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There's a Newly Discovered Moon Near Uranus · Made of Stars

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Warning. The following podcast contains an entertaining look at astronomy, physics, and
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space news throughout the known universe. Listeners have been known to learn about astronomical
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phenomenon the scientific method, and expanded vocabulary to include terms like quasar asterism and
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uranus. Listen, that's your own risk. Go ahead. When made of
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stars, made them stars, madies. When made of stars, you could
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be from high they would New Mexicomus. Where a stars? When we are
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made of stars. I'm Wes Carol, joined by my good friend doctor on
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cruising from Columbus State Universities Coca Cola Space Science Center. Hey Sean, Hey
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Wes. Good to be here with you, all right. Uh, first
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and foremost, a couple of nights ago, we were together for Music under
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the Dome. I I wish that I could come every single time. Uh
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the show is so good. This one was especially good, and and every
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time I've been it's great, but this one was especially good. Really enjoyed
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the art, really enjoyed the music, and we can talk more about it,
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I guess at the end of the show, because we're gonna talk about
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the next Music Under the Dome. But UH, just had a really great
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time. And I wanted to start by saying that this is such a unique
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concert experience, and I tell people that, and I told someone who was
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there for the first time the other night, I'm like, get ready,
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because you're gonna you're gonna get into this and you're gonna go wait, I'm
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still in Columbus, you know. On it's hard to describe in words the
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kind of visceral experience that you have with the music of the Dome concert.
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And and yeah, we can talk about it again later, but let's go
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ahead. Just tell folks right now. It's a it's a live performance by
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university students and faculty. So they're performing there with their musicians, their their
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instruments or either that or their their vocals live inside of our planetarium, which
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is fundamentally a round building a big dome on the top. So the sound
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is a little interesting in there. It's not super echoe because it's made not
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to be, but it does change the shape and the tenor of the sound
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just a little bit. And then with that, with that beautiful music being
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performed live right there before you, there are pieces of art being shown on
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the dome itself that have been choreographed with the music by the artist by the
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guest artist for that particular concert, working in conjunction with our planetarium director,
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Lance tankers Lead, who was the editor. Shall we say of all the
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video or the display that takes place so original artwork, live music performed in
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sync in a planetarium, which is by nature an immersive environment on a high
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definition projection system. I can tell you all these words, but until you
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see an experience one of these concerts for yourself, you're just not gonna get
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the picture. And so, yeah, you are anywhere in the area and
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you've not been down to a music under the Dome concert, you need to
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come down and check one out. At the Coat Space Science Center held in
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conjunction with our friends from the Schwob School of Music at Columbus State University this
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month, cat Mation was the artist. She just unbelievable, and the way
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that she presented her art work in the screen sort of watching her create the
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art and then you see the art appear and then it sort of comes alive.
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And I guess that's partly you know, Lance's work to go with that
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to bring it to life. Just unbelievable. She and I were texting throughout
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the day yesterday, and she wants to come on this show soon, so
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we'll have her on and then talk more about sort of her experience as an
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artist, because she said she's only been doing it for eight years as a
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space artist, which is unreal when you see how how great her stuff is.
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But we'll talk about the next one coming up a little bit later in
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the show. I want to talk about something we say on the show all
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the time, and a regular thing that we say, and I happen to
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see there's an article somewhere that sort of jumped off of my screen. I
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was gonna say jumped off the page, but of course I was looking at
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my phone or something, and it just said why is landing on the Moon
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so hard? And I thought, we cover that regularly. It is hard,
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it is difficult. And we have a little bit of an update on
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the latest lunar lander attempt. Yeah, so just to address the general question,
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which is, think about how things land on the Earth, right,
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that's you know, we learned how to we learned how to fly in machines
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on the Earth. The Earth is a different kind of planet because it's got
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kind of a Goldilocks atmosphere in the sense that it's not too thick and it's
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not too thin, and you know, we have one, right, so
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that's good. So you're not in an atmosphere like say Jupiter, we have
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an alter dense atmosphere, and then you have to worry about a significant amount
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of friction and heating if you're dropping some kind of a probe into the atmosphere
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of Jupiter. We've done that, and we've dropped something into the atmosphere of
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Saturn or I'm sorry, Saturn's moon Titan. So we've done these kind of
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drops into the atmospheres of other worlds, and these particularly dense atmospheres, they
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just generate a lot of heat and it causes problems for the vehicles. Now
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on the other end of that scale is Mars. Mars does have an atmosphere,
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so you have to worry about it burning up your spaceships, but it
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doesn't have enough of an atmosphere to really inflate those parachutes very well and actually
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slow you down, or it's difficult to do winged aviation in such a very
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thin atmosphere. And so if we think about the way that we land on
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the Earth, typically we're coming down with very big parachutes which slow us down
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tremendously and set vehicles down either gently in the ocean where they float and we
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go get them, or they do that same thing on land, but they
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do it at a very low velocity, and so so you know, things
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don't hit the ground hard. Either that or we come back in on wings
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like Space Shuttle did, like Sierra Nevada's vehicle, the Dream Chaser does,
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and and then it just flies through the atmosphere using the basic principles of aviation.
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Well, you can't do any of that on the Moon. The Moon
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has no air, so there's no parachutes, there's no wings. Even on
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Mars, you can at least slow your vehicle down somewhat with a with a
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drogue shoot or something like that. You can't do any of that on the
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Moon. So you must rely on retroactive thrust or retro thrusters, right,
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so they're pushing up as the vehicle is going down. And so that's that's
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the method of landing on the Moon. And it's it's difficult. It's you
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know, it can become unstable very quickly, and so you're coming in at
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a high rate of speed. The Moon has very little gravity, but it
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still has gravity, very little compared to the Earth, but there's enough gravity
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to pull your spaceship in and crash it quickly to the surface. And so
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you're fighting those forces without the ability to either use parachutes or wings. It's
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simply retroactive thrust and that is a difficult method of entry, which is why
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it's hard to land on the Moon kids, And that's why we've been seeing
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all these vehicles, say over the last three years or so have a very
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difficult time landing down on the surface of the Moon. We as a country
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of the United States haven't done it successfully in fifty years. Some people say,
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oh, the most recent intuitive machines landing was a soft landing, and
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it was, but one of the legs of the land are broke, so
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it really wasn't that soft, and it tipped over and it's on its side
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now. So yeah, the Moon's a tough place to land on. And
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that's a great explanation because you would think just when you look at it and
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you go, well, we went to the Moon a long time ago.
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We've done that. We made it look easy. Maybe just I don't know
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how we made It look so easy right out of the gate, but you
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would think, oh, well Mars will be much harder. It's we've been
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doing it less, it's further away. But what you explained makes perfect sense.
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And I was just going to say, we get this image of the
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intuitive machines lander and get the escape of what's going on there. Meanwhile on
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Mars, the Curiosity Rover is just showing off well. And before we get
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too far off the subject, let's remember that Mars is tough too. There
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have been more unsuccessful missions to Mars than there have been successful missions, right,
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but we just we seem to have kind of figured it out, I
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guess, you know, because we have had now success. This feels like
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a really good success we've got going on, and we keep running through the
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success stories there and whether it's you know, flying around a helicopter or you
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know this particular or one of the rovers, it's there. So we've had
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some wins and it just feels like we seem to be doing especially when we're
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getting this image of you know, the Curiosity Rover just kind of throwing peace
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signs at us riding through the terrain. So I had the privilege of just
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today getting to do some guest lectures at our robotics classes at clumb State University,
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and one of the things we talked about in the context of space robots
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was the landing of the Curiosity Rover. And let's not forget that that thing
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came down first on rockets, then on a parachute a drug choot, then
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on another even larger parachute, and then a rocket platform to slow it down,
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and then it dropped from that rocket platform with what they called the skycrane,
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which was a series of cables. So to get the Mars Curiosity Rover
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on the service of Mars, which the things about the size of a golf,
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it's a heavy payload to get that down successfully. You had basically a
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giant machine with all of these crazy moving parts and complicated systems that none of
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us really thought was going to work when we were reading about this before before
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it went. But you know, these technicians they're pretty smart, right,
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These engineers, these scientists, they're pretty smart people. So the thing actually
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worked. And but remember it was a very complicated landing system. It all
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had to work autonomously without intervention from human controllers on the Earth, and so
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that was no mean feat That was a really astounding accomplishment to get Curiosity down
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there. But yeah, it's been up there since twenty twelve, so for
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twelve years it's been operating on the surface of Mars. It's still making amazing
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discoveries. The Mars Curiosity Rover right now is climbing up a mountain in the
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center of a crater, which is just unbelievable that we have a little robot
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out there doing that. Mountain is called Mount Sharp and so as Mars Curiosity
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Rover is making its way up Mount Sharp. Recently, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter,
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which is an orbiting satellite around Mars that has a high resolution camera on
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it, it captured a picture and you see this lovely kind of stripe textured
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Mars terrain, and down in the middle of this very kind of sand painting
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looking Mars terrain, there's a little square looking speck and it's like, well,
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what is that Is that just like an error in the camera or something.
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No, that is the Mars Curiosity Rover and that lovely sand painting like
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structure are the sedimentary layers of Mount Sharp itself. And as the Mars Curiosity
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Rover is climbing up that mountain. It's actually climbing forward through time from very
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old terrain to younger and younger terrain in the stacked up central peak mountain called
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Mount Sharp. So it's actually investigating this area, this area at one time,
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what's full of water. There are all manner of signatures of flowing water
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and standing water in this in this region. And so so this cool photo
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you can see it, by the way on Universe today dot com. There's
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a great story there Curiosity rover on Mount Sharp taken from directly above. It's
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just a moment in time right, It's kind of a frozen portrait of that
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robotic exploration of the Red planet. That is just really cool. It's just
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showing off, is what it's doing. The rover is just showing off as
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it's just making its way climbing up. Let's talk about SpaceX. We got
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a couple of SpaceX stories for this week, one that just happened and one
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that's about to happen, or that it's cleared to happen. Uh. So
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let's start. I guess with the crew crew Dragon Crew eight is now docked
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and I guess getting the uh getting the tour around the Internet National Space Station.
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Yeah. One of the things I think happens to us, you know,
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is even if we're interested in space, we get a little complacent when
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success happens just regularly, right, and so so oh yeah, there was
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another actual crew of astronauts that launched from US soil to go up to the
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International Space Station. And we were doing radio together when we had no vehicles
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go away, only hitching a ride with Russians. We had no runs,
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and it was a very big deal. When the next vehicle, the first
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Dragon Crew capsule, went up and took astronauts from the US up to the
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International Space Station, brought them back home safely. And now we're on Crew
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eight. It's like, oh ho hum. Did they even launch this weekend?
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Was that a thing? Yeah? They did. So they launched on
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Sunday and they docked on Tuesday of this week at the International Space Station.
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That's the Crew eight vehicle, NASA astronauts on board with a Russian cosmonaut,
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and so those folks are all up at the International Space Station now. The
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cosmonaut is Alexander Grebencin. The NASA astronauts include Jeanette Epps, Mike Barrett,
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and the commander of Crew eight, whose name is Matthew Dominic. So now
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those folks are on the International Space Station with the Crew seven astronauts who've been
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up there for a while. So the Crew seven astronauts are going to take
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the Crew eight astronauts and show them around. I mean, they have to
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show them things like, you know, where do we hide the peanut butter,
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which light switch operates the garbage disposal, and which one is the light
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over the kitchen sink. You know, just some things like that, getting
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acquainted with the oddities of the International Space Station. And yeah, there's some
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of those things they learn in simulation on the ground, but some things you
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have to you can't really learn about until you see it in person. They're
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there and they're docked, and like you said, when you have so much
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success, so many wins, you sort of take it for granted, I
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guess, and I hope that we don't get to that point where we take
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it for granted. And that's one of the things we try to not do
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on this show is remind everybody that all of this is very hard. Speaking
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of hard, let's talk about starship because that's the next thing, and we
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know we've talked many times about the way SpaceX does things. They just do
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it, and then if it doesn't work, they say, all right,
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now we'll figure out what we did wrong and let's do it again quickly.
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Let's get it back up again, let's go, and they do it.
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We've had varying levels of success so far, but they're getting ready for Starship's
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third test flight. Yeah. Yeah, I remember back to the early days
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of the Falcon nine rocket, and yeah, there were some explosions the or
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some things that happened and they weren't landing correctly like they were supposed to,
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and all those kinds of things. If you go back and just kind of
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look at the news stories around the early time of SpaceX's Falcon nine program,
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Yeah, they didn't have successes all the time because they have a method of
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doing things which you just described that is often referred to as agile development,
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which means, yeah, we know we're going to break things along the way,
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and then we're going to figure out why it broke, we're gonna fix
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it, and we're gonna fly again as soon as possible. So that's the
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method with the Starship rocket, which is the heavy lift vehicle that SpaceX is
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is it developing right now? The Starship itself is the Super Heavy Booster,
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which is one component. It's also the vehicle called Starship, which sits atop
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the super Heavy Booster. When you stack all that up, it's over four
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hundred feet tall. It's taller than the mighty Saturn five rocket that took astronauts
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to the Moon. There have been two launch attempts. Both have ended in
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rapid unplanned destruction or ruds, and so so anyway, they are about to
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launch the third one apparently. Now what's happened is after the second shall we
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call it flight, it did fly, It absolutely flew, and some things
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went wrong toward the end. Well, the FAA then comes back with a
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whole checklist, a punch list of things that have to be fixed before they'll
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grant another launch license. So in the meantime, SpaceX has gone through and
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fixed those corrective measures. There were ten of them on the Starship vehicle itself,
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there were seven of them on the Super Heavy Booster. And on February
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twenty six, SpaceX issued a statement on X saying that they completed those The
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exact quote was, the company has implemented hardware changes on upcoming Starship to improve
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leak reduction, fire protection, and refined operations associated with the propellant vent to
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increase reliability. Okay, so that's the end of the quote. You hear
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the phrase increased reliability that means stop explodiness. I just wanted to translate for
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some of our listeners that means to stop the explodingess. Some would even say
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to increase reliability by having it not explode. Yeah, some would even say
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no more boom boom is another way to translate it. It's a very good
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way to put it. So the no more boom boom corrections have been made
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and Starship actually has been rolled out to the to the launch pad at the
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launch facility in Bokachka, Texas. They have done some critical fueling tests on
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the Starship and they're saying they're ready to go. And so Elon Musk took
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to Twitter, took to x rather and said Starship three preparing to launch.
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So all of these things are happening. We could see the launch of the
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next Starship vehicle next week. They're kind of estimating right now, they're looking
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at a March fourteenth launch date, and so March fourteenth twenty four, we
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could see the third flight of the Mighty Starship from SpaceX, and we know
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that based on the way they do things, they just want they'd love for
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this to be a completely successful mission, but at the very least if it's
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not, they want to learn something from it and be able to build on
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it and work their way through their process. It's like the Bill Belichick system.
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You know, you got to work the process. That's what you got
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to do, all right. Coming up after a quick break, we will
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talk about a new moon near Uranus. I mean, I had to tease
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the story that way in fairness, there was no other real way to tease
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the story. So we'll get to the new or undiscovered previously undiscovered moon.
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I guess near Uranus is the better way to say it. Well, there's
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another way to say it Uranus, but I don't say it that way.
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But first, let's talk about Orion's hatch design. NASA's got to do some
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stuff to fix the hatch for Orion. Yeah, this is kind of an
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interesting story and we won't go too far into it, but if you want
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to read more about it right now, there's a there's an article on SpaceNews
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dot Com. But apparently NASA has found some flaws with the hatch system of
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their next moon vehicle, which is the Orion capsule. Now a little unfortunately
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because Orion has been long in the development stage and has already flown an unpiloted
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trip around the Moon itself. Now, obviously NASA's working hard right now to
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get ready for their next Orion flight, which would take astronauts to the backside
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of the Moon and fly them back home. But you see, it's probably
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in that process that they have now discovered that there might be a problem with
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the hatch. And there's an auxiliary safety group that helps NASA investigate issues with
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space vehicles, and they're called the Aerospace Safety Advisory Panel ASAP, and the
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ASAP panel representative named William Bray, had this to say, quote, NASA
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has been investigating a number of issues associated with the side hatch design of Orion,
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probably over the last six to nine months. It's really specifically an area
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where it could affect an impact or impact a crew and their ability to open
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the hatch in a contingency operation, either on the launchpad at launch or landing
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on returning to the Earth. Unquote. So the idea is you don't want
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to have a situation where you have some kind of an emergency and you can't
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get the hatch open. And there's something apparently about the pressure and the angle
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at which the astronauts might be trying to open the hatch that could prevent them
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from opening the hatch in one of the two situations described by mister Bray,
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either on the launch pad if there had to be something that where astronauts had
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to get out quickly, or upon returning to the Earth in a splashdown situation
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and they couldn't simply couldn't get the hatch open. Both of those are bad,
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Both of those are dangerous, and so there might have to be a
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redesign of the hatch of the Orion vehicle based on some of these things that
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we're hearing, which already made delay. It may delay an already delayed program.
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Right, So, they were hoping to get these the next Artemis astronauts
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launched around the backside of the Moon this year. It's already been pushed off
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to where it's looking like next year. So this hatch design, if they
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have to completely redesign the hatch, actually redesigned the architecture of the vehicle itself
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that could add a substantial delay. And there's a NASA spokesperson by the name
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of Rachel Kraft who said this quote. Full scale testing is underway to verify
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the capability and develop operations required to ensure that the hatch can be opened in
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a variety of different potential pressure scenarios. So NASA's kind of acknowledging that,
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yeah, there is something that might be going on with the hatch, some
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newly discovered problem that could put astronauts in danger, and they, of course
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are going to try to fix that before they would fly astronauts to the backside
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of the Moon. All right, speaking of the backside of the Moon,
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this is my favorite story of the week. Astronomers were looking at Uranus and
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they found a new moon. They also found some moons in Neptune, but
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I want to focus. Well, we can talk about all the moons,
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but this is pretty cool previously unknown moons there in deep in our Solar system.
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Yeah, so the planets Uranus and Neptune get their own kind of designation
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called the ice Giants, And that's because there's so much slushy ice in the
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atmospheres of those planets, they just give them that name. And there have
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been a couple of new moons discovered around these ice giants out there. I
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say a couple, there have actually been three, and so three previously unknown
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moons have been discovered around Uranus and Neptune. But get this, not by
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some space mission that flew all the way out there to the outer edge of
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the Solar System and got a close look. These have actually been discovered by
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ground based telescopes. And the size of these moons, these are small moons.
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You can imagine if we're just now figuring out they're there. They can't
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be big moons, right, They're small moons, and so these things are
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at the edge of detectability for a ground based telescope. So it's really a
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amazing that they actually were able to discover these from the ground. The International
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Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center made the announcement that these three new moons. They
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made the announcement on February twenty third. There's one of them around Uranus,
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two around Neptune. They are the faintest moons yet to be discovered by ground
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based telescopes orbiting the ice giants. So it's a serious accomplishment for the instrumentation
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and for the data reduction processes to be able to pick up these ultra faint
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little objects around those very big planets at the outer part of the Solar System.
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The two moons of Neptune had actually been spotted in data earlier, but
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they weren't clear enough in those images to be able to calculate their orbits,
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so they weren't sure that they were moons orbiting Neptune. But the one that
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discovered around Uranus, it's the first time a new moon has been discovered around
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that particler planet in more than twenty years, and that's basically since the voyager
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programs quite a while ago. So this is a really interesting set of discoveries.
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And we now know that it has a family of moons that are growing
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out of what are probably fragments of some larger object that was in orbit near
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those two bodies but was destroyed during some kind of cocllision. And so the
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moon count now for Uranus is up to twenty eight. The moon count now
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for Neptune is sixteen, and so yeah, the family in the Solar System
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is growing, and we've just added a few new members all right. We
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talked about it at the beginning of the show Music under the Dome, and
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there is still another show in this run of shows coming up on April the
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second, and its first Tuesday of every month, right when you guys are
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doing it, that's when you do it. Yeah, So that's right,
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the first Tuesday of every month. It's actually kind of an unusual it's at
28:03
five thirty eight pm is when the concert actually starts, but we start a
28:07
reception before that at five pm. So this is kind of like an afterwork
28:11
concert. That's been the whole setup, the whole line of thinking all along.
28:15
It's for people, right when they get off work, come over,
28:19
have a glass of wine, have some you know, light or nerves,
28:22
and then go in and see this lovely concert. And then it's over early
28:26
enough that you can still go out to dinner or enjoy the rest of your
28:29
weeknight evening. Right, it's a school night, so we want to have
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the concert in kind of an earlier time. But the demand for this concert
28:37
has increased dramatically. These shows are selling out. The crowd. You saw
28:42
the crowd there last night. It was very full house. People really enjoying
28:48
the concert. And so yeah, they become quite popular. We describe the
28:52
kinds of concerts they are at the first of the show, and you know
28:56
that's it's live music with choreographed artwork of a kind creator for that event.
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I have to admit, West, I was thinking to myself as I was
29:03
watching the show last the last time we work together on Tuesday, that I
29:11
just thought about all the talent that went into that and the years of developing
29:15
that talent, Like all those years that Kat machen spent becoming a brilliant space
29:21
artist, all those years that all the singers and performers spent practicing their instruments,
29:26
from practicing their vocals to become just brilliant musicians and vocalists. All those
29:33
years that Lance Tankersley, our planetarium director, has spent on learning about film
29:40
and learning about editing and learning about those kinds of technical processes, and then
29:45
learning our planetarium system inside and out. And then you bring all of that
29:48
creativity and talent together for one night. And so that performance viewed by all
29:56
those people is really a unique event in history because it really won't be performed
30:03
again in that same manner. And so when people come to a music under
30:08
the dome. They are seeing a culminating event of the talents of just literally
30:14
dozens of people finally tuned over years to bring together one spectacular, one of
30:19
a kind concert and art event that you'll only see if you're there on that
30:26
night. So, friends, if you're hearing my description and you like art
30:30
and you like music, there's only one of these concerts left in our academic
30:36
year, and that is on April the second, So buy your tickets early
30:41
because the show sells out quickly. If you can't get the online tickets ahead
30:47
of time, we hold a small number of available same night seating. You
30:52
can come to the Space Siene Center and buy your seats there. But I
30:56
would just encourage encourage you to try to get down to one of these concerts
30:59
and enjoy this really fun, one of a kind phenomenon Music under the Dome
31:03
at Columbus State University's Coca Cola Space Science Center. Sean and I thank you
31:07
for listening, and we will do this again next week. Overhead Door Company
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