Latest / National Geographic Magazine Vol. 09 - 03. March 1898 / National Geographic Magazine Vol 09 - 03 March 1898 - National Geographic Society

Transcript

National Geographic Magazine Vol 09 - 03 March 1898 - National Geographic Society · National Geographic Magazine Vol. 09 - 03. March 1898

• 0:00
  Speaker 1: Section one of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, March
• 0:05
  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 0:10
  Speaker 1: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 0:13
  Speaker 1: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by AVAI
• 0:19
  Speaker 1: in June two thousand, twenty Dwellings of the Saga Time
• 0:24
  Speaker 1: in Iceland, Greenland and Vineland by Cornelia Horsford. The Saga
• 0:31
  Speaker 1: Time began with the colonization of Iceland in eight hundred
• 0:35
  Speaker 1: seventy five and lasted for about one hundred fifty years.
• 0:40
  Speaker 1: During this time, the oft repeated accounts of the discovery, colonization,
• 0:45
  Speaker 1: and early history of Iceland, as well as that of
• 0:49
  Speaker 1: all Scandinavia, acquired the form of sagas or narrations. Ariita Gilson,
• 0:56
  Speaker 1: the historian who was born in Iceland in ten sixty
• 0:59
  Speaker 1: seven even and died in eleven forty eight, was the
• 1:03
  Speaker 1: first to write down these events in chronological order.
• 1:08
  Speaker 2: In each of the.
• 1:08
  Speaker 1: Four books attributed to this writer. Greenland and Vineland are
• 1:13
  Speaker 1: briefly mentioned. Other sagas relate the adventures, tragedies, and family
• 1:18
  Speaker 1: histories of the colonists, and among these are the sagas
• 1:22
  Speaker 1: which tell about Greenland and Vineland. We know that Scandinavia
• 1:28
  Speaker 1: has been a rich field for collecting relics of the stone,
• 1:31
  Speaker 1: bronze and early iron ages, but no ruin of a
• 1:35
  Speaker 1: dwelling dating from the Saga time has yet been identified
• 1:39
  Speaker 1: in Denmark, Sweden or Norway. This may be due to
• 1:43
  Speaker 1: the lack of durability in the way of building the houses,
• 1:46
  Speaker 1: and to the custom of using over and over again
• 1:50
  Speaker 1: in new buildings all the suitable material from the old walls.
• 1:55
  Speaker 1: In eighteen eighty eight, a young Icelander named valtil Gudmundson,
• 2:00
  Speaker 1: who was studying for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
• 2:03
  Speaker 1: at the University of Copenhagen, chose for the subject of
• 2:07
  Speaker 1: his thesis private dwellings in Iceland in the Saga time.
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: In preparing for this, he read every saga of his
• 2:15
  Speaker 1: native literature, comparing each description, sentence and word relating to
• 2:21
  Speaker 1: his subject, until in imagination he had reconstructed every form
• 2:26
  Speaker 1: of dwelling and outhouse of the Saga days. These buildings
• 2:30
  Speaker 1: differed considerably from the design given by Finsen in his
• 2:34
  Speaker 1: edition of Gundlaug's Saga printed in seventeen seventy five, which
• 2:40
  Speaker 1: was the accepted model until the publication of doctor Gudmunson's
• 2:44
  Speaker 1: work In eighteen ninety four. Lieutenant Daniel Brunn of the
• 2:49
  Speaker 1: Danish Navy was sent by the Danish government to make
• 2:52
  Speaker 1: extended researches among the Norse ruins in Greenland. These researches
• 2:57
  Speaker 1: went far toward confirming the results of doctor Goodmundson's studies.
• 3:03
  Speaker 1: It was therefore with much gratification that doctor Goodmundson, who
• 3:07
  Speaker 1: was by that time professor of Old Norse literature and
• 3:10
  Speaker 1: history at the University of Copenhagen, accepted my commission to
• 3:15
  Speaker 1: direct archaeological researches for me among the ruined dwellings and
• 3:20
  Speaker 1: other works of man in Iceland. During the summer season
• 3:23
  Speaker 1: of eighteen ninety five. He took with him from Copenhagen
• 3:28
  Speaker 1: another Icelander named Twastein Ellingson, and to him the greater
• 3:33
  Speaker 1: part of the work is to be accredited for doctor
• 3:36
  Speaker 1: Gudmundson was in attendance at the Icelandic Parliament and could
• 3:40
  Speaker 1: not be present in the field himself. Iceland. The Icelandic
• 3:47
  Speaker 1: Antiquarian Society has done some good work in the field.
• 3:51
  Speaker 1: They have identified and roughly measured. The ruins of many
• 3:54
  Speaker 1: historical farms, and of several hundred booths that some of
• 3:58
  Speaker 1: the old open air law courts called things. One or
• 4:03
  Speaker 1: two pagan temples have been dug out and carefully described,
• 4:07
  Speaker 1: and many burial mounds which also belonged to the Pagan days.
• 4:11
  Speaker 1: The ancient dwellings were situated on sloping ground near rivers
• 4:16
  Speaker 1: or fiords from the early days. This has been believed
• 4:20
  Speaker 1: to be the ruin of the house built by Eric
• 4:22
  Speaker 1: the Red in the Hawk River Valley soon after his
• 4:25
  Speaker 1: marriage with tor Hilt, and there his eldest son Life
• 4:30
  Speaker 1: was probably born. Eric lived in four different places in
• 4:34
  Speaker 1: Iceland before he finally settled in Greenland. The supposed ruins
• 4:39
  Speaker 1: of his houses on Exney and Sundry can still be
• 4:42
  Speaker 1: seen also, but I do not know that any ruins
• 4:46
  Speaker 1: have been identified at the Rangar. The ruins of these dwellings,
• 4:51
  Speaker 1: when undisturbed, are low grass grown ridges and hollows, often
• 4:56
  Speaker 1: difficult to detect, except when stones protrude through the turf.
• 5:01
  Speaker 1: A dwelling usually consisted of three apartments, a hall or
• 5:05
  Speaker 1: a principal room in which there was always a fireplace,
• 5:09
  Speaker 1: a sitting room for the women, and a storeroom or pantry.
• 5:14
  Speaker 1: These apartments were like small houses, each with a separate roof,
• 5:18
  Speaker 1: but attached to each other with passages through the thick walls.
• 5:23
  Speaker 1: Near By were usually one or more small outhouses. These
• 5:27
  Speaker 1: dwellings were built on the surface of the ground, which
• 5:30
  Speaker 1: was probably leveled when necessary. The floor was of firmly
• 5:34
  Speaker 1: beaten earth. The walls were one and a half meters
• 5:38
  Speaker 1: thick and from one to one and a half meters high.
• 5:42
  Speaker 1: The inner side was built of unhewn stones, and the
• 5:46
  Speaker 1: interestices were filled with earth. The outer side was of
• 5:50
  Speaker 1: alternate layers of turf and stones, and the space between
• 5:54
  Speaker 1: the two sides was filled in with earth needed hard.
• 5:58
  Speaker 1: When these walls fall, the stone bones necessarily slipped down
• 6:01
  Speaker 1: on either side, and the bottom row with the space between,
• 6:05
  Speaker 1: remains almost intact unless unnaturally disturbed. Often, however, the walls
• 6:12
  Speaker 1: were built entirely of layers of turf, or with only
• 6:15
  Speaker 1: disconnected rows of stones at the base. The drawing of
• 6:20
  Speaker 1: the pagan temple that Turlis shows the manner of laying
• 6:23
  Speaker 1: the inner and outer sides of a wall, with the
• 6:26
  Speaker 1: earth between the two. A large stone, of course, extends
• 6:31
  Speaker 1: farther back into this earth between than a small one does.
• 6:35
  Speaker 1: The inside measurement of a hall varied from three to
• 6:39
  Speaker 1: seven meters in width and from ten to seventeen meters
• 6:42
  Speaker 1: in length. The plane is of the ruin of Eric
• 6:46
  Speaker 1: the Red's house, shown above from a photograph. A long,
• 6:50
  Speaker 1: narrow fireplace usually extended through the middle of the room.
• 6:54
  Speaker 1: This was either paved or surrounded with stones standing on edge,
• 6:59
  Speaker 1: and was about three meters long and from sixty to
• 7:02
  Speaker 1: eighty centimeters broad. Besides the long fire, which served to
• 7:07
  Speaker 1: warm and light the hall, there was a small cooking
• 7:10
  Speaker 1: fire made in the same way, about one meter square
• 7:14
  Speaker 1: and raised a few centimeters above the level of the floor.
• 7:18
  Speaker 1: Other non essential forms of fireplace I need not describe here.
• 7:23
  Speaker 1: A separate apartment was often formed by erecting a thin
• 7:26
  Speaker 1: partition across the room, as is shown in this plan
• 7:30
  Speaker 1: by the dotted line pavements, but more often thresholds made
• 7:35
  Speaker 1: of one or more long stone slabs were sometimes in
• 7:38
  Speaker 1: the doorways and also in the passages through the thick
• 7:42
  Speaker 1: walls between the apartments. The outhouse shown at the left
• 7:46
  Speaker 1: was about thirteen meters from the door of the house.
• 7:50
  Speaker 1: On the steep mountain side. It was four meters square,
• 7:54
  Speaker 1: built of turf only and partially on the ground. There
• 7:58
  Speaker 1: was a large square platform of stones in one corner,
• 8:01
  Speaker 1: which had served for a fireplace. Narrow platforms of earth
• 8:06
  Speaker 1: faced along the outer edge with upright stones on which
• 8:09
  Speaker 1: the inhabitants both sat and slept, extended along one or
• 8:14
  Speaker 1: both sides of the hall. In the large halls, these
• 8:17
  Speaker 1: platforms were about twenty three centimeters high and one three
• 8:22
  Speaker 1: quarter meters broad. Sometimes there was also a broader platform
• 8:26
  Speaker 1: at one end of the hall. Some studier is one
• 8:30
  Speaker 1: of the farm states in the Thores River Valley, which
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: was buried during an eruption of Mount Hecla in the
• 8:36
  Speaker 1: fourteenth century. This valley is called the Pompeii of Iceland.
• 8:41
  Speaker 1: The farm was probably abandoned about thirteen hundred. It shose
• 8:46
  Speaker 1: the first change in the evolution toward thicker walls. With
• 8:51
  Speaker 1: the exception of some spinning stones which were found in
• 8:54
  Speaker 1: the sitting room of a house not shown here, no
• 8:57
  Speaker 1: relics were found during these researches. It is also an
• 9:01
  Speaker 1: interesting fact that no Runic inscription belonging to the Saga
• 9:05
  Speaker 1: time or for two centuries later, has yet been found
• 9:09
  Speaker 1: in Iceland. The evolution which has taken place in house
• 9:14
  Speaker 1: buildings since the Saga time, has been in the steady
• 9:17
  Speaker 1: increase in the sickness of the walls until their breadth
• 9:20
  Speaker 1: is nearly doubled, a slight increase in height, not admitting
• 9:24
  Speaker 1: a second story under the roof, and the addition of
• 9:28
  Speaker 1: many apartments, so that from a distance the many roofs
• 9:32
  Speaker 1: of a farmstead looked almost like a little village Greenland.
• 9:40
  Speaker 1: Greenland was discovered and colonized by Eric Toubaldtson toward the
• 9:45
  Speaker 1: end of the tenth century, and from that time two
• 9:48
  Speaker 1: Norse colonies, called respectively the Eastern and the Western Settlements,
• 9:53
  Speaker 1: prospered for about three hundred years. The ruins of these
• 9:57
  Speaker 1: two settlements have been studied with more less care by
• 10:01
  Speaker 1: the Danish government. In the Eastern Settlement, one hundred and
• 10:05
  Speaker 1: fifty farms with all their outbuildings have been surveyed and measured.
• 10:10
  Speaker 1: A few dwelling houses have been thoroughly dug out and examined.
• 10:15
  Speaker 1: As in Iceland, these farm steads were situated on the
• 10:18
  Speaker 1: shores of rivers and fiords. Although in the main they
• 10:22
  Speaker 1: resemble those of Iceland, one is impressed at once with
• 10:25
  Speaker 1: certain striking differences. Even the undisturbed ruins suggest narrower, straighter,
• 10:32
  Speaker 1: and stronger walls. The dwellings were usually long and narrow,
• 10:37
  Speaker 1: consisting of from three to eight rooms, and were surrounded
• 10:41
  Speaker 1: by numerous outhouses and stables for cattle, sheep and goats.
• 10:46
  Speaker 1: Close to the houses are found enormous midden heaps, often
• 10:50
  Speaker 1: larger than the ruins of the houses themselves. The walls
• 10:54
  Speaker 1: were narrower than the Icelandic walls, and although they were
• 10:58
  Speaker 1: built of layers of turf and stone, or sometimes of
• 11:01
  Speaker 1: turf on a foundation of stone, the middle space filled
• 11:05
  Speaker 1: in with earth had almost disappeared, as may be seen
• 11:09
  Speaker 1: in the sketch. The long platforms of stone along the walls,
• 11:14
  Speaker 1: the pavements, thresholds, and scattered fireplaces recalled similar constructions in Iceland.
• 11:21
  Speaker 1: In twelve sixty one, Greenland became subject to the Crown
• 11:25
  Speaker 1: of Norway, and to this influence the Danes attribute certain
• 11:29
  Speaker 1: differences between the customs of the Norsemen in Iceland and
• 11:33
  Speaker 1: in Greenland, which I need not describe here. Perhaps the
• 11:37
  Speaker 1: difference in architecture is due to the same cause. The
• 11:41
  Speaker 1: ruin of the house found on the supposed side of prattakhlit,
• 11:45
  Speaker 1: the abode of eric the Red, looks as if it
• 11:48
  Speaker 1: might have been remodeled several times since that fearless Norsemen
• 11:52
  Speaker 1: first settled in the land. Numerous relics have been found
• 11:57
  Speaker 1: in these ruins, iron nails and knives, pieces of stone vessels,
• 12:02
  Speaker 1: spinning stones, bone combs and stone pendants, poured with holes
• 12:07
  Speaker 1: and incised with run like but illegible characters. These, like
• 12:12
  Speaker 1: all the ruins in Greenland which have been thoroughly dug out,
• 12:16
  Speaker 1: are attributed by the Danes to a period later than
• 12:19
  Speaker 1: the Saga time Vineland. The ruins found where one had
• 12:26
  Speaker 1: every reason to hope to find traces of the houses
• 12:29
  Speaker 1: built in Vineland by life Ericson and his followers did
• 12:33
  Speaker 1: not differ in their essential features from those of Iceland
• 12:37
  Speaker 1: in the Saga time. The situations were similar. The walls
• 12:42
  Speaker 1: were laid in the same way and were of the
• 12:44
  Speaker 1: same thickness, and the fireplaces were constructed as they were
• 12:48
  Speaker 1: in the habit of constructing them at home. The walls
• 12:52
  Speaker 1: of this house can be little more than suggested. They
• 12:55
  Speaker 1: were probably built almost entirely of turf, and they looked
• 12:59
  Speaker 1: as if they might have been intentionally destroyed. I show
• 13:03
  Speaker 1: it for its fireplace. Three or four fireplaces were on
• 13:07
  Speaker 1: the site, one of them being the familiar Indian clam bake,
• 13:11
  Speaker 1: with its neatly paved, saucer shaped hearth piled with ashes
• 13:15
  Speaker 1: and unopened clam shells. For this temptingly prepared feast had
• 13:20
  Speaker 1: never been eaten. One of these fireplaces, however, was very
• 13:25
  Speaker 1: different from the others, and of the Icelandic type, with
• 13:29
  Speaker 1: its surrounding up tight stones at the four corners and
• 13:32
  Speaker 1: a mass of charcoal and stones inside. This house is
• 13:36
  Speaker 1: one of those on the place pointed out in Cambridge
• 13:39
  Speaker 1: by my father Eben Norton Horsford as the site of
• 13:43
  Speaker 1: the group of houses built by the party of tafin
• 13:47
  Speaker 1: Khalsefni in Vineland. The second house I show for the
• 13:52
  Speaker 1: construction of the walls and the little pavement presumably at
• 13:56
  Speaker 1: the door, which resembles that in the temple had Tui
• 13:59
  Speaker 1: shown before. The outer side of the wall contained only
• 14:03
  Speaker 1: one layer of stones, the inner according to custom, containing
• 14:08
  Speaker 1: more and larger stones, some of which had fallen in
• 14:12
  Speaker 1: the oblong platform of small stones occupied the place of
• 14:17
  Speaker 1: and resembled a fireplace, but showed no trace of such use.
• 14:21
  Speaker 1: Unless in the dark, sticky earth between and under the stones,
• 14:26
  Speaker 1: which I have since been told may have been ashes
• 14:28
  Speaker 1: absorbed in the soil. This house, with the other ruins
• 14:33
  Speaker 1: near it, are about ten or more miles from the
• 14:36
  Speaker 1: settlement at Cambridge, and so far from the river that
• 14:39
  Speaker 1: it must be attributed to later visitors from the North
• 14:43
  Speaker 1: than those told about in the Vineland sagas. No relics
• 14:48
  Speaker 1: have been found at either of these sites which I
• 14:50
  Speaker 1: attribute to the Northmen. I have, however, one stone implement,
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: which was found embedded in the yellow sand, and seemed
• 14:59
  Speaker 1: to have been long before the advent of the Northmen,
• 15:02
  Speaker 1: and presumably belonged to the savages they found here. Probably
• 15:08
  Speaker 1: the reader will contrast these different dwellings of the Northmen
• 15:12
  Speaker 1: with those of the native tribes of North America, from
• 15:15
  Speaker 1: the magnificent ruins of Copan to the long, narrow houses
• 15:19
  Speaker 1: of the Iroquois, and will detect the similarities and differences
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: between these and the habitations of the greenland Eskimaux. The Spanish, Dutch,
• 15:30
  Speaker 1: French and English explorers visited and might have built houses
• 15:34
  Speaker 1: on these shores, but in Europe no houses of this
• 15:38
  Speaker 1: type are found outside of Iceland, except in the Pharaohs,
• 15:42
  Speaker 1: and although ruins of North dwellings are probably awaiting detection
• 15:47
  Speaker 1: in England, Scotland, Orkney and Shetland, they have not yet
• 15:51
  Speaker 1: been brought to the notice of archeologists. The earliest examples
• 15:57
  Speaker 1: of architecture on our shores, as well as the present
• 16:00
  Speaker 1: knowledge of the evolution of European architecture, as far as
• 16:04
  Speaker 1: I have been able to find out, show that the
• 16:07
  Speaker 1: walls of the inferior houses in post Columbian times were
• 16:11
  Speaker 1: unlike those of Iceland. Our oldest French house is the
• 16:16
  Speaker 1: sillery Manor House near Quebec, built by the Jesuits in
• 16:20
  Speaker 1: sixteen thirty seven. The walls of this house are built
• 16:23
  Speaker 1: of stone and are three feet thick, laid in mortar
• 16:27
  Speaker 1: which is now nearly as hard as the stone itself.
• 16:31
  Speaker 1: I have been unable to find anything more primitive of
• 16:34
  Speaker 1: French workmanship here. I have found nothing in English work
• 16:38
  Speaker 1: which is not familiar to you all. Although I have
• 16:41
  Speaker 1: followed up several mistaken reports, the Dutch buildings show an
• 16:46
  Speaker 1: equally advanced, though different type of development, and also the Spanish.
• 16:52
  Speaker 1: I am glad to have an opportunity to express publicly
• 16:56
  Speaker 1: my sincere thanks and deep indebtedness to the American archaeolicists,
• 17:00
  Speaker 1: both here and in Canada, who have come most kindly
• 17:04
  Speaker 1: to my assistance and taught me in the field the
• 17:07
  Speaker 1: knowledge they had acquired by their own experience, without which
• 17:11
  Speaker 1: I could not have learned how to gather many facts,
• 17:15
  Speaker 1: a few of which I have here presented. Mister Gerard
• 17:19
  Speaker 1: Fog seven weeks of field work in and near Cambridge.
• 17:24
  Speaker 1: Two weeks of field work in Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia
• 17:28
  Speaker 1: and Maryland eighteen ninety four. Five weeks in Cambridge eighteen
• 17:33
  Speaker 1: ninety six. Doctor Franz Boas two days in and near Cambridge,
• 17:39
  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety four. Mister David Boyle, Curator of the Canadian
• 17:44
  Speaker 1: Institute at Toronto, one week in and near Cambridge. One
• 17:49
  Speaker 1: week in Ontario, Canada, eighteen ninety four, one week in Cambridge,
• 17:54
  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety six. Mister F. W. Norris, Honorable Editor of
• 18:00
  Speaker 1: the Viking Club, London. One week in Cornwall eighteen ninety five.
• 18:05
  Speaker 1: Three weeks in Scotland, Orkney and Shetland eighteen ninety six,
• 18:10
  Speaker 1: two weeks in England eighteen ninety seven. Doctor phil Valtire Goodmanson,
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: Professor of Old Norse history and literature at the University
• 18:20
  Speaker 1: of Copenhagen. Direction of explorations in Iceland for four months
• 18:25
  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety five. Five weeks in and near Cambridge eighteen
• 18:30
  Speaker 1: ninety six. Mister towerstein Erlingson, Iceland. Four months in Iceland
• 18:37
  Speaker 1: eighteen ninety five. Reverend Henry Otis Tayer, Maine Historical Society.
• 18:44
  Speaker 1: Two weeks among old English ruins in Maine, eighteen ninety six.
• 18:49
  Speaker 1: Sir James Lemoyne, past President of the Royal Society of Canada.
• 18:54
  Speaker 1: Direction of researches near Quebec, eighteen ninety six. Mister C. C.
• 18:59
  Speaker 2: Willow B.
• 19:00
  Speaker 1: Peabody Museum, Cambridge, two days in Cape cod eighteen ninety seven.
• 19:07
  Speaker 1: Mister W. J. McGee Advice, criticism and encouragement, both in
• 19:12
  Speaker 1: Washington and Cambridge for over four years.
• 19:18
  Speaker 2: End of Section one, Section two of the National Geographic Magazine,
• 19:28
  Speaker 2: Volume nine, March eighteen ninety eight.
• 19:32
  Speaker 3: This is a liveryvox recording or liberyvox. Recordings are in
• 19:35
  Speaker 3: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 19:39
  Speaker 3: visit liberyvox dot org. Completion of the labocher Dock. In
• 19:48
  Speaker 3: a recent report to the Department of State consider Clark
• 19:52
  Speaker 3: Murphy of Cologne announces the completion of the Labocca Dock,
• 19:58
  Speaker 3: the Pacific terminus of the Panama Canal. The real importance
• 20:03
  Speaker 3: of the work at Labocca, says mister Murphy, remains to
• 20:07
  Speaker 3: be demonstrated. The tide fluctuation at Panama amounts to over
• 20:12
  Speaker 3: twenty five feet, and at the lowest ebb, the bottom
• 20:16
  Speaker 3: of the sea is exposed for a mile or more
• 20:19
  Speaker 3: from the shore. As to whether or not vessels will
• 20:22
  Speaker 3: venture to use the Labocca dock, time alone will prove.
• 20:27
  Speaker 3: Mister Murphy says he has heard the opinion expressed that
• 20:31
  Speaker 3: the dock will prove to be a complete success. On
• 20:35
  Speaker 3: the other hand, he has heard it even more confidently
• 20:38
  Speaker 3: stated that this is only another example of the waste
• 20:43
  Speaker 3: which has characterized the management of this apparently simple undertaking.
• 20:49
  Speaker 3: To one traveling across the Ishmus, he says, it appears
• 20:52
  Speaker 3: that there can be no obstacle to the completion of
• 20:55
  Speaker 3: the canal which money, honestly used, engineering skill and common
• 21:00
  Speaker 3: sense cannot easily overcome. The land is mostly level, the
• 21:06
  Speaker 3: highest point being little over three hundred feet above the sea.
• 21:10
  Speaker 3: The distance is only about forty five miles. The freshets
• 21:14
  Speaker 3: of the River Chagres seem to be the only difficulty,
• 21:18
  Speaker 3: and it appears that provision for the storage or escape
• 21:22
  Speaker 3: of such water can be made. The work, if it
• 21:26
  Speaker 3: were in American hands and under American control, could, mister
• 21:30
  Speaker 3: Murphy believes, be completed in a few years at moderate cost.
• 21:36
  Speaker 3: About one half of the work, fourteen miles at the
• 21:39
  Speaker 3: north end and six miles at the south, have been
• 21:43
  Speaker 3: completed or partially completed, though the freshets of the Chagres
• 21:47
  Speaker 3: River have caused great damage during the years of neglect.
• 21:53
  Speaker 3: End of section two.
• 22:01
  Speaker 4: Section three of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, March
• 22:06
  Speaker 4: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 22:12
  Speaker 4: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 22:15
  Speaker 4: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org read by Wayne Cook.
• 22:22
  Speaker 4: Two hundred miles up the Coscoquim by Charles Halleck. Many
• 22:29
  Speaker 4: mighty rivers besides the Yukon flow out of Alaska into
• 22:33
  Speaker 4: Bearing Sea, of which the largest and most notable is
• 22:36
  Speaker 4: the Coscoquim. It is eight hundred miles long from its
• 22:41
  Speaker 4: source in the geographical center of the province. It flows
• 22:45
  Speaker 4: with many a majestic sweep insinuous curve out from granite walls,
• 22:51
  Speaker 4: through rounded foothills and level plains into the bosom of
• 22:55
  Speaker 4: the sea, some two degrees north of the Aleutian Peninsula,
• 22:59
  Speaker 4: and with the great bay of the same name into
• 23:02
  Speaker 4: which it empties. Constitutes the phenomenal counterpart in the Pacific
• 23:06
  Speaker 4: of the Bay of Fundy and the River Petticodiac on
• 23:10
  Speaker 4: the Atlantic, though the Couscoquwim is beyond comparison the larger
• 23:15
  Speaker 4: river of the two. It is so wide at its
• 23:17
  Speaker 4: mouth that its shores are invisible from mid channel, and
• 23:21
  Speaker 4: it is navigable for barges for a distance of five
• 23:25
  Speaker 4: hundred miles. Up the tide rises fifty feet, and when
• 23:30
  Speaker 4: it runs out exposes a vast area of uzi mudflats
• 23:36
  Speaker 4: sixty miles wide at the entrance of the river, which
• 23:39
  Speaker 4: are seamed with countless shallow, dirty rivulets flowing seaward. Very
• 23:44
  Speaker 4: different is its physical aspect. When it is bank full
• 23:47
  Speaker 4: at flood, it shimmers then like an inland ocean studded
• 23:52
  Speaker 4: with myriads of mossy islands. The head of the tide
• 23:56
  Speaker 4: is one hundred miles upstream at a trading post called
• 24:00
  Speaker 4: Mamtra Caligamute. Boats ascending the river must wait for the tide,
• 24:05
  Speaker 4: whose flow is irresistible even by steam power, for it
• 24:09
  Speaker 4: rises vertically over eight feet an hour, filling up the
• 24:13
  Speaker 4: vast chasm which forms its bed in the brief space
• 24:17
  Speaker 4: of six hours. Though there is an entire absence of
• 24:21
  Speaker 4: anything like a tidal boar rolling in and overwhelming everything
• 24:25
  Speaker 4: in its impetuous career. This phenomenal procedure is an old
• 24:30
  Speaker 4: fable which used to be current regarding the Bay of
• 24:33
  Speaker 4: Fundy until people learned differently, and graphic recitals were told
• 24:38
  Speaker 4: of pigs which had been foraging in the flats, scampering
• 24:42
  Speaker 4: before the advancing wave, and being presently overtaken and engulfed.
• 24:47
  Speaker 4: On the Couscoquim. There are no less than sixteen trading
• 24:50
  Speaker 4: posts and villages within the first four hundred miles of
• 24:53
  Speaker 4: its mouth. Monsieurs Hartmann and Wineland, Moravian missionaries from Bethlehem, Pennsylvania,
• 24:59
  Speaker 4: who are the men of marked ability, located a school
• 25:02
  Speaker 4: and mission at Kolombikowski, two hundred miles up as long
• 25:06
  Speaker 4: ago as eighteen eighty five, and the description of the
• 25:10
  Speaker 4: river which here follows with the accompanying illustrations, is from
• 25:13
  Speaker 4: observations made by them on their initial trip. They afford
• 25:18
  Speaker 4: a very realistic picture of summer life in the interior
• 25:21
  Speaker 4: of Alaska, and will serve to counteract the popular impression
• 25:25
  Speaker 4: that the country is wholly frigid and barren. When these
• 25:31
  Speaker 4: gentlemen first arrived at the mouth of the river in June,
• 25:34
  Speaker 4: the salmon fishing was at its height, varying little if
• 25:38
  Speaker 4: any from the running season on the Saint Louis tributaries.
• 25:42
  Speaker 4: The eastern bank of the estuary was swarming with native
• 25:45
  Speaker 4: fishermen eskimos, whose huts were strung along the top of
• 25:49
  Speaker 4: a narrow dike at high water mark in close continuity
• 25:52
  Speaker 4: for miles, crowding each other so closely that there was
• 25:55
  Speaker 4: hardly room for more. This dike was fringed with altars,
• 26:00
  Speaker 4: willow birch, and poplar saplings, interspersed flanked by a vigorous
• 26:04
  Speaker 4: growth of coarse sedges and bulrushes. Back of the dike
• 26:08
  Speaker 4: or levee as it would be called in the Southern States,
• 26:12
  Speaker 4: the country is a flat waste covered with a spongy
• 26:15
  Speaker 4: bed of moss or tundra. From six inches to a
• 26:18
  Speaker 4: foot deep, and destitute even of shrubs. Great deposits of
• 26:23
  Speaker 4: driftwood from above line the shore and afford fuel for
• 26:27
  Speaker 4: the resident inhabitants, who number several thousands, but whose ranks
• 26:31
  Speaker 4: are swelled in the fishing season by ascensions from the
• 26:34
  Speaker 4: Yukon to a total perhaps seven or eight thousands. There
• 26:39
  Speaker 4: is a portage of sixty miles from the Yukon to
• 26:42
  Speaker 4: the Cocisquin, which has been traveled for a century by
• 26:45
  Speaker 4: employees of the Russian Fur Company and others, since the
• 26:50
  Speaker 4: salmon are taken chiefly in dip nets along the banks,
• 26:53
  Speaker 4: and our travelers measured a specimen which weighed forty one
• 26:56
  Speaker 4: pounds and measured three feet in girth and nearly four
• 27:01
  Speaker 4: feet in length. Though the Yukon is the great arterial
• 27:05
  Speaker 4: drainage conduit for the summer melting from the snow capped
• 27:08
  Speaker 4: mountain ranges which traverse the interior and are consequently filled
• 27:12
  Speaker 4: with glacial mud, big salmon are found in it, and
• 27:16
  Speaker 4: in some of its clear water tributaries, there is an
• 27:19
  Speaker 4: abundance of large grailing and so called salmon trout leaving
• 27:23
  Speaker 4: the steamer in which they had taken passage from San
• 27:26
  Speaker 4: Francisco at the mouth of the river, landing stores, the
• 27:30
  Speaker 4: missionaries proceeded up the stream in company with four freighting
• 27:33
  Speaker 4: barges destined for upper posts. Their own private conveyances were
• 27:38
  Speaker 4: native bidarkas or seal skin canoes, decked over, each with
• 27:43
  Speaker 4: three man holes, the passenger occupying the central hole and
• 27:47
  Speaker 4: the paddlers the end ones. A three hours sail brought
• 27:51
  Speaker 4: them to one of the storehouses above mentioned, located near
• 27:55
  Speaker 4: the outlet of a small deep river. It being eleven
• 27:58
  Speaker 4: o'clock at night and still daylight, the weather was clear,
• 28:02
  Speaker 4: but headwinds detained them for the next five days. Starting
• 28:06
  Speaker 4: on June eighteenth, at two a m. Just before sunrise,
• 28:11
  Speaker 4: they made an eight mile pull to a village of
• 28:14
  Speaker 4: about ten barbarbaras or native houses, named cusco Wagamut it
• 28:19
  Speaker 4: is well to remember these names, and lying by until
• 28:23
  Speaker 4: one o'clock, attempted to snooze, but were distressed by ravenous mosquitoes.
• 28:28
  Speaker 4: Then a two hours paddle found them at three o'clock
• 28:31
  Speaker 4: at the village of Apocachelmute, numbering about one hundred fifty inhabitants,
• 28:37
  Speaker 4: located on a small tributary of the Kuskokwim, where large
• 28:41
  Speaker 4: numbers of beautiful salmon were lying on the bank waiting
• 28:44
  Speaker 4: to be dressed. All the people are dressed in sealskin coats,
• 28:48
  Speaker 4: and wore beads and ivory ornaments, lying by twelve hours,
• 28:52
  Speaker 4: starting again at three o'clock in the morning, always waiting
• 28:55
  Speaker 4: for the tide to serve. They arrived at togiar Hazoramut
• 29:00
  Speaker 4: at eight and after breakfast, made a sixty mile run
• 29:03
  Speaker 4: to Logo Vigamute Mute means village. Traveling was delightful. A
• 29:09
  Speaker 4: fine breeze kept the mosquitoes off. Point after point was
• 29:12
  Speaker 4: reached and left behind. The skin boat seemed to glide
• 29:16
  Speaker 4: through the water. Quote. As we went on, the river
• 29:19
  Speaker 4: grew narrower, so that the opposite bank became distinctly visible.
• 29:24
  Speaker 4: The river, which hitherto had been an unbroken stream, was
• 29:28
  Speaker 4: now divided by numerous islands into many channels. The shores
• 29:32
  Speaker 4: were lined with a higher growth of underwood and thickets
• 29:35
  Speaker 4: of small birch trees alternated with grassy or mossy banks.
• 29:40
  Speaker 4: The tide was also sluggish end Quote. The next day,
• 29:44
  Speaker 4: sailing still among enchanting wooded islands, they came to Napahaye Gamute,
• 29:49
  Speaker 4: where a lot of Eskimos were in their kayaks or
• 29:52
  Speaker 4: seal skin boats with a single hole, fishing for salmon
• 29:55
  Speaker 4: with gilnets. Soon they passed Napahagaya Mute, and bounding an island,
• 30:01
  Speaker 4: came in view of the important trading station of Mumptrek Logimute,
• 30:05
  Speaker 4: situated on a high bank with the background of pine
• 30:09
  Speaker 4: trees and a hill range in the distance. The tide
• 30:12
  Speaker 4: here rises about four feet. The station comprises two large,
• 30:17
  Speaker 4: well built log houses and several smaller ones, and a
• 30:20
  Speaker 4: Russian bathhouse or kashima, besides the usual annex of native
• 30:24
  Speaker 4: barbara baras. Here the Boutomans struck for higher wages, as
• 30:29
  Speaker 4: they always do, but were finally conciliated by the factor
• 30:33
  Speaker 4: of the trading post. The dogs here were numerous and
• 30:36
  Speaker 4: howled so as to disturb the missionary when he was
• 30:39
  Speaker 4: reading the hundred sixteenth Psalm by daylight at one o'clock
• 30:42
  Speaker 4: a m. The cause proved to be a wrestling match
• 30:47
  Speaker 4: between two rivals for the permanent possession of a woman.
• 30:52
  Speaker 4: The following day, they proceeded up a winding channel whose
• 30:55
  Speaker 4: banks were clad with pine trees forty feet high and
• 30:59
  Speaker 4: finally reached Yekalagamute, where they counted fifty birch bark canoes,
• 31:04
  Speaker 4: which here began to replace skin ones. The village contained
• 31:08
  Speaker 4: two hundred and sixteen people and was situated at a
• 31:11
  Speaker 4: low marshy ground with an abundance of mosquitoes. On the
• 31:15
  Speaker 4: twenty seventh of June, they stopped at a small Eskimo
• 31:18
  Speaker 4: fishing station, where they met a white mining prospector coming down.
• 31:23
  Speaker 4: The villages of a Kaigamute, Lulukiyak, and Kivi Galagumute were
• 31:28
  Speaker 4: afterwards successively passed, and the following day found them at
• 31:32
  Speaker 4: the fishing station of an enterprising half breed when rain
• 31:36
  Speaker 4: began falling, the first of any consequence since they left
• 31:40
  Speaker 4: Unalaska on the sixteenth of May. Still preceding upriver, more
• 31:45
  Speaker 4: villages Yugovic, Kalagagugumute, Oka Gagmute were passed, all under the
• 31:51
  Speaker 4: influence and civilization of the Greek Church, and at last,
• 31:55
  Speaker 4: after a journey of nine days, the great focal trading
• 31:58
  Speaker 4: center of this district, kom Lkovski, was reached. Ranges of
• 32:02
  Speaker 4: snow covered mountains were visible the day previous, with foothills
• 32:07
  Speaker 4: clad with pine up whose somber glens. Favorable glimpses were
• 32:10
  Speaker 4: had at times. Kolmolkovsky consists of seven log buildings built
• 32:15
  Speaker 4: in the form of a square, including a church and
• 32:18
  Speaker 4: hexagonal block house. Built fifty years ago. It stands on
• 32:22
  Speaker 4: a bluff. The country seems much more populous than Alaska
• 32:26
  Speaker 4: had been credited with being. All the white traders whom
• 32:29
  Speaker 4: the missionaries had met had adopted Native women as partners,
• 32:33
  Speaker 4: who were very decorous in manner and behavior. Their children
• 32:37
  Speaker 4: of prepossessing appearance, dressed in European fashion, and trained in
• 32:41
  Speaker 4: the ways of their white fathers. There are some fifty
• 32:44
  Speaker 4: children at Napemute, a village ten miles higher up the stream.
• 32:48
  Speaker 4: These people know nothing about intoxicating liquors. Kolmikovsky is two
• 32:53
  Speaker 4: hundred miles above the mouth of the Kuskoquim. There is
• 32:57
  Speaker 4: another trading coast called venuz Zzali twenty days journey still
• 33:02
  Speaker 4: farther up. The missionaries retrace their voyage from this point,
• 33:06
  Speaker 4: reaching the mouth of the Cuskoquim on July seventeenth, in
• 33:10
  Speaker 4: nine days time, while the journey upstream occupied twenty one
• 33:15
  Speaker 4: The weather for the previous fortnight had been fickle, sometimes
• 33:18
  Speaker 4: bright and oft and rainy, warm and cold by turns,
• 33:22
  Speaker 4: and frequently too hot for comfort. Thence they cruised along
• 33:25
  Speaker 4: the sea coast, following its indentations to good News Bay,
• 33:30
  Speaker 4: a large and beautiful basin surrounded by lofty mountains, and
• 33:34
  Speaker 4: passing safely through its narrow entrance on the surf of
• 33:37
  Speaker 4: an incoming tide, came to anchor at the head of
• 33:41
  Speaker 4: the bay, in front of a village of one hundred
• 33:42
  Speaker 4: fifty people of mist complexion and some of them almost white.
• 33:47
  Speaker 4: By taking a canoe route from there across the neck
• 33:51
  Speaker 4: of a mountainous headland or cape, it was possible to
• 33:54
  Speaker 4: reach their place of destination at Togiak Bay, and thus
• 33:57
  Speaker 4: avoid a perilous coastwise journey outside, and so pulling up
• 34:02
  Speaker 4: a winding mountain stream, beautifully clear and very rapid, which
• 34:07
  Speaker 4: finally cut a deep, crooked rut through a mossy swamp
• 34:10
  Speaker 4: with high grass lining the banks, they came to portage, and,
• 34:14
  Speaker 4: crossing the divide, entered a chain of lakes which formed
• 34:17
  Speaker 4: the headwaters of the stream which they had to descend.
• 34:20
  Speaker 4: The lakes, of which there are four, are small, the
• 34:23
  Speaker 4: largest scarcely a mile in length, with water beautifully clear
• 34:27
  Speaker 4: and sweet, and full of red salmon, some of which
• 34:31
  Speaker 4: their native guide speared. This fish is probably salvaneous malma
• 34:36
  Speaker 4: or dolly varden. One characteristic of these fish was quote
• 34:41
  Speaker 4: a big swelling on the back close to the neck
• 34:44
  Speaker 4: end quote parentheses. Can these be the same as the
• 34:47
  Speaker 4: red fish of Idaho described by Captain Ben Dyer and parentheses?
• 34:52
  Speaker 4: Their flavor was not highly esteemed. The outlet of this
• 34:55
  Speaker 4: chain of lakes which the canoe followed, was at first
• 34:59
  Speaker 4: so narrow a crooked as to be scarcely passable, but
• 35:02
  Speaker 4: it soon developed into quote a winding mountain torrent alive
• 35:06
  Speaker 4: with trout, some of which we saw shooting through the
• 35:09
  Speaker 4: water with incredible velocity. Quote. The paddlers had little to
• 35:13
  Speaker 4: do except to let her run and keep her off
• 35:17
  Speaker 4: the banks. At the bends, the scenery was very beautiful.
• 35:21
  Speaker 4: The view bounded on either side by well shaped mountains,
• 35:24
  Speaker 4: green with sphagnum rising from the plain below, with snow
• 35:28
  Speaker 4: still resting on them in patches. The region was quote
• 35:31
  Speaker 4: one vast solitude over which bears and birds hold undivided sway.
• 35:38
  Speaker 4: On July twenty sixth, the voyagers took dinner at the
• 35:41
  Speaker 4: deserted village of Azai Vegemute, and then made their way
• 35:46
  Speaker 4: in a short time to Togiak Bay, having occupied three days.
• 35:50
  Speaker 4: In crossing the divide, quote, brother Wineland shot some ducks
• 35:55
  Speaker 4: and four geese, and the navive speared a large salmon
• 35:58
  Speaker 4: end quote. Subsequently, the missionaries made a trip up the
• 36:02
  Speaker 4: Togiak River, which occupied two days, and after visiting several
• 36:07
  Speaker 4: villages with polysyllabic names, they returned to the coast, where
• 36:11
  Speaker 4: they found a hamper from their friends of the Alaska
• 36:14
  Speaker 4: Commercial Company, Bless Them, which quote contained thirty good cigars parentheses.
• 36:20
  Speaker 4: It seems the brethren smoke and parentheses, four large cakes
• 36:24
  Speaker 4: of tobacco, two tins of boiled oysters, two of corned beef,
• 36:28
  Speaker 4: one of fresh boiled beef, three tins of sardines, one
• 36:32
  Speaker 4: of peaches, one of corn, and one of peas. End quote.
• 36:36
  Speaker 4: So the record runs end of section.
• 36:40
  Speaker 5: Three, Section four of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 36:51
  Speaker 5: March eighteen ninety eight. This is a Liberal box recording.
• 36:55
  Speaker 5: All Liberal Box recordings are in the public domain. For
• 36:58
  Speaker 5: more information or volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
• 37:04
  Speaker 5: by Phil Shanff the Mount Saint Elias expedition of Prince
• 37:09
  Speaker 5: Luigi Amadeo of Savoy eighteen ninety seven by Eliza Ruhama Skidmore.
• 37:17
  Speaker 5: A lecture of doctor Philippo de Philippi, who accompanied Prince
• 37:21
  Speaker 5: Luigi of Savoy on his expedition to Mount Saint Elias,
• 37:25
  Speaker 5: was delivered before the Turin Alpine Club, and it has
• 37:28
  Speaker 5: been published in the Ravista Mincia del Clube Alpino Italiano,
• 37:34
  Speaker 5: the first authentic account given of that remarkably successful ascent
• 37:38
  Speaker 5: of one of the greatest snowpeaks of the world. A
• 37:41
  Speaker 5: translation of this article appears in the latest Sierra Club
• 37:45
  Speaker 5: bulletin January eighteen ninety eight by doctor Paolo da Vecchi
• 37:50
  Speaker 5: of San Francisco, member of the Sierra Club and the
• 37:54
  Speaker 5: Turin Alpine Club, who assisted Prince Luigi by making the
• 37:58
  Speaker 5: advance preparations on the Pacific coast. Doctor Filipo de Filippe
• 38:03
  Speaker 5: tells how Prince Luigi determined upon the expedition in February
• 38:07
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety seven, and at once began correspondence with those
• 38:12
  Speaker 5: in the United States who could best inform and advise him.
• 38:16
  Speaker 5: He associated with Hint Lieutenant Gui Signori Munella, Signori Vittorio Sella,
• 38:23
  Speaker 5: the Alpine photographer, and doctor Filippo. Four guides or huntsmen
• 38:29
  Speaker 5: from the Royal Italian Estates, and the special guide of
• 38:32
  Speaker 5: Senori Sella accompanied them, leaving Turin May seventeenth and reaching
• 38:38
  Speaker 5: New York. From Liverpool May twenty eighth. They proceeded to
• 38:42
  Speaker 5: San Francisco, where part of the equipment was procured and
• 38:46
  Speaker 5: sailed from Seattle on the regular mail steamer for Alaska
• 38:50
  Speaker 5: June thirteenth, Major E. S. Ingram of Seattle with ten
• 38:55
  Speaker 5: American packers, their equipment and provisions, having sailed a few
• 38:59
  Speaker 5: days before on the schooner Aggie, the expedition left Sitka
• 39:04
  Speaker 5: June twentieth, the mail steamer towing the Aggie for Jactat Bay,
• 39:08
  Speaker 5: where a landing was made on the coast of the
• 39:10
  Speaker 5: Malaspina Glacier June twenty third. Prince Luigi was thoroughly informed
• 39:16
  Speaker 5: of all the work of the expeditions of Schwatka and Topham,
• 39:20
  Speaker 5: and the two expeditions sent to Mount Saint Elias by
• 39:23
  Speaker 5: the National Geographic Society. Professor I. C. Russell, commanding, and
• 39:28
  Speaker 5: before leaving Italy, had planned every detail and mapped out
• 39:32
  Speaker 5: his route. Professor Russell, Professor George Davidson, the Senior Scientist
• 39:37
  Speaker 5: of the Pacific Coast, Professor Faye of the Appalachian Club, Boston,
• 39:42
  Speaker 5: and Major Ingram of Seattle, who has climbed Mount Rader
• 39:46
  Speaker 5: again and again, gave advice and assistance without stint. It
• 39:51
  Speaker 5: was the most thoroughly planned and well managed expedition that
• 39:54
  Speaker 5: we have known of on American peaks, and was carried
• 39:58
  Speaker 5: out like a military maneuver. Perfect discipline and harmony prevailed
• 40:03
  Speaker 5: the ten Italians leading the way, while Major Ingram and
• 40:06
  Speaker 5: his ten packers conducted a transport service that never failed
• 40:10
  Speaker 5: in promptly passing on by the chain of camps extending
• 40:14
  Speaker 5: to the foot of the Newton Glacier. The ample store
• 40:17
  Speaker 5: of provisions landed at the seashore. There was not the
• 40:20
  Speaker 5: slightest delay nor hitch in any of the arrangements, and
• 40:24
  Speaker 5: from the time Prince Luigi left Turan until he returned
• 40:28
  Speaker 5: to London, everything moved like military maneuvers. At an annual review,
• 40:33
  Speaker 5: it was, indeed, but a promenade to the top of
• 40:35
  Speaker 5: Mount Saint Elias and back again, a promenade over the
• 40:39
  Speaker 5: ice and snow that had daunted and defeated four expeditions
• 40:43
  Speaker 5: before that year, and a fifth expedition but a fortnight
• 40:47
  Speaker 5: before Prince Luigi landed on the forest covered edge of
• 40:50
  Speaker 5: the Malaspina Glacier. Starting from the sea coast on the
• 40:54
  Speaker 5: morning of June twenty fourth, and always preceding the party
• 40:58
  Speaker 5: to choose the way and determine the place for halts
• 41:01
  Speaker 5: and camps, Prince Luigi led his men across Malaspina's forest
• 41:05
  Speaker 5: and on the sixth day reached the edge of clear ice,
• 41:08
  Speaker 5: where the four extra Indian packers were sent back to
• 41:11
  Speaker 5: Yacatat and the sleds made ready for use. They were
• 41:16
  Speaker 5: then four hundred and ninety two feet above the sea.
• 41:19
  Speaker 5: The real climb began, and for all the rest of
• 41:22
  Speaker 5: the way their route lay over snow and ice Mount
• 41:25
  Speaker 5: Saint Elias, presenting the longest snow climb anywhere in the world.
• 41:30
  Speaker 5: Beginning their alpine work on the first of July, allowing
• 41:34
  Speaker 5: one day's rest on the fourth that the Americans might
• 41:37
  Speaker 5: celebrate Independence Day, Prince Luigi posited them across the Malaspina
• 41:42
  Speaker 5: and Seward glaciers to the point near Pinnacle Pass, where
• 41:46
  Speaker 5: he found the cairn and tent fragments left by Professor
• 41:49
  Speaker 5: Russell in eighteen ninety At that point, Major Ingram and
• 41:54
  Speaker 5: the American packers were left behind to carry on independently
• 41:57
  Speaker 5: the work of passing provisions up from the coast and
• 42:00
  Speaker 5: viddling the route as far as the upper Newton Glacier,
• 42:04
  Speaker 5: where the Italian guides then took charge of the packs.
• 42:07
  Speaker 5: The Prince proceeded across the seward and on up the
• 42:10
  Speaker 5: agacy in Newton Glaciers, towards the same ridge on the
• 42:14
  Speaker 5: north side of Saint Elias from which Professor Russell essayed
• 42:17
  Speaker 5: the summit in eighteen ninety one. They encountered rain, fog, mist,
• 42:22
  Speaker 5: and snow for all the early part of the climb,
• 42:25
  Speaker 5: dragging the sleds over slush and soft snow in which
• 42:29
  Speaker 5: they often sank to their hips. Of the thirteen days
• 42:32
  Speaker 5: spent in toilsomely ascending the Newton Glacier, only three days
• 42:37
  Speaker 5: were tolerably clear, and doctor Filippo says during these the
• 42:42
  Speaker 5: panorama was really enchanting, with its different colors changing at
• 42:46
  Speaker 5: every instant, and with a characteristic indigo blue, very different
• 42:50
  Speaker 5: from the coloring of the Italian Alps. These glaciers differ
• 42:54
  Speaker 5: from those of the Alps, in that the stormy weather
• 42:57
  Speaker 5: in Alaska is not dangerous and the thun is not heard,
• 43:00
  Speaker 5: mingled with the noises of the avalanches. On the morning
• 43:04
  Speaker 5: of July thirtieth, Prince Luigi left the camp at the
• 43:07
  Speaker 5: head of the Newton Glacier eighty nine hundred and fifty
• 43:10
  Speaker 5: eight feet above the sea, and camp that night on
• 43:14
  Speaker 5: a ridge twelve thousand, two hundred forty eight feet above
• 43:17
  Speaker 5: the sea. The atmosphere is so clear that the faraway
• 43:21
  Speaker 5: sea and all the peaks around can be seen from
• 43:25
  Speaker 5: Saint Elias and from the rocks of Newton. Continual avalanches
• 43:29
  Speaker 5: of snow and ice and stone fall with a tremendous noise.
• 43:33
  Speaker 5: The sun setting is beautiful, the sky is steel blue,
• 43:38
  Speaker 5: the rest of the horizon orange red, and Augusta Mount
• 43:42
  Speaker 5: looks like a volcano in eruption, Doctor Filipo observes, from
• 43:46
  Speaker 5: which it may be inferred what photographs Professor Sella was
• 43:50
  Speaker 5: able to make with his two large cameras. Starting at
• 43:54
  Speaker 5: midnight with perfectly clear sky and climbing to a point
• 43:57
  Speaker 5: sixteen thousand, four hundred feet, they halted for breakfast and
• 44:02
  Speaker 5: then continued The dizzy exhausting climb, resting every ten minutes
• 44:07
  Speaker 5: to breathe. One hundred and sixty feet from the top. Pedagax,
• 44:11
  Speaker 5: who is at the head, stops to give way to
• 44:14
  Speaker 5: the Prince, telling him it is for you to touch
• 44:17
  Speaker 5: the top first, as you deserve it by your perseverance.
• 44:21
  Speaker 5: His Highness steps to the top of Saint Elias, and
• 44:24
  Speaker 5: all the others run, anxious and exhausted to join him
• 44:28
  Speaker 5: in the hurrah. The victory is complete, and it is
• 44:31
  Speaker 5: all Italian. All ten have accomplished the purpose for which
• 44:35
  Speaker 5: they left their own country. It was eleven forty five
• 44:39
  Speaker 5: on the thirty first of July, and the Italian flag
• 44:43
  Speaker 5: was waving hanging to a post, while the little crowd
• 44:46
  Speaker 5: stood cheering Italy and the King. The temperature is twelve
• 44:51
  Speaker 5: degrees centigrade. The mercurial barometer points to three hundred eighty
• 44:56
  Speaker 5: five millimeters, and with the correction, shows a altitude of
• 45:01
  Speaker 5: eighteen thousand eighty six feet above the sea level, closely
• 45:05
  Speaker 5: approximate to that of eighteen thousand eighty feet calculated in
• 45:09
  Speaker 5: eighteen ninety one by Russell with triangulation. The descent was
• 45:15
  Speaker 5: as perfect a military maneuver as the ascent, the party
• 45:19
  Speaker 5: making three of the previous camps in each day. The
• 45:22
  Speaker 5: food supplies were all in waiting at the chain of camps,
• 45:25
  Speaker 5: and in ten days they had retraced the route It
• 45:28
  Speaker 5: had taken them thirty days to ascend. The Prince had
• 45:32
  Speaker 5: ordered the aggie to meet them between the tenth and
• 45:35
  Speaker 5: eleventh of August. On the evening of the tenth they
• 45:38
  Speaker 5: camped on the shore, embarked on the eleventh, sailed on
• 45:41
  Speaker 5: the twelfth, reached Sitka the seventeenth of August, fifty seven
• 45:46
  Speaker 5: days after leaving it, sailing from New York by the
• 45:49
  Speaker 5: Leukenia September fourth. The party broke up in London September eleventh,
• 45:55
  Speaker 5: the Prince in good time to take part in some
• 45:57
  Speaker 5: yacht races for which he had promised to reach England
• 46:00
  Speaker 5: by the middle of September. The most modest and unassuming,
• 46:05
  Speaker 5: as the most intrepid and successful of all the explorers
• 46:09
  Speaker 5: who have assayed Mount Saint Elias. End of section four.
• 46:20
  Speaker 6: Section five of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, March
• 46:26
  Speaker 6: eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox
• 46:31
  Speaker 6: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 46:34
  Speaker 6: to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Betty b.
• 46:41
  Speaker 6: The origin of the French Canadians. Acadia was peopled without
• 46:47
  Speaker 6: any kind of organization between sixteen thirty six and sixteen seventy.
• 46:53
  Speaker 6: No one has yet satisfactorily demonstrated where the French of
• 46:57
  Speaker 6: that colony came from, though their dialect would indicate their
• 47:01
  Speaker 6: place of origin to be near the mouth of the
• 47:03
  Speaker 6: River Loire. They were distinct from the French Canadians in
• 47:07
  Speaker 6: some particulars, and not allied by marriage with the settlers
• 47:12
  Speaker 6: of the Saint Lawrence. It is ascertained from Champlain's writings
• 47:16
  Speaker 6: that no inhabitant tilled the soil of Canada during the
• 47:20
  Speaker 6: first quarter of the seventeenth century. From an examination of
• 47:25
  Speaker 6: family and other archives involving over thirty years labor, the
• 47:29
  Speaker 6: following conclusions are arrived. At Parish Normandy, Buss, Picardy and
• 47:36
  Speaker 6: Anjou contributed about two hundred families from sixteen thirty three
• 47:41
  Speaker 6: to sixteen sixty three, the period of the Hundred Partner's regime.
• 47:47
  Speaker 6: By natural growth, these reached the figure of two thousand,
• 47:50
  Speaker 6: two hundred souls in sixteen sixty three. In sixteen sixty
• 47:55
  Speaker 6: two to sixteen sixty three, there came about one hundred
• 47:59
  Speaker 6: men from Perche and one hundred fifty from Poitau, Rochelle
• 48:04
  Speaker 6: and Gascony, with a small number of women. This opens
• 48:08
  Speaker 6: a new phase in the history of our immigration by
• 48:11
  Speaker 6: introducing Poitaut and Rochelle among the people of the northern
• 48:16
  Speaker 6: and western provinces of France, already counting two generations in
• 48:22
  Speaker 6: the three districts of Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal. After
• 48:27
  Speaker 6: sixteen sixty five, the city of Paris, or rather the
• 48:30
  Speaker 6: small territory encircling it, contributed a good share. No part
• 48:36
  Speaker 6: of the south or east of France had any connection
• 48:39
  Speaker 6: with Canada at any time, nor Indy, Perche, Maine, Anjou, Trurennes, Poitau,
• 48:46
  Speaker 6: Saint Ange, Angoumois, Jienne and Gascony, on a straight line
• 48:52
  Speaker 6: from north to south, furnished the whole of the families
• 48:56
  Speaker 6: now composing the French Canadian people. Sixteen sixty seven to
• 49:01
  Speaker 6: sixteen seventy two, a committee was active in Paris, Rouen,
• 49:07
  Speaker 6: Rochelle and Quebec to recruit men, women and young girls
• 49:11
  Speaker 6: for Canada. This committee succeeded in effecting the immigration into
• 49:16
  Speaker 6: Canada of about four thousand souls. Half of the girls
• 49:20
  Speaker 6: were from country places in Normandy, and the other half
• 49:24
  Speaker 6: were well educated persons who did not go into the
• 49:27
  Speaker 6: rural districts, but married in Quebec, Three Rivers and Montreal.
• 49:33
  Speaker 6: In sixteen seventy three the King stopped all immigration, and
• 49:37
  Speaker 6: this was the end of French attempts to colonize Canada.
• 49:41
  Speaker 6: The settlers, of course, remained as they were, and in
• 49:45
  Speaker 6: sixteen eighty the whole population amounted only to nine thousand,
• 49:50
  Speaker 6: seven hundred souls, double the number every thirty years, and
• 49:54
  Speaker 6: we have the present French population of the provinces of
• 49:58
  Speaker 6: Quebec and Ontario, and of the groups established now in
• 50:02
  Speaker 6: the United States. On the subject of uniformity of language,
• 50:06
  Speaker 6: which is so remarkable among the French Canadians, we may
• 50:10
  Speaker 6: observe that it is the best language spoken from Mochelle
• 50:14
  Speaker 6: to Paris and Tour and from there to Rouen. Writers
• 50:18
  Speaker 6: of the seventeenth century have expressed the opinion that French
• 50:22
  Speaker 6: Canadians could understand a dramatic play as well as the
• 50:27
  Speaker 6: elite of Paris. No wonder to us, since we know
• 50:31
  Speaker 6: that theatricals were common occurrences in Canada, and that the
• 50:35
  Speaker 6: sid of Cornet was played in Quebec in sixteen forty five,
• 50:40
  Speaker 6: the Tartuffe of Moliere in sixteen seventy seven, and so on.
• 50:46
  Speaker 6: The taste for music and love for song are characteristics
• 50:49
  Speaker 6: of the French Canadian race. The facility with which they
• 50:53
  Speaker 6: learned foreign languages is well known in America, where they
• 50:57
  Speaker 6: speak Indian, Spanish, and English, as well as their own tongue.
• 51:03
  Speaker 6: End of section five, section six of the National Geographic Magazine,
• 51:14
  Speaker 6: Volume nine, March eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 51:20
  Speaker 6: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 51:23
  Speaker 6: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
• 51:28
  Speaker 6: by Betty B. The Height of Mount Rainier by Richard U.
• 51:34
  Speaker 6: Good United States Geological Survey. Four separate determinations of the
• 51:39
  Speaker 6: height of Mount Rainier, Washington have been made, and while
• 51:44
  Speaker 6: no single one of them independently would be considered conclusive,
• 51:48
  Speaker 6: the close correspondence between the results warrants an acceptance of
• 51:52
  Speaker 6: the mean as being very close to the true altitude.
• 51:56
  Speaker 6: Two of these determinations were by cistern barometer and two
• 52:00
  Speaker 6: by angulation during the summer of eighteen ninety seven, Professor
• 52:05
  Speaker 6: Edgar McClure carried a cistern barometer to the summit of Vernier.
• 52:10
  Speaker 6: At the time, the Misamis had their annual outing and
• 52:14
  Speaker 6: obtained one set of observations, including readings of attached and
• 52:19
  Speaker 6: detached thermometers. The barometer had been especially prepared and was
• 52:24
  Speaker 6: supposed to be in the very best condition. These observations
• 52:27
  Speaker 6: were carefully computed by Professor E. H. McAllister of the
• 52:32
  Speaker 6: University of Oregon in connection with synchronous barometric readings at Seattle, Portland,
• 52:39
  Speaker 6: Fort Canby, and Walla Walla, these points occupying positions approximately north,
• 52:45
  Speaker 6: south west and east of Rainier. The result was fourteen thousand,
• 52:50
  Speaker 6: five hundred twenty eight feet above sea level. Major E. S.
• 52:54
  Speaker 6: Ingraham of Seattle had previously determined and published the altitude
• 52:59
  Speaker 6: of Vernier as a result of readings of mercurial barometers
• 53:03
  Speaker 6: as fourteen thousand, five hundred twenty four feet. In eighteen
• 53:08
  Speaker 6: ninety five, Mister S. S. Gannett of the US Geological
• 53:12
  Speaker 6: Survey determine the heights by angulation in connection with triangulation
• 53:17
  Speaker 6: in the Cascades to be fourteen thousand, five hundred thirty
• 53:22
  Speaker 6: two feet. In eighteen ninety six, mister G. E Hyde,
• 53:26
  Speaker 6: also of the US Geological Survey, while making a topographic
• 53:31
  Speaker 6: map of the country to the northeast of Vernier, secured
• 53:34
  Speaker 6: about forty angles of elevation to the highest point of
• 53:38
  Speaker 6: the mountain from various points, the distances averaging about twenty
• 53:43
  Speaker 6: five miles, the mean of all these results being fourteen thousand,
• 53:48
  Speaker 6: five hundred nineteen feet recapitulation, barometric determination McClure and McAllister
• 53:56
  Speaker 6: fourteen thousand, five hundred twenty eight feet, metric determination Ingraham
• 54:02
  Speaker 6: fourteen thousand, five hundred twenty four feet, angulation determination US
• 54:08
  Speaker 6: Geological Survey ganet. Fourteen thousand, five hundred thirty two feet,
• 54:14
  Speaker 6: angulation determination US Geological Survey Hide fourteen thousand, five hundred
• 54:20
  Speaker 6: nineteen feet mean fourteen thousand, five hundred twenty six feet.
• 54:26
  Speaker 6: In addition to the above, the US Coast and Geodetic
• 54:29
  Speaker 6: Survey determine the height of Rainier by angulation to be
• 54:34
  Speaker 6: fourteen thousand, four hundred forty but the distances used were
• 54:38
  Speaker 6: so great that the result was considered merely approximate. End
• 54:44
  Speaker 6: of Section.
• 54:44
  Speaker 7: Six Section seven of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 54:55
  Speaker 7: March eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox record. All
• 55:01
  Speaker 7: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 55:05
  Speaker 7: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 55:11
  Speaker 7: Lurie Wilson. Geographic work by the Bureau of American Ethnology.
• 55:17
  Speaker 7: Extract from one of the replies signed by W. J. McGee,
• 55:21
  Speaker 7: Ethnologist in charge Bureau of American Ethnology, to letters of
• 55:26
  Speaker 7: inquiry for information to be incorporated in a paper on
• 55:30
  Speaker 7: geographic research in the United States, for presentation before the
• 55:35
  Speaker 7: British Association for the Advancement of Science at the Toronto Meeting.
• 55:41
  Speaker 7: The germ of the Bureau of American Ethnology was Exploration
• 55:45
  Speaker 7: of the Canyons of Colorado River, begun in eighteen sixty
• 55:48
  Speaker 7: seven by Major J. W.
• 55:51
  Speaker 4: Powell.
• 55:52
  Speaker 7: At first an amateur exploration, the work was gradually refined
• 55:56
  Speaker 7: into a survey, fostered and afterwards supported by this Smithsonian
• 56:00
  Speaker 7: institution and the federal government. The Bureau, thus built up
• 56:05
  Speaker 7: was known as the U S Geographical and Geological Society
• 56:09
  Speaker 7: of the Rocky Mountain Region until eighteen seventy nine, when
• 56:13
  Speaker 7: the work was divided a Mooite being transferred to the
• 56:16
  Speaker 7: newly instituted U. S. Geological Survey, the other moheity, including
• 56:21
  Speaker 7: the ethnological researches, which constituted an important part of the
• 56:25
  Speaker 7: work of the Rocky Mountain Survey, being continued in the
• 56:28
  Speaker 7: Ethnological Bureau at the cost of the government and under
• 56:32
  Speaker 7: the supervision of the Smithsonian Institution. So the geographic work
• 56:37
  Speaker 7: of the Bureau may be considered to have begun with
• 56:40
  Speaker 7: the exploration and survey of Colorado Canyon and the neighboring country,
• 56:45
  Speaker 7: through the boldest and most perilous among the scientific expeditions
• 56:49
  Speaker 7: recorded in the annals of the nation. Subsequently, it was
• 56:53
  Speaker 7: found inexpedient to make extended geographic surveys, and the work
• 56:57
  Speaker 7: was generally carried forward by means of the surveys and
• 57:00
  Speaker 7: maps of other instrumentalities, notably the U. S Geological Survey.
• 57:06
  Speaker 7: Yet from time to time special explorations and surveys have
• 57:10
  Speaker 7: been made, the latest and the most extended during recent
• 57:13
  Speaker 7: years being that of western Sonora, Mexico, and contiguous parts
• 57:18
  Speaker 7: of Arizona by W. J. McGee with W. D. Johnson
• 57:23
  Speaker 7: as topographer, who traversed a considerable territory of which portions
• 57:28
  Speaker 7: were never before trodden by white men. Although the surveys
• 57:31
  Speaker 7: have thus been limited, the researches, viewed broadly and in
• 57:35
  Speaker 7: clear light, are largely geographic. It is a primary function
• 57:40
  Speaker 7: of the Bureau to trace the geographic distribution of tribes
• 57:44
  Speaker 7: and larger groups of aborigines, and this has been done
• 57:47
  Speaker 7: throughout the territory of the United States and to some
• 57:51
  Speaker 7: extent in contiguous countries, and the resulting ethno geographic maps
• 57:55
  Speaker 7: are recognized as standards throughout the world. At the same time,
• 58:00
  Speaker 7: effort has constantly been made to trace the migrations of
• 58:03
  Speaker 7: native tribes, as observed by the pioneers and as indicated
• 58:07
  Speaker 7: by the surprisingly rich legends and traditions of the tribesmen,
• 58:12
  Speaker 7: and also as recorded in the distribution of prehistoric relics.
• 58:17
  Speaker 7: And thus it has been found feasible to prepare ethno
• 58:20
  Speaker 7: geographic maps of various portions of the continent, representing different
• 58:24
  Speaker 7: periods in the development of the primitive race, and a
• 58:28
  Speaker 7: number of maps showing the migrations and less regular wanderings
• 58:32
  Speaker 7: of the native tribes have been published. Through observations on
• 58:36
  Speaker 7: the tribes and studies of their wanderings. It has been
• 58:39
  Speaker 7: found that primitive peoples are in large measure creatures of
• 58:43
  Speaker 7: environment and thus reflect the geographic conditions by which they
• 58:48
  Speaker 7: are surrounded, and the researches concerning the relations between man
• 58:52
  Speaker 7: and geographic condition have been found suggestive and fruitful. The
• 58:57
  Speaker 7: various studies have served to correct early impressions concerning the Aborigines.
• 59:02
  Speaker 7: It has been shown that the Indians were more or
• 59:04
  Speaker 7: less definitely organized in tribes and confederacies, belonging to some
• 59:09
  Speaker 7: sixty distinct stocks or families, each characterized by distinct languages, institutions,
• 59:16
  Speaker 7: and beliefs, and each occupying a definite, though perhaps slowly
• 59:20
  Speaker 7: shifting habitat. Some of the groups were large, some small,
• 59:25
  Speaker 7: the greater number being confined to a narrow belt along
• 59:28
  Speaker 7: the Pacific coast, while a few large groups occupied the
• 59:31
  Speaker 7: eastern two thirds of the continent. Study the movements of
• 59:35
  Speaker 7: the natives constituting each group indicates that they expanded or contracted,
• 59:40
  Speaker 7: and shifted or persisted, much as do the definitely organized
• 59:44
  Speaker 7: nations of civilization, under the influence of both external and
• 59:49
  Speaker 7: internal forces, the former being essentially geographic and the latter
• 59:54
  Speaker 7: essentially human. It is only when the groups are defined,
• 59:58
  Speaker 7: and when their movements are investigating and compared, that the
• 1:00:01
  Speaker 7: principles of ethnogeography are brought to light. These principles are
• 1:00:06
  Speaker 7: set forth in a score of the publications of the
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 7: Bureau in the section seven.
• 1:00:19
  Speaker 3: Section eight of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine, March
• 1:00:25
  Speaker 3: eighteen ninety eight. This is a liveryvox recording or liberyvox
• 1:00:29
  Speaker 3: recordings are in the public domain. For more information or
• 1:00:33
  Speaker 3: to volunteer, please visit libyvox dot org. A relic of
• 1:00:39
  Speaker 3: the Lewis and Clark expedition, the print of which the
• 1:00:44
  Speaker 3: accompanying illustration is a reproduction slightly reduced, was made from
• 1:00:49
  Speaker 3: an iron believed to be an original brandy iron used
• 1:00:53
  Speaker 3: by Captain Merriwether Lewis on the Lewis and Clark expedition
• 1:00:58
  Speaker 3: of eighteen oh four too oh. It was found by
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 3: mister Winnhams of the Dalees, Oregon, about three years ago,
• 1:01:07
  Speaker 3: classed in the hands of an Indian skeleton in one
• 1:01:11
  Speaker 3: of the old Indian burial places on an island in
• 1:01:15
  Speaker 3: the Columbus River near the Dales. Quite a number of
• 1:01:20
  Speaker 3: Indian burial places are located along the Columbia and several
• 1:01:24
  Speaker 3: were described by Lewis and Clark. It was the Indian
• 1:01:28
  Speaker 3: custom to bury the deceased members of the tribe with
• 1:01:32
  Speaker 3: any artifacts especially prized by them. Lewis and Clark passed
• 1:01:37
  Speaker 3: down the Columbia in November eighteen o five and wintered
• 1:01:41
  Speaker 3: at Fort Clatsop near Astoria, Oregon, at the mouth of
• 1:01:45
  Speaker 3: the river. In the spring of eighteen o six, they
• 1:01:48
  Speaker 3: started eastward homeward bound, advancing slowly up the Columbia. Their
• 1:01:54
  Speaker 3: diary makes frequent mention of the fact that they exchanged
• 1:01:57
  Speaker 3: trinkets of all descriptions for food and at times wood.
• 1:02:02
  Speaker 3: As they approached the mouth of the Snake or Lewis River,
• 1:02:06
  Speaker 3: they were delayed several days in the effort to obtain
• 1:02:09
  Speaker 3: horses for their overland trip across the continental Divide. They
• 1:02:14
  Speaker 3: found a difficulty in this owing to their greatly reduced supplies,
• 1:02:18
  Speaker 3: and everything not absolutely necessary was used in their bartering.
• 1:02:24
  Speaker 3: The above described velick is now deposited in the land
• 1:02:27
  Speaker 3: office at the Dales. It was seen by the writer
• 1:02:31
  Speaker 3: during the summer of eighteen ninety seven in a fairly
• 1:02:34
  Speaker 3: well preserved, but of course rusty condition. It is one
• 1:02:40
  Speaker 3: solid welded piece of iron with the box under the
• 1:02:43
  Speaker 3: name formed by a raised rim. A pivoted handle, which
• 1:02:48
  Speaker 3: was not found, was evidently used with the brand, as
• 1:02:52
  Speaker 3: a short cylindrical projection on the back of the iron
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 3: could hardly have been used for any other purpose. This
• 1:03:00
  Speaker 3: brand was not used for stock, but probably for stamping boxes, leather,
• 1:03:05
  Speaker 3: or notices of locations or discoveries on nearby trees. It
• 1:03:10
  Speaker 3: is the intention to deposit this relic with the Oregon
• 1:03:14
  Speaker 3: Historical Society. Cyrus C. Bab end of Section.
• 1:03:21
  Speaker 4: Eight Section nine of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 1:03:33
  Speaker 4: March eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 1:03:38
  Speaker 4: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:03:42
  Speaker 4: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Read by
• 1:03:48
  Speaker 4: Wayne Cook. An interesting rumor concerning Andre by J. H.
• 1:03:55
  Speaker 4: The recent publication in the daily newspapers have a dispatch
• 1:03:58
  Speaker 4: from Stockholm to the the effect that Professor Norgenstrold had
• 1:04:03
  Speaker 4: informed the Swedish Academy of Science that he regarded as
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 4: of sufficient importance to call for a closer investigation the
• 1:04:10
  Speaker 4: intelligence received by the Swedish Foreign Office that several persons
• 1:04:15
  Speaker 4: worthy of credence saw her Andres balloon in the Cariboo
• 1:04:19
  Speaker 4: District of British Columbia in August last, led President Bell
• 1:04:24
  Speaker 4: of the National Geographic Society to immediately ask the American
• 1:04:28
  Speaker 4: Minister Stockholm by cable what news of her Andres the
• 1:04:32
  Speaker 4: Swedish Foreign Office was really in possession of. The following
• 1:04:36
  Speaker 4: day a reply was received referring President Bell to the
• 1:04:39
  Speaker 4: Swedish Council at San Francisco, who, in answer to a
• 1:04:43
  Speaker 4: telegram that was forthwith sent him, replied to President Bell
• 1:04:47
  Speaker 4: by telegraph as follows, statement of a balloon passing over
• 1:04:53
  Speaker 4: the Horsefly Hydraulic Mining Camp in Caribou, British Columbia, in
• 1:04:57
  Speaker 4: latitude fifty two degrees twenty minutes and longitude one hundred
• 1:05:01
  Speaker 4: and twenty one degrees thirty minutes from letters of J. B. Hobson,
• 1:05:07
  Speaker 4: manager Cariboo Hydraulic Mining Company, and of Missus William Sullivan,
• 1:05:13
  Speaker 4: the blacksmith's wife there. And statement of mister John J. Newsom,
• 1:05:18
  Speaker 4: San Francisco, then at the camp about two or three
• 1:05:21
  Speaker 4: o'clock in the afternoon between fourth and seventh August last,
• 1:05:26
  Speaker 4: weather calm and cloutless Missus Sullivan while looking over the
• 1:05:30
  Speaker 4: hydraulic bank, noticed a round, great looking object in the
• 1:05:34
  Speaker 4: sky to the right of the sun. As she watched,
• 1:05:37
  Speaker 4: it grew larger and was descending. She saw the larger
• 1:05:41
  Speaker 4: mass of the balloon above and the smaller mass apparently
• 1:05:44
  Speaker 4: suspended to the larger. It continued to descend until she
• 1:05:49
  Speaker 4: plainly recognized it as a balloon and a large basket
• 1:05:53
  Speaker 4: hanging there too. It finally commenced to swing violently back
• 1:05:57
  Speaker 4: and forth and move very fast toward the east and southward.
• 1:06:02
  Speaker 4: She then called her daughter, eighteen years old, and after
• 1:06:05
  Speaker 4: pointing the balloon out to her, they both watched it
• 1:06:08
  Speaker 4: rise rapidly until it disappeared in an easterly direction. Mister
• 1:06:13
  Speaker 4: Hobson writes that missus Sullivan and daughter are intelligent, and
• 1:06:17
  Speaker 4: he is disposed to believe their statement. Missus Hobson had
• 1:06:21
  Speaker 4: at about time stated noticed Missus Sullivan looking into the
• 1:06:25
  Speaker 4: sky at something, and that she called her daughter, who
• 1:06:28
  Speaker 4: went to her side, looked in the directions indicated, and
• 1:06:32
  Speaker 4: both watched some object for several minutes, turning their faces
• 1:06:36
  Speaker 4: from southerly to easterly direction. Mister Newsom reports that something
• 1:06:40
  Speaker 4: was thrown out from the balloon when lowest, and subsequently
• 1:06:44
  Speaker 4: people thought it might have been some message, but the
• 1:06:47
  Speaker 4: country is too wooded to warrant any search. When mister
• 1:06:50
  Speaker 4: Newsom returned to San Francisco, he was ill and did
• 1:06:53
  Speaker 4: not immediately report the matter. Missus Sullivan has since examined
• 1:06:57
  Speaker 4: the picture of Andre's balloon and says it resents the
• 1:07:00
  Speaker 4: object scene. The President Geographical Society of the Pacific here
• 1:07:05
  Speaker 4: instituted inquiries that have resulted. As above, the locality described
• 1:07:12
  Speaker 4: is very near Quinsdale Lake. While British Columbia is in
• 1:07:15
  Speaker 4: the opposite direction to that which heir Andre's balloon is
• 1:07:18
  Speaker 4: believed by Arctic explorers to have been born, it is
• 1:07:22
  Speaker 4: by no means an impossibility that it was carried in
• 1:07:25
  Speaker 4: that direction, and the approximate date August fourth through seven,
• 1:07:30
  Speaker 4: at which a balloon is alleged to have been seen
• 1:07:32
  Speaker 4: in that region would be just about the expiration of
• 1:07:36
  Speaker 4: the time that it is believed heir Andre's balloon would
• 1:07:40
  Speaker 4: remain in the air. The physical features and conditions of
• 1:07:44
  Speaker 4: British Columbia are such as to render it absolutely impossible
• 1:07:48
  Speaker 4: to prosecute any search for traces of the alleged aerial
• 1:07:51
  Speaker 4: visitant at this season of the year. Meanwhile, the consensus
• 1:07:56
  Speaker 4: of opinion is that Andrea, if alive, is much more
• 1:08:00
  Speaker 4: likely to be in Franz joseph Land, North Siberia, North
• 1:08:05
  Speaker 4: or East Greenland or Spitzbergen, and his safe return seems
• 1:08:09
  Speaker 4: to depend largely on some fortunate accident that would lead
• 1:08:13
  Speaker 4: to his being picked up by a whaler. End of section.
• 1:08:19
  Speaker 7: Nine, Section ten of the National Geographic Magazine, Volume nine,
• 1:08:30
  Speaker 7: March eighteen ninety eight. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 1:08:35
  Speaker 7: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:08:40
  Speaker 7: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 1:08:45
  Speaker 7: Larry Wilson. Geographic Names in West Greenland by Ralph S. Tarr.
• 1:08:52
  Speaker 7: In his article in this magazine, volume nine, pages one
• 1:08:56
  Speaker 7: to eleven, Mister Robert Stein gives forty six few names
• 1:09:00
  Speaker 7: to capes, bays, mountains, glaciers, et cetera, chiefly in honor
• 1:09:05
  Speaker 7: of the advocates of a national University at Washington.
• 1:09:09
  Speaker 4: Most of these.
• 1:09:10
  Speaker 7: Points are merely seen from a distance, and most of
• 1:09:13
  Speaker 7: them have already been explored and mapped, and some of
• 1:09:17
  Speaker 7: them have been visited by at least two parties, each
• 1:09:20
  Speaker 7: of which applied as few names as possible. The plan
• 1:09:24
  Speaker 7: adopted by mister Stein is not uncommon in geographic exploration,
• 1:09:29
  Speaker 7: though it is difficult to understand the importance of such work.
• 1:09:34
  Speaker 7: Doubtless the Danes will feel fully justified in ignoring the
• 1:09:38
  Speaker 7: nomenclature which is burdensome, needless, and meaningless. My chief object
• 1:09:44
  Speaker 7: in this note is to call attention to the fact that,
• 1:09:47
  Speaker 7: in the promiscuous naming of things, the Wykoff Glacier, one
• 1:09:51
  Speaker 7: of the five names that I applied to this region,
• 1:09:54
  Speaker 7: is ignored and replaced by the name Hirst. My belief
• 1:09:59
  Speaker 7: is that names of places are valuable only when needed
• 1:10:02
  Speaker 7: in description, and I have scrupulously avoided apply new names,
• 1:10:07
  Speaker 7: excepting where necessary for this purpose. But when once applied
• 1:10:11
  Speaker 7: in this way, they should not be put aside without
• 1:10:14
  Speaker 7: a valid reason. But while I protest against this, I
• 1:10:18
  Speaker 7: wish also to protest against geographic work which consists mainly
• 1:10:23
  Speaker 7: in scattering names. Broadcast explorers often do little else than this.
• 1:10:30
  Speaker 7: End of section ten, end of the National Geographic Magazine,
• 1:10:35
  Speaker 7: Volume nine, March eighteen ninety eight.