Latest / Saberian History Lectures / Industry, Innovation, and Immigration

Transcript

Industry, Innovation, and Immigration · Saberian History Lectures

0:00
The first thing we want to talk about is, and
0:03
this particular chapter is kind of odd. So when
0:08
we look at how most survey courses teach American
0:14
history, OK, and I kind of want to use some board
0:19
space. Those of you who are online, you're just
0:21
going to have to bear with me. I'll try and take
0:22
some stills, and then I'll get back to it. Oh,
0:29
and this looks nice enough. All right, that works.
0:31
OK. So you look at what we would call the colonial
0:35
period. So the colonial period is roughly 1606
0:43
to 1763. That was our unit one, right? We were
0:47
talking about colonization. Then we had 1763
0:51
to 1783. We could call that the revolutionary
0:56
period. because 1763 is when the conflicts start
1:01
coming. By the way, you may want to take some
1:03
notes on this if you don't recall this already,
1:04
separate from the note card. Then in the period
1:08
of about, okay, 1783 to about the War of 1812,
1:13
or some people kick it a little bit further to
1:16
1816, you have what they call the Early Republic.
1:28
And some people even will go all the way to 1824.
1:32
Actually, I prefer 1824. And it depends on, different
1:35
historians cut it at different places. So 1816
1:40
is the end of Madison. 1824 is the end of Monroe.
1:45
And so Monroe is the last president of the revolutionary
1:49
generation. In other words, he's the last person
1:51
who fought in the revolution as an adult. Then
1:56
you have the interruption of 1824 to 1828 with
2:01
John Quincy Adams. Then you have what's called
2:03
the Jacksonian era, which basically you're talking,
2:13
okay, 1824, 28, all the way to, all right, the
2:20
1840s. And you can even go, and this is rough.
2:26
This is rough. This is approximate. And so you
2:28
have the expansion of the United States. building
2:31
up to the Mexican War and then the Civil War.
2:35
Okay, because it's all the rising actions of
2:37
the Civil War. The Civil War is a climax, Reconstruction
2:39
is a denouement, and then you get into history
2:42
1302, which is the rise of modern America. So
2:46
we've kind of gotten past the early republic
2:48
within degrees. Well, one of the things that
2:51
happens is what you would call a market revolution.
2:57
Well, And the thing that's awkward about the
3:04
market revolution, and they roughly do this,
3:08
is that it occurs across these political eras.
3:19
Let me say that again. The market revolution
3:22
in the United States occurs across major political
3:26
eras. And so many survey techs just decide, all
3:29
right, This doesn't fit with the dominant political
3:31
narrative. So I'm just going to take a chapter,
3:33
and I'm going to explain the technology and the
3:39
infrastructure that gets formed that creates
3:43
a northern economic block that will oppose the
3:49
interests of the South. Because what are we basically
3:51
setting up for? The Civil War. Does that make
3:54
sense? OK. So part of this market revolution
3:59
is infrastructure, technology, industry, and
4:18
immigration. Now, one way that you can kind of
4:26
think about this is not just technology, but
4:30
another word for technology that starts with
4:32
an I, because maybe you want to make this all
4:34
I, I, I, I, I, yes, is invention. So you have
4:43
infrastructure, invention, industry, and immigration.
4:47
Easiest way to think about this for a moment.
4:50
Now, the one thing that kept popping up in people's
4:53
discussion posts was the significance of the
4:57
infrastructure and why it would matter. Give
5:01
subtitles a try. No, not yet. I'll get subtitles
5:07
from Zoom later. What's significant, and I am
5:16
going to go to the infrastructure first, because
5:19
that seemed to be the thing that confused people
5:22
the most, is, and actually, okay, before I get
5:29
to that, let me actually define what I mean by
5:31
a market economy. Okay, in the early colonial
5:39
period, and you all did a colonial project, you
5:48
know they set up their little theocracies. or
5:51
their little non -theocracies. But why did a
5:55
fair number of these people migrate to what will
5:57
become the United States? Yes, religious freedom,
5:59
that's nice. What else? What are they fleeing?
6:02
Yes. Okay, better economy is true, but you're
6:11
horribly optimistic. Let's try this on for size.
6:14
England's, yes. Pretty much. Overpopulation,
6:19
fleeing starvation. Now, as an aside, but it's
6:22
a germane aside because it's going to come back.
6:26
is, okay, and I know I'm starting with the immigration,
6:29
we'll get back to it, but let's start with the
6:30
basic principle of migration. All right, I'm
6:33
gonna give you a name. This guy is the father
6:35
of demographics, and like most intellectuals,
6:37
he's English. Okay, not most of them. I'm being
6:42
a little ethnocentric. Malthus. Malthus is the
6:45
father of demographics. Are you familiar? Have
6:47
y 'all talked about Malthus in world history?
6:51
Okay, so here's your basic idea, and I'm going
6:54
to give you a little bit of math. All right.
6:57
So here's a basic idea. When you grow food, okay,
7:05
let's think about this for a moment. Let's say
7:07
I'm growing wheat, okay? Do I eat the whole thing?
7:13
No, what's the edible part of wheat? The grains,
7:17
which are seeds, yes? So if I have a wheat stalk
7:20
that gives me four little kernels, right? And
7:25
I can grow more of those. Four plus four plus
7:29
four plus four, yes? Food production. is linear
7:36
population is population growth linear no it's
7:42
exponential two becomes four four becomes eight
7:47
etc etc and sometimes it's four becomes 12 you
7:50
get the idea so population is exponential what
7:55
happens when population outstrips food supply
8:05
population has to decline now To summarize Malthus
8:12
in almost biblical terms you get the four horsemen
8:15
of the apocalypse war famine pestilence and death
8:18
or War famine pestilence and flight Make sense
8:25
Okay, so in England England's facing a population
8:29
explosion Was there a war? You had the English
8:34
Civil War 1642 You had a pestilence actually
8:40
By the way, y 'all remember Isaac Newton? He
8:41
developed calculus. Why did he develop calculus?
8:46
Because he was sent home because of the plague.
8:52
He was sent home from university because of the
8:54
plague, and he developed calculus at home because
8:56
he didn't have anything better to do. So you
8:58
had a plague, and you also had mass migration.
9:02
OK. So you have the people who become the colonists
9:09
fleeing to the Americas to survive. Okay. So
9:14
now, if you're farming just to survive, are you
9:18
a commercial market farmer or are you a subsistence
9:21
farmer? Subsistence. And so in this market revolution,
9:25
you have the transition from subsistence, especially
9:31
here in New England, subsistence to what you
9:36
would call a market economy, meaning you have
9:41
food being grown here. being sold to the markets
9:46
here and here. Does that make sense? You have
9:51
America separating from England, meaning that
9:56
their tobacco used to be going here and here,
10:01
right? You have a transition from tobacco to
10:06
cotton. Here's the thing about cotton. You have
10:11
to do stuff to it for it to be useful. Nobody
10:13
just wears cotton balls or cotton. Fluffy things,
10:16
yes? What do you have to do to cotton? You have
10:21
to spin it, and then you have to weave it, right?
10:26
Now previously, the spinning and the weaving
10:30
infrastructure was in England because England
10:35
was spinning and weaving wool, okay? As the United
10:42
States is trying to establish itself as an industrial
10:45
power, Cotton from the American South starts
10:48
being sent up to the factories in the North to
10:53
be spun into cotton garments. Does that make
10:56
sense? Okay. Now, so again, we're not growing
11:04
it to consume it here. You now have the beginnings
11:08
of the integration of the North and the South
11:11
because you can't spin yarn if you don't have
11:15
cotton to do it and You can't spin anything,
11:20
and you can't grow cash crops if you're starving.
11:25
Does that make sense? Now, in order for a market
11:28
economy to work, you have to be able to transport
11:30
stuff. Does that make sense? All right, let me
11:35
sort of get into transportation. Okay, now this
11:38
is very awkward for you human beings who've grown
11:41
up with automobiles. Why? Because you get on
11:47
a road with clearly defined highways, you turn
11:49
the key, you push on the gas, and it moves, right?
11:52
Okay, so here's the thing about transportation.
11:57
Prior to the dawn of the automobile, you had
12:00
a couple of options. Roads, okay, well what's
12:05
on the road? Horses, horse -drawn carts, and
12:09
humans, right? So you've got roads, and you've
12:14
got rivers. What's the problem with rivers? They're
12:23
not straight, but the other aspect is they don't
12:25
always go where you need to go. Let me see if
12:30
I, wait. All right, old PowerPoint had a zoom
12:34
in feature. Why does this not have a zoom in,
12:36
wait. Pointer options. This is why I don't like
12:47
Windows PowerPoint. This is why I don't like
12:51
Mac's PowerPoint. This sucks. All right, so,
12:54
reverse. Now, here's the thing. So the significance
13:01
of the Erie Canal is it connects Lake Erie to
13:07
the Hudson River, meaning it becomes a way to
13:13
transport goods from the Ohio River Valley to
13:19
the cities of the East Coast to transport bulk
13:24
goods. What do I mean by bulk goods? Not just
13:31
that, heavy. Heavy goods. Now when I think about
13:35
this for a moment, we don't think of grain as
13:37
heavy, do we? But if I'm trying to feed a city,
13:45
that's a lot of grain, isn't it? That's a lot
13:47
of corn, that's a lot of wheat, that's a lot
13:49
of rye. Does that make sense? Okay, and so the
13:53
significance of it is that goods can go more
13:58
easily from New York by way of the Hudson River,
14:03
by way of the Erie Canal through the Great Lakes,
14:06
and then they cut additional canals to allow
14:09
transport from the Ohio River and the Mississippi.
14:13
Because again, at this point, your best way to
14:17
convey goods is not on roads per se. Highways
14:19
are nice, but not before the automobile. The
14:22
most efficient way, especially large capacity
14:25
goods, is on the water. Now, There's one more
14:29
I'm going to teach you just because it's germane
14:32
to physics. How many of y 'all learned physics?
14:35
Have y 'all gotten the current problems? Like
14:38
somebody's in a river, the river's flowing a
14:40
certain speed? Okay, you've done one. Allow me
14:42
to explain something about it. All right. How
14:45
many of you have floated the river? Like floated
14:47
the river here, Guadalupe, the Comal River, yes?
14:50
Okay. Now, with a road, right, you've got traffic
14:59
going this way and you've got traffic going this
15:01
way, right? And in America, we stick to the right,
15:04
right? That's on a road. On a river, and if you're
15:09
gonna pass, you pass in the left lane. On a river,
15:16
where's the fast part? The fast part is in the
15:20
middle, so your fast lane is here. Now, so, and
15:27
the fast lane is only going in one direction.
15:30
Which way is it going? With the current. Now
15:35
the slow lane. And actually, you typically had
15:38
people, if they were going to haul stuff, you
15:42
would actually still have the barge. It would
15:44
be away from the center of the river. And you
15:46
would actually have a pack animal or a set of
15:48
pack animals towing it up upstream. Because even
15:54
though you're fighting the stream, the coefficient
15:57
of friction against the water is still a heck
15:59
of a lot less than trying to drag it even with
16:02
wheels over the roads. So. When we talk about
16:07
these canals and these rivers, they're still
16:09
being used for two -way commerce. Now, this is
16:15
where life gets a little bit interesting. All
16:18
right, so far so good. Now tied to that, so that's
16:30
the importance of the canals. Now, you have two
16:35
key inventions that I want to address. Key invention
16:44
number one, Fulton. Key invention number two,
16:51
Fulton's what? What does Fulton create? Steam
17:01
engine, what's the significance of the steam
17:05
engine? It improves transportation. Now steam
17:12
engine, its first iteration is the steam boat.
17:24
Not to be confused with the steam ship. By the
17:27
way, what's the difference between a ship and
17:28
a boat? Size, steam boat I take on the river.
17:33
Steam ship I take on the, on the ocean. Does
17:37
that make sense? So Fulton's steam engine is
17:41
first applied to the steam boats. So now you
17:49
have a mechanical device that will drive something
17:55
faster if it's going downstream, but now it can
17:58
also drive upstream with greater efficiency than
18:04
a pack animal. By the way, how do you power a
18:09
steam engine? You bring water to a boil with
18:13
a fuel, yes? Now one of the things that's actually
18:17
kind of nice is if I'm using a pack animal, it
18:20
typically eats corn. Guess what else eats corn?
18:24
Humans. One of the absolute revolutionary things
18:29
about fossil fuels, whether it's oil or coal,
18:32
as much as these environmentalists say it's going
18:35
to be the death of us all, and it might be, is
18:38
for the first time, we're not competing with
18:42
our transport for food, because do we eat fossil
18:46
fuels? No. I mean, you might get a lump of coal
18:49
for Christmas, but you get what I'm saying. Later,
18:54
you'll get the steamship, although that's actually
18:58
not the greatest ocean -going transportation,
19:01
you have the clipper ship. So what the steamship
19:04
and the clipper ship do is it greatly increases
19:09
the speed of oceanic travel. Does that make sense?
19:22
And why would increasing the speed of oceanic
19:24
travel be important? Well, by the way, if I'm
19:26
growing cotton here, you don't see a lot of locks
19:29
and canals down in the south. Most of it moves
19:34
product to the sea, and then the sea goes up
19:37
to the mills in the north. Make sense? Okay.
19:46
Why do you have an expansion of industry in the
19:50
United States in complete generality? Who are
19:52
we not getting? finished goods from anymore after
19:56
two wars with them. Yes? The English. Actually,
19:59
we are still getting them, but they're making
20:02
money, and the Americans are like, no, we should
20:04
be making the money. And that's where you have
20:08
the charging of tariffs and these trade wars
20:10
that you all have begun to read about. Do you
20:12
all see that? OK. So I know I hit. OK. I think
20:21
I hit the questions on the Erie Canal. Oh, wait.
20:24
There's one other very important invention. Eli
20:29
Whitney's Cotton Gin. Okay, a couple of things
20:39
are going on in the British, in the British and
20:41
French Empire. Okay, one of the things that I
20:46
had to correct a lot of you about in the colonial
20:48
period was y 'all, many of y 'all were talking
20:52
about cotton as the dominant crop in the colonial
20:56
period. It's not. What's the dominant cash crop
21:00
in the colonial period? Tobacco, right? Cotton
21:05
Slater. Now, tobacco is still decently profitable.
21:08
Why? It's a freaking addictive drug, right? Actually,
21:14
if you look at most of the plantation economies,
21:16
there are highly addictive mind -altering substances.
21:19
When you look at other plantation economies,
21:23
you have tobacco, mind -altering drug, sugar.
21:27
Yeah, y 'all get fits when y 'all don't have
21:29
sugar. Y 'all are highly addicted to that stuff.
21:31
Chocolate. How many of you would go bananas if
21:34
there wasn't any chocolate? And of course everybody's
21:38
favorite mind -altering drug, caffeine. Highly
21:45
addictive substances, right? Cotton is not highly
21:50
addictive, is it? I mean, now it's the dominant
21:57
crop in clothing today, but here's the thing.
22:02
Cotton was not the dominant fiber crop in the
22:06
United States until Eli Whitney's cotton gin,
22:11
because... When you pick cotton, first of all,
22:13
cotton is very labor intensive in the picking.
22:16
But what the cotton gin allowed them to do was
22:19
to remove the seeds, because you've got to take
22:21
the seeds out before you can spin it. It wasn't
22:24
worth the trouble to take the seeds out, because
22:29
you still had hemp, which was a dominant fiber
22:32
crop. It's used in canvas. It's used in all sorts
22:35
of stuff. And in England, and in Europe, you
22:39
still had the infrastructure for wool. Where
22:42
do the empires start going that might want to
22:45
make them get away from wool and switch to cotton?
22:49
Mary, where are the empires going? India, Africa,
22:56
right? You do not want to be running around in
22:59
India with a wool surge. You will not have a
23:02
good time. And so with Whitney's development
23:05
of the cotton gin, cotton now becomes cost effective.
23:08
Now, the other thing about cotton is cotton is
23:11
not as intense. nutritionally on the soil. So
23:16
what was going on in the South was that the soil
23:20
was getting depleted of nutrients growing tobacco.
23:24
So what a lot of people start doing is they switch
23:26
to cotton because it's less demanding on the
23:28
soil. And so in many ways Eli Whitney's cotton
23:31
gin saves slavery. Because what would cause slavery
23:39
to die? If there's no tobacco to grow, why would
23:45
I employ a plantation economy? If I've exhausted
23:49
the soil, if I can't grow tobacco anymore, there's
23:51
no point. And there was this idea among some
23:55
abolitionists that, oh, OK, we wait a generation.
23:57
They bleed the soil out. They don't get their
23:59
cash crop. They don't need slavery anymore. Cotton
24:02
gin saves slavery in many ways. Now, it gets
24:08
a little awkward. So now, slavery becomes profitable
24:10
again. Go back to Jefferson's administration.
24:14
What takes effect at the end of Jefferson's administration
24:16
that people can't What to slaves from Africa?
24:22
You can't import them anymore. That was the one
24:25
victory the abolitionists made. They passed a
24:29
law such that at the end of Jefferson's term,
24:32
you could no longer import slaves, but now slaves
24:34
all of a sudden are a new hot commodity. Why?
24:37
Because you have a new slave crop. So what do
24:41
you do? You need new slaves. Oh, wait, remember
24:46
those northern states that were kind of getting
24:48
rid of slavery slowly but surely? How many of
24:51
you have heard the expression to sell someone
24:53
down river? All right, well, if you hear that
24:58
expression, that was in reference to slave owners,
25:01
few as they were in the North, selling their
25:05
property, selling their slaves to new plantations
25:08
in the South. Does that make sense? All right,
25:12
questions so far? All right, have we cleared
25:16
up the Erie Canal bit? Yes, everybody's feeling
25:18
good about the Erie Canal. Okay. Are we feeling
25:25
good about the industry? What was driving the
25:28
industry? Competition with the English and new
25:30
products. Okay. Now, let's talk about the immigration
25:35
for a moment. This is Germain, to your existence,
25:44
currently, presently. Why? Here I stand in the
25:56
Blomfels, across the highway. Freiheit, further
26:03
north. So on, and to the south, Shales. Yeah?
26:12
We're gonna talk about the German and the Irish.
26:15
But the German migration is important because
26:18
it is not distinctly an American phenomenon because
26:21
when this city is founded, is it in America?
26:27
Where is it? In part of what is now Mexico, or
26:30
yes, it was part of Mexico. All right, can I
26:33
erase this bit, yes? Okay, let's go back to Malthus
26:37
for a moment. Okay, so we got the technology,
26:49
we got the infrastructure, we're getting to the
26:51
immigration. Okay, so I'm gonna start with the
27:03
Germans, then I'll get to the Irish. Because
27:06
the Irish are always being abused, but anyway.
27:09
All right, so Germany. Actually, Germany is a
27:15
misnomer. Does Germany exist? Does the singular
27:24
Germany exist in the early 19th century? No,
27:28
it's still the Germanese, plural. Okay, so in
27:32
the Germanese, you had, by the way, and this
27:41
is the part that's kind of awkward. Okay, kind
27:45
of an aside, but kind of germane. So, agricultural
27:51
improvements. Okay, here's your basic idea. You
27:59
have improvements in agriculture, specifically
28:01
in the growing of grain, okay? That makes...
28:06
farms more productive for the same number of
28:09
humans. So if farms become more productive for
28:13
the same number of humans, do I need peasants
28:15
anymore? Okay. And one of the ways that you know
28:19
that a country has had those agricultural improvements
28:21
is when they abolish feudal serfdom. Okay? So
28:25
ag improvements in feudal serfdom. In England,
28:34
feudal serfdom is abolished 1660. By the way,
28:36
were there a bunch of people migrating to the
28:38
Americas in 1660? Why? Because they're dispossessed
28:42
serfs that don't want to starve. They don't have
28:44
a job. And so they're like, oh, we're dispossessed
28:47
agricultural workers. We need to find our own
28:49
land. Otherwise, we're going to starve, right?
28:51
OK. So that's England. Now, by the way, Ireland
28:55
is part of England. We'll get to the Irish in
28:57
a moment. OK. 1789. That's when France abolishes
29:04
feudal serfdom. By the way, what else was going
29:07
on in France in 1789? You had the French Revolution.
29:12
Oh wow, wait a minute, you've got these starving
29:14
peasants who are kind of starving more because
29:16
it takes fewer peasants to grow the same amount
29:18
of grain. Does that make sense? So what do you
29:21
do if you don't need that many peasants and now
29:23
they're out of a job and by the way, do you have
29:25
a social welfare state that feeds people even
29:27
if they don't work? No, it's a mass starvation.
29:30
By the way, are hungry people peaceful people
29:33
or are they violent people? How many of you get
29:35
hangry when you're hungry? Right, third lunch.
29:42
It's like, Kyle's about ready to twist somebody's
29:45
head off, right? All right. Even mild -mannered
29:48
Kyle, all right. That's fine, all right. Now,
29:50
in the Germanys, depending on the state, it's
29:53
the 18, like in the 1840s, that's when Prussia
29:57
abolishes feudal serfdom. So in other words,
30:00
those agricultural improvements that started
30:03
in England worked their way to the continent
30:05
and worked their way down to the Germanys. Okay,
30:08
well, what happens when you have starving people?
30:13
War, famine, pestilence, and flight, right? So
30:16
you have in the Germany's a series of warring
30:20
states that are killing each other, right? Now
30:23
we see this now when you see wars in other countries,
30:26
what do a fair number of people do? They flee,
30:29
they get up and move. So you have these German
30:33
communities fleeing war, famine, and conquest.
30:42
Because what eventually happens is you have larger
30:45
German principalities taking over the lesser
30:47
ones and so you have entire German communities
30:50
betaking themselves in flight okay, and they
30:54
come to they flee to the American West Now by
31:04
the way when I talk about the American West I'm
31:06
not talking about West of the Mississippi yet.
31:08
I'm still talking about what? West of Appalachia
31:13
the Ohio River Valley What is now, Indiana, Illinois,
31:20
Ohio. Eventually they cross the river to Iowa.
31:25
Does that make sense? Okay. Now, they also flee
31:31
to the Mexican North. Now, where's the Mexican
31:41
North? Here, among other places, the Mexican
31:45
North actually goes all the way to the Red River.
31:50
So far, so good. Okay, and. among those communities.
31:56
Now, by the way, Mexico's trying to populate
31:58
its northern frontier. Why? Well, they just saw
32:01
what the Americans did with Spanish Florida.
32:05
So by the way, you have all of these little Czech
32:08
and German and Irish communities. San Patricio
32:11
is one of them. Vest is one of them. You have
32:16
these, dotting all over the Texan countryside.
32:18
And many of this was deliberately orchestrated
32:20
by the... Newly independent Mexican government,
32:23
by the way, when do the Mexicans declare their
32:24
independence? D .A .C. says, but it's like, it's
32:30
well, not very late. It's shortly after, it's
32:34
early 1800s. But anyway, so they start settling
32:38
here, but they move as whole communities. So
32:48
you have trades people, crafts people, educated
32:52
people, and whatnot. And by the way, some of
32:55
them are Catholic, some of them are Protestant.
32:57
Walk around downtown New Braunfels, you'll see
32:58
the first Protestant church. And about two blocks
33:01
away, you'll see St. Peter and Paul's, right?
33:04
Now, some of those German, now that was because
33:07
the Prince of Solms wanted religious diversity
33:09
and to accommodate it as what we would call an
33:11
enlightened prince. Some of these German communities
33:13
were either exclusively Catholic or exclusively
33:16
Protestant. So for example, if you go to a Czech
33:18
community, they're all, they're mostly by and
33:20
large Catholic. And by the way, Czechoslovakia
33:25
doesn't exist, but there are Czech -speaking
33:27
people in the Germanys who are fleeing the same
33:30
stuff. Does that make sense? Okay. The Irish
33:33
are altogether different. Here's the awkwardness
33:35
of the Irish. Is Ireland a great place to grow
33:40
grain? It's cold and it's wet, but it's a great
33:43
place to grow potatoes. Okay? And by the way,
33:47
where are the potatoes from? From the New World.
33:51
They're a New World food item. So here's the
33:52
great irony of the Colombian exchange. You have...
33:58
Potatoes being brought back to Europe, they're
34:02
being cultivated in Ireland, they're also being
34:04
cultivated in the Germany's, they're also being
34:06
cultivated in Eastern Europe, Russia, Poland
34:09
and whatnot. What happens to a population of
34:12
animals when you give them a new food supply?
34:15
Population goes up, does it go up linearly or
34:19
exponentially? Exponentially, whereas potato
34:22
production only goes up linearly and if you have
34:25
a fungus breakout, potato production goes which
34:27
way? Down. So people fleeing starvation flee.
34:35
Now, are these people equipped to be grain or
34:39
potato farmers, especially if there is a global
34:41
potato shortage? They don't have the stuff to
34:47
do it. And they're not going to move to the American
34:50
West to grow potatoes. So they're not going to
34:53
farm. Where do they move? They don't go to the
34:56
countryside. Where do they go? They go to the
34:58
cities. So the Irish move. to the American East
35:04
Coast cities. Specifically, which ones? What
35:11
are the major cities in the American East Coast
35:15
that the Irish moved to? Name one. Oh, come on.
35:21
You even hear it in their accents now. Boston,
35:25
Philadelphia, New York. So they start moving
35:28
to Boston, Philly, New York. They also move Baltimore.
35:40
Again, all of these cities over here. Now that
35:43
changes the characteristics of these cities,
35:48
because what are the Irish to a man? What religion?
35:55
They're Catholic. The Germans are a mix of Catholicism
35:59
and Protestantism, but also they're in communities
36:04
that are self -contained. What's different about
36:07
moving to a city? In a city, are you self -contained?
36:10
No. So you have a whole bunch of people with
36:15
a different custom, a different sense of history,
36:20
and they're not moving into integrated communities.
36:22
They're moving into enclaves. Oh, by the way,
36:28
what happens to the price of labor when new people
36:32
show up? Decreases. And so the people who were
36:37
in these cities, the Protestants, the Bostonians,
36:41
the descendants of the Quakers in Philadelphia,
36:44
the descendants of the Puritans in Massachusetts.
36:47
Might they be upset that these immigrants have
36:51
come and stolen our jobs and they live in squalor
36:56
offending people's sense of aesthetics? Oh, wait,
37:01
we don't have politicians complaining about immigrants
37:03
taking our jobs. We haven't heard that one before,
37:05
have we? The more things change, the more they
37:10
stay the same. Other. Questions about or did
37:18
that clarify some of the things? All right.