1: because he believed it exempted him from the enforced labor
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Speaker 1: of the polos y cervicios. These were the unremunerated tasks
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Speaker 1: required of Filipinos for the construction of public works, bridges, roads,
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Speaker 1: churches and convents. Effect of the repeal of the Declaration
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Speaker 1: of the Cortess, King Ferdinand seven in May eighteen fourteen,
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Speaker 1: on his return to power, as we have seen, published
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Speaker 1: the famous decree abolishing constitutional government in Spain and annulling
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Speaker 1: all the acts of the Corteses, including those which aimed
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Speaker 1: to liberalize the government of the colonies. These decrees, when
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Speaker 1: published in the Philippines, appeared to the Filipinos to return
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Speaker 1: them to slavery, and in many places their disaffection turned
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Speaker 1: to rebellion. In Ilocos, twelve hundred men banded together, sacked
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Speaker 1: convents and churches, and destroyed the books and documents of
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Speaker 1: the municipal archives. Their fury seems to have been particularly
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Speaker 1: directed against the petty tyrants of their own race. The
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Speaker 1: Kasike or principalis. The result of Spanish civilization in the
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Speaker 1: Philippines had been to educate and to a certain degree
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Speaker 1: enrich a small class of Filipinos, usually known as distinguidos
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Speaker 1: or the hente Illustrada. It is this class which has
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Speaker 1: absorbed the direction of municipal and local affairs, and which
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Speaker 1: almost alone of the Filipino population has shared in those
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Speaker 1: benefits and opportunities which civilized life should bring. The vast
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Speaker 1: majority of the population have unfortunately fallen or remained in
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Speaker 1: a dependent and almost semi servile position beneath the principals
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Speaker 1: in Ilocos. This subordinate class, or de panientes, is known
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Speaker 1: as Kilian. And it was these Kailian who now fell
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Speaker 1: upon their more wealthy masters, burning their houses and destroying
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Speaker 1: their property, and in some instances killing them. The assignment
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Speaker 1: of compulsory labor have left to the principalis in their
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Speaker 1: positions as goberto norcillos and cabss de Barangay. And these
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Speaker 1: officials had unquestionably abused their power and had drawn upon
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Speaker 1: themselves the vengeance of the Chilian. This revolt, it will
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Speaker 1: be noticed, was primarily directed neither against Friars nor Spanish authorities,
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Speaker 1: but against the unfortunate social order which the rule of
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Speaker 1: Spain maintained. A revolt led by Spaniards, a plot with
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Speaker 1: far more serious motives, took place in eighteen twenty three.
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Speaker 1: The official positions in their regiments and provinces had previously
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Speaker 1: been held almost entirely by Spaniards born in America or
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Speaker 1: the Philippines. The government now attempted to fill these positions
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Speaker 1: with Spaniards from Spain. The officials, deprived of their positions,
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Speaker 1: incited the native troops which they had commanded, into a revolt,
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Speaker 1: which began in the walled city in Manila. About eight
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Speaker 1: hundred soldiers followed them, and they gained possession of the
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Speaker 1: Quartel of the King, of the Royal Palace and of
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Speaker 1: the Cabildo, but they failed to seize the fortress of Santiago.
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Speaker 1: It was not properly a revolt of Filipinos, as the
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Speaker 1: people were not involved and did not rise, but it
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Speaker 1: had its influence in exciting later insurrection insurrection on Bohol.
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Speaker 1: Since the insurrection on Bohol in seventeen forty four, when
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Speaker 1: the natives had killed the Jesuit missionaries, a large part
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Speaker 1: of the island had been practically independent under the leader Dagooi.
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Speaker 1: After the expulsion of the Jesuits, recollects were placed in
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Speaker 1: special charge of those towns along the sea coast which
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Speaker 1: had remained loyal to Spain. An effort was made to
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Speaker 1: secure the submission of the rebels by the proclamation of
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Speaker 1: a pardon, but the power of the revolt grew rather
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Speaker 1: than declined, until in eighteen twenty seven it was determined
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Speaker 1: to reduce their rebellion by force. An expedition of three
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Speaker 1: forty two hundred men was formed in Cebu, and in
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Speaker 1: April eighteen twenty eight the campaign took place, which resulted
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Speaker 1: in the defeat of the rebels and then settlement in
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Speaker 1: the Christian towns the new provinces of Banguet and Abra.
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Speaker 1: It is proper to notice also the slow advances of
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Speaker 1: Spanish authority which began to be made about this time
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Speaker 1: among the heathen tribes of northern Luson. These fierce and
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Speaker 1: powerful tribes occupy the entire range of the CORDILLERA. Central
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Speaker 1: missionary effort in the latter half of the eighteenth century
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Speaker 1: had succeeded in partly christianizing the tribes along the River
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Speaker 1: Magat in Nueva Viscaya, but the fierce head hunting Hillman
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Speaker 1: remained unsubdued and unchristianized. Between eighteen twenty three and eighteen
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Speaker 1: twenty nine, the Mission of Piedigan under an Augustinian Friar,
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Speaker 1: christianized some thousands of the Tinguineans of the River Abra.
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Speaker 1: In eighteen twenty nine, in exps addition of about sixty
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Speaker 1: soldiers under Donguilleremont, Galvai penetrated into the cool, elevated plateau
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Speaker 1: of Bengt. The diary of the leader recounts the difficult
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Speaker 1: march up the river cagling from Ringai, and their delight
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Speaker 1: upon emerging from the jungle and cogone upon the grassy
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Speaker 1: pine timbered slopes of the plateau. They saw little cultivated
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Speaker 1: valleys and small clusters of houses, and splendid herds of cattle,
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Speaker 1: carabaos and horses, which to this day have continued to
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Speaker 1: enrich the people of these mountains. At times they were
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Speaker 1: surrounded by the yelling bands of Igorots, and several times
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Speaker 1: they had to repulse attacks, but they nevertheless succeeded in
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Speaker 1: reaching the beautiful circular depression now known as the Valley
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Speaker 1: of Latrinidad. The Spaniards saw with enthusiasm the carefully separated
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Speaker 1: and walled fields growing camontes, daro and sugar cane. The
22:57
Speaker 1: village of about five hundred houses was partly burned by
23:00
Speaker 1: the Spaniards as the Egorotes continued hostile. The expedition returned
23:05
Speaker 1: to the coast, having suffered only a few wounds. The
23:08
Speaker 1: Commandancia of Benguet was not created until eighteen forty six,
23:14
Speaker 1: in which year also Abra was organized as a province.
23:18
Speaker 1: End of Chapter eleven, Part two