Latest / For the Birds / Birds and All Nature, Vol. VI, No 2, September 1899-Various

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Birds and All Nature, Vol. VI, No 2, September 1899-Various · For the Birds

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  Speaker 1: Section one of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, No. Two,
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  Speaker 1: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 0:13
  Speaker 1: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 0:17
  Speaker 1: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 0:24
  Speaker 1: Noel Badrian. The pointer Canus familiaris Sajax avicularius. There is
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  Speaker 1: a wide difference of opinion among naturalists as to the
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  Speaker 1: stock from which our dogs of the present day came.
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  Speaker 1: Aleck says that some have it the wolf, others the
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  Speaker 1: jackal or fox, while not a few claim that the
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  Speaker 1: wild dog of India is the source from which sprang
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  Speaker 1: all the varieties. He maintained, however, that it cannot be
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  Speaker 1: declared with any degree of certainty what the parent stock was.
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  Speaker 1: Certain it is that to know one animal can the
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  Speaker 1: paternity of these useful races be credited, as they are
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  Speaker 1: so widely different in form, color, and characteristics, and man
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  Speaker 1: could never have developed and brought together such vast differences
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  Speaker 1: opposite natures and shapes as can be seen in domestic
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  Speaker 1: dogs unless the original species were in possession of the rudiments.
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  Speaker 1: Neither could food, climate, nor any contrivance whatever so completely
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  Speaker 1: alter the nature, decrease the powers of scent, render the
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  Speaker 1: coat short, long or curly, lengthen or shorten the limbs,
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  Speaker 1: unless separate types had furnished the material. Ancient bas relief
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  Speaker 1: and monumental delineations picture the dog as distinct in its
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  Speaker 1: characteristics thousands of years ago as at the present day,
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  Speaker 1: and fossil remains have been repeatedly discovered, so little resembling
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  Speaker 1: either the wolf, jackal, or fox, and so different in
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  Speaker 1: type as to be classified with the spaniel, terrier, hound, bulldog, pointer,
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  Speaker 1: and pug, and as we know these to be made
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  Speaker 1: dogs or in other words, hybrids, the species must have
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  Speaker 1: been fully as numerous as at the present time. There
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  Speaker 1: are numerous species of wild dogs, differing from one another,
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  Speaker 1: almost as much as our own domestic animals of to day.
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  Speaker 1: Granting that the spaniel, greyhound, and terrier sprang originally from
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  Speaker 1: the wolf, as some argue, why not point out first
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  Speaker 1: why the male dogs are so dissimilar, and again, why
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  Speaker 1: are the wolves of different countries unlike? And which species
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  Speaker 1: of wolf is the true and only one? Without wishing
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  Speaker 1: to conflict with the opinions of those so much more
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  Speaker 1: learned on the subject than ourselves, we would ask, would
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  Speaker 1: it not be much more reasonable to suppose, without positive proof,
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  Speaker 1: that the origin of the domestic dog can be referred
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  Speaker 1: to numerous aboriginal species crossing with the wild varieties as
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  Speaker 1: we know our dogs will frequently do, including the wolf, jackal,
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  Speaker 1: and the fox if we like, climate assisting and man
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  Speaker 1: aiding by judicious intermixing and breeding until the present high
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  Speaker 1: standard of this useful animal has been reached. It is
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  Speaker 1: noticeable that we have in America far more well bred
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  Speaker 1: setters than pointers, and greater attention seems to have been
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  Speaker 1: paid in the last few years in procuring the former
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  Speaker 1: blood than the latter. This arises from the fact that
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  Speaker 1: the setter is the greater favorite of the two, and
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  Speaker 1: justly the choice of the sportsman when he desires a
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  Speaker 1: dog that will unflinchingly stand the rough and tumble nature
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  Speaker 1: of our shooting. Of the two, the point of the
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  Speaker 1: shorter haired animal is far the more marked when on game,
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  Speaker 1: and the training, once received by him is always retained,
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  Speaker 1: and on each returning season he enters the field to
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  Speaker 1: be depended upon, while the setter oftener has to be
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  Speaker 1: partially re broken each year, and if not owned by
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  Speaker 1: a sportsman who shoots continually becomes headstrong and unreliable. For
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  Speaker 1: the person whose business will not allow him to take
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  Speaker 1: his gun in hand but two or three times in
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  Speaker 1: the autumn, says an authority, we advise by all means
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  Speaker 1: that his dog should be the pointer. But for the
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  Speaker 1: one who takes advantage of the open season for different
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  Speaker 1: game from its beginning to its close, we recommend the
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  Speaker 1: setter as best able to bear continued work. In all
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  Speaker 1: descriptions of cover, the short hair of the pointer enables
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  Speaker 1: him to do work on the prairies while chicken shooting,
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  Speaker 1: where water is seldom found, and which he can do
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  Speaker 1: without for a long time. But in New Jersey, Delaware
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  Speaker 1: and Maryland, and in countries where the game invariably takes
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  Speaker 1: to the briary thickets on being started, the pointer is
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  Speaker 1: at a disadvantage as it refuses to enter them. The
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  Speaker 1: pointer originally is a cross of the Spanish dog with
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  Speaker 1: the greyhound or foxhound, by which the delicacy of the
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  Speaker 1: nerves or the nose to some extent, is diminished and
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  Speaker 1: the body rendered more light and elegant. No dog has
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  Speaker 1: a higher step sense of smell, or shows greater intelligence,
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  Speaker 1: or docility. The principal reason that he becomes rigid or
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  Speaker 1: points by the scent of game is from the extraordinary
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  Speaker 1: condition of his nervous system, acquired centuries ago and handed
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  Speaker 1: down by his ancestors. According to Hallock, a thoroughly broken
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  Speaker 1: pair of high bred pointers are so obedient to the
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  Speaker 1: voice and gesture of their master, and so well trained
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  Speaker 1: to act with each other, that a wave of the
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  Speaker 1: hand will separate them, one going to the right and
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  Speaker 1: the other to the left, so that they hunt the
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  Speaker 1: entire ground, crossing each other regularly in front of the
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  Speaker 1: sportsman as he walks forward. There is one matter that
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  Speaker 1: is generally overlooked in ranging with the pointer. If in
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  Speaker 1: early life you have taught him to retrieve, and a
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  Speaker 1: case occurs in the field where he has to cross
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  Speaker 1: a stream as the dog returns with the bird, never
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  Speaker 1: tell him down charge. His coat is so thin and
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  Speaker 1: his organization so delicate, that he is sure to catch cold. Therefore,
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  Speaker 1: by all means, allow him to run around a little
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  Speaker 1: points for the show bench, as given by the fancier's gazette,
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  Speaker 1: are head should be moderately long, narrowing from the skull,
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  Speaker 1: the skull not too prominent above the eyes, as this
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  Speaker 1: gives a heavy appearance, rather deep in the lip, but
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  Speaker 1: not any flow or very slight nostrils open with level jaw,
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  Speaker 1: eyes moderately bold, ears, thin set into the head just
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  Speaker 1: where the skull begins to recede at the sides of
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  Speaker 1: the head, hanging flat on the cheek. Throwing the ear's
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  Speaker 1: backs so as to show the insides has a bad
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  Speaker 1: appearance and too often indicates a cross neck. Medium in
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  Speaker 1: proportion to head and body, rather inclined to be long,
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  Speaker 1: but not much so, thickening from the head to the
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  Speaker 1: set in of the shoulders, no looseness of the throat. Skin,
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  Speaker 1: shoulders narrow at the meeting of the blade bones, with
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  Speaker 1: a great amount of muscle long in the blades, set slanting,
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  Speaker 1: with arm of the legs strong and coming away straight,
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  Speaker 1: and elbow neither out nor in the legs, not great,
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  Speaker 1: heavy boned, but with a great amount of muscle. Leg
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  Speaker 1: pressed straight to the foot well rounded and symmetrical, with
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  Speaker 1: foot well rounded. This is the fore legs and feet.
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  Speaker 1: Chest moderately deep, not over wide, but sufficiently wide and
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  Speaker 1: deep to give plenty of breathing room. Back level wide
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  Speaker 1: in loins deeply ribbed and with ribs carried well. Back
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  Speaker 1: hips wide and full of muscle, not straight in the hock,
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  Speaker 1: but moderately bent. Stifles full and well developed. The stern
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  Speaker 1: nearly straight, going off, tapering to the point set in
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  Speaker 1: level with the back carried straight, not above the level
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  Speaker 1: of back symmetry and general appearance racy and much beauty
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  Speaker 1: of form appears to the eye of a real pointer,
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  Speaker 1: breeder and fancier. The weights considered best for different purposes
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  Speaker 1: are from fifty pounds to about sixty five pounds. Coat
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  Speaker 1: short and glossy, but a deal here depends on condition.
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  Speaker 1: Points in judging head to twenty five neck, ten shoulders,
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  Speaker 1: fifteen legs, ten feet, ten loins, ten stifles, five stern
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  Speaker 1: fifteen total one hundred. Color and coat. The coat ought
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  Speaker 1: to be very short and soft and fine, and the
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  Speaker 1: skin thin and flexible. Most people in England prefer the
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  Speaker 1: lemon and white to liver and white or black and white.
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  Speaker 1: End of section one.
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  Speaker 2: Section two of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two,
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  Speaker 2: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
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  Speaker 2: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 11:02
  Speaker 2: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. The psychology
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  Speaker 2: of bird study. It is of advantage to know why
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  Speaker 2: a given occupation is profitable, why it is attractive or otherwise,
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  Speaker 2: to what sort of minds it is best adapted, and
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  Speaker 2: how it should be conducted to yield the best returns.
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  Speaker 2: Other things being equal, the mind acts most healthily on
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  Speaker 2: what is most pleasing. Children are attracted most by things
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  Speaker 2: having life, character, color, and rarity. Whatever has life appeals
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  Speaker 2: directly to the young mind, especially where the various stages
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  Speaker 2: of life are parent birth, infancy, the family relation, society, paternity, sickness, death,
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  Speaker 2: joy sadness, homes, building of nests, eggs, incubation, flying, singing, fighting, foraging, searching,
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  Speaker 2: covert places, digging, boring, hammering, waiting, swimming, catching, devouring, sentry, duty, migration, gregariousness, dress,
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  Speaker 2: differences and appearances of sexes and ages, molting, mimicking, special
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  Speaker 2: equipment for occupations, anatomy, physiology, hygiene, usefulness to man, assistance
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  Speaker 2: and agriculture and war culture, destructiveness to noxious life, swiftness, deliberation, expertness, stupidity,
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  Speaker 2: instincts for remarkable performances, lack of judgment in certain lines, loquacity, vivacity, sympathy,
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  Speaker 2: and mutual helpfulness, resemblances to humanity and differences and apparent
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  Speaker 2: moral sensibility are among the leading features of birds in general,
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  Speaker 2: which make them attractive to the youthful mind. Where any
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  Speaker 2: of these subjects may be utilized in the ordinary instruction
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  Speaker 2: of children, the results are more permanent and direct than
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  Speaker 2: where the same sort of instruction has been attempted with
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  Speaker 2: material that appeals less strenuously to the soul of the learner.
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  Speaker 2: That which arouses the most intense activity makes the most
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  Speaker 2: lasting impression. Even where the impression is a painful one,
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  Speaker 2: the result endures. As in old England, the memory of
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  Speaker 2: landmarks was impressed upon young boys by showing and flogging
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  Speaker 2: the boys at once. The unreasoning pain and the sight
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  Speaker 2: of the landmark remained forever associated. Modern research is found
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  Speaker 2: that pleasant sensation opens the mind, and that attention is
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  Speaker 2: easily concentrated, where inclination also leads. Whatever is discovered by
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  Speaker 2: the pupil, while thoroughly aroused, is of most lasting value.
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  Speaker 2: The ideas which schoolmen have for centuries been trying to
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  Speaker 2: beat into the minds of children by senseless and dull repetition,
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  Speaker 2: have been found to be easy of acquisition, and in
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  Speaker 2: many instances matters almost of intuition, if they may first
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  Speaker 2: be brought into the consciousness in a natural manner. The instructor,
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  Speaker 2: who has not the time nor the tact and invention
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  Speaker 2: needed to open the minds of his pupils first and
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  Speaker 2: then arrange matters so that self directed activity will follow,
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  Speaker 2: will have a great deal of hard work before him
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  Speaker 2: if he hopes to compete with those who have found
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  Speaker 2: the secret of the mind's growth and act upon it intelligently.
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  Speaker 2: Such teaching cannot produce the results which are now being
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  Speaker 2: acquired in our best schools. A whole system of education
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  Speaker 2: could be arranged with bird life as material for arousing
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  Speaker 2: and fixing the interest of the learner, but this is
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  Speaker 2: not our purpose. A whole system should take in all
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  Speaker 2: of the universe that is capable of interesting the learner.
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  Speaker 2: Our purpose is to take the most intensely absorbing field
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  Speaker 2: and show how it may be tilled. Birds are used
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  Speaker 2: because so much more and better activity is to be
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  Speaker 2: secured by using them as the material for school work
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  Speaker 2: than from any other Why birds are so commanding to
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  Speaker 2: the growing mind will become clear to one who will
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  Speaker 2: patiently follow the thought in the remainder of this article.
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  Speaker 2: In avoiding technical terms, the statement has been weakened. But
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  Speaker 2: it is believed that those who would enjoy the reading
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  Speaker 2: better if the terms were technical and closely accurate do
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  Speaker 2: not need to have the matters stated to them at all.
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  Speaker 2: Hence the statement is made in the terms of common speech,
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  Speaker 2: with the object and mind of giving the reasons to
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  Speaker 2: those not much accustomed to the terms used by writers
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  Speaker 2: on psychological topics. The mind is somewhat like the eye.
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  Speaker 2: It takes in whatever is before it. It is never
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  Speaker 2: concentrated upon one object alone, but has to occupy itself
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  Speaker 2: to some extent with the surroundings of the object. It
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  Speaker 2: is impossible to fix the mind or the attention exclusively
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  Speaker 2: upon one thing. We frequently ask our pupils to do this,
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  Speaker 2: but it is impossible. The mind, at any one instance
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  Speaker 2: resembles the surface of a wave of water. Part of
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  Speaker 2: what it carries is low, another part higher, and some
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  Speaker 2: other things are highest. But few things can be at
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  Speaker 2: or near the crest at once. Many things are around
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  Speaker 2: the base. As with the eye, a few objects are
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  Speaker 2: at or near the focus. Many things are where they
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  Speaker 2: are sensed, but are not in the supreme position. And
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  Speaker 2: as the wave of water runs along its course, so
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  Speaker 2: the mind moves forward. It will either run directly away
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  Speaker 2: from the subject, or it will turn the subject over
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  Speaker 2: and carry it along in continually changing aspects. The mind
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  Speaker 2: cannot stand still. It cannot keep anything more than an instant,
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  Speaker 2: except by turning the thing about and perceiving it in
• 17:52
  Speaker 2: relation to other things. We still consider we have the
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  Speaker 2: thing in mind, after we have ceased to think of
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  Speaker 2: it as a whole, and pass on to thinking of
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  Speaker 2: its relations to other things. The mind differs from the
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  Speaker 2: wave of water in that it is not extensive to
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  Speaker 2: the right and left of its course. It is like
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  Speaker 2: a hill with a small crest that can hold but
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  Speaker 2: few objects upon its surface. When we say we are
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  Speaker 2: thinking profoundly upon a subject, we mean that that subject
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  Speaker 2: and its connections are continuously upon the crest of the wave,
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  Speaker 2: and that unrelated things are either not in the mind
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  Speaker 2: at all, or they are at least not at the focus.
• 18:38
  Speaker 2: The things that are in the mind but not focal
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  Speaker 2: are continually striving as if they were alive and very active,
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  Speaker 2: to get at the focal point, just as the eye
• 18:51
  Speaker 2: is continually tempted to wander, making one object after another
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  Speaker 2: its focal one. So the mind is bound to travel
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  Speaker 2: unless it has been trained to turn from the thing
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  Speaker 2: to its relations and related things, and from them back
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  Speaker 2: to the main thing again. That is the only way
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  Speaker 2: to pay attention. You cannot pay attention to one physical
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  Speaker 2: thing for more than an instant, but you can hold
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  Speaker 2: the chain of connected things running through the mind. But
• 19:22
  Speaker 2: the things are continually modified by their relations, and the
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  Speaker 2: absolutely same thing is never again in the mind. When
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  Speaker 2: it appears again, it is clothed upon, or enlarged, or
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  Speaker 2: modified by what the mind has discovered about it and
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  Speaker 2: its relations, or has invented and attached to it. It
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  Speaker 2: is easy to repeat the multiplication table without having it
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  Speaker 2: focal in the mind. You may read half a page
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  Speaker 2: of print with your focal point upon some other matter.
• 19:54
  Speaker 2: You may pray and find in your mind at the
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  Speaker 2: same moment a wicked thought than this. You may continue
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  Speaker 2: your prayer, and the wicked thought may become focal, not
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  Speaker 2: by your desire that it shall be so, but by
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  Speaker 2: the power of marginal things in the mind, which makes
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  Speaker 2: them focal without your apparent anticipation or desire to have
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  Speaker 2: them at the focus. You cannot say that the multiplication
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  Speaker 2: table is not in the mind when you are repeating
• 20:25
  Speaker 2: it and wondering who will be at the party this evening,
• 20:29
  Speaker 2: It is there, but not focal. When you are reading
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  Speaker 2: the words of the page. The words may be in
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  Speaker 2: your mind, but the focal point may be occupied at
• 20:39
  Speaker 2: the time by wondering how the baby learned to climb
• 20:42
  Speaker 2: so young, and guessing whether you ought to catch her
• 20:46
  Speaker 2: or run the risk of her falling, and if she
• 20:48
  Speaker 2: should fall, how much she would be injured, what the
• 20:52
  Speaker 2: people would think of you for sitting there and letting
• 20:55
  Speaker 2: her fall, Why babies have to fall so much, whether
• 20:59
  Speaker 2: they really learn much about slipping or center of gravity
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  Speaker 2: by fall so early in life? And a thousand other
• 21:07
  Speaker 2: items in child's study. But the reading is in your mind,
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  Speaker 2: much as it is used to be when your teacher
• 21:14
  Speaker 2: said to you, now, I want to see you keep
• 21:17
  Speaker 2: your eyes on your book for fifteen minutes without looking off.
• 21:21
  Speaker 2: The mind grows at first by use of the senses.
• 21:25
  Speaker 2: The sight is the main instrument of youthful mental growth.
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  Speaker 2: Things which can be seen or visually remembered are most
• 21:33
  Speaker 2: appropriate subjects for juvenile thinking. You cannot well converse with
• 21:38
  Speaker 2: children upon the pleasures of hope, the uses of adversity,
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  Speaker 2: nor any of the forms of mind stuff that are
• 21:45
  Speaker 2: called abstractions. True, they like to play upon words and
• 21:50
  Speaker 2: commit them to memory so as to reproduce them. But
• 21:54
  Speaker 2: this is not because of the real meaning of the
• 21:57
  Speaker 2: words committed, but because the ear is pleased. Children enjoy
• 22:02
  Speaker 2: talking like adults, as well as looking and acting like
• 22:06
  Speaker 2: them in their unstudied masquerades. The proper material for juvenile
• 22:11
  Speaker 2: mind action is what may be acquired by the senses.
• 22:16
  Speaker 2: All those subjects in the second paragraph of this article
• 22:20
  Speaker 2: are mainly appeals to the senses. These readily become focal
• 22:24
  Speaker 2: in any mind, but chiefly in the mind that has
• 22:28
  Speaker 2: never been trained away from the senses by abstract thinking.
• 22:32
  Speaker 2: No child can pay attention to anything else. When a
• 22:35
  Speaker 2: bird flies in at the window, the bird and its act,
• 22:40
  Speaker 2: its motive, its fellows, its appearance, its nest, its young,
• 22:46
  Speaker 2: and a thousand other notions rush to the focus of
• 22:49
  Speaker 2: his mind, no matter how diligently he may strive to
• 22:53
  Speaker 2: keep them down. Instead of oppressing in the mind, what
• 22:56
  Speaker 2: is naturally inclined to become focal, education is now finding
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  Speaker 2: out the value of permitting these things to come naturally
• 23:04
  Speaker 2: into the mind, and so operating upon them that mental
• 23:08
  Speaker 2: growth ensues with little or no friction, and without asking
• 23:13
  Speaker 2: the learner to flatulate himself continually, that he may have
• 23:17
  Speaker 2: knowledge to use in that distant and half believed in
• 23:21
  Speaker 2: time when he shall be a man. Everyone knows that
• 23:24
  Speaker 2: children are delighted with colored pictures. But there is an
• 23:28
  Speaker 2: intensity of delight aroused by a certain class of colored
• 23:32
  Speaker 2: pictures which has been a matter of surprise to most
• 23:36
  Speaker 2: educators and parents. Since color photography has become practical for illustration.
• 23:42
  Speaker 2: Infants in arms who have never seen any birds except
• 23:45
  Speaker 2: a few of the size of a canary are so
• 23:48
  Speaker 2: fascinated with the bird charts that psychologists have found a
• 23:52
  Speaker 2: new problem presented. If we look upon the child as
• 23:56
  Speaker 2: he views an accurate colored picture, we know that he
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  Speaker 2: is affected just the same as if the bird itself
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  Speaker 2: were before him. His imagination carries him beyond the picture
• 24:07
  Speaker 2: to the thing itself, even in the instances where he
• 24:11
  Speaker 2: has never seen the bird nor any like it. As
• 24:14
  Speaker 2: to his mental state, we can say that the bird
• 24:16
  Speaker 2: rises directly to the focal point in his mind, and
• 24:20
  Speaker 2: it is not the bird picture that holds him but
• 24:23
  Speaker 2: the bird itself. For teaching purposes. This is peculiarly fortunate,
• 24:28
  Speaker 2: for the child is ready to grasp any suggestion from
• 24:32
  Speaker 2: the teacher in order to enjoy the bird more. At length,
• 24:36
  Speaker 2: all the subjects of the school work will ordinarily appeal
• 24:39
  Speaker 2: to the child, rising readily into the focus of attention,
• 24:43
  Speaker 2: where the bird, its relations, its acts, and things pertaining
• 24:48
  Speaker 2: to it become the material for school activity. This liveliness
• 24:53
  Speaker 2: and readiness are not so manifest where mounted specimens are used,
• 24:58
  Speaker 2: because the element of death becomes focal at the first
• 25:01
  Speaker 2: instant is displaced with difficulty and continually recurs with sickening
• 25:07
  Speaker 2: frequency during the exercise. That the acts associated with the
• 25:12
  Speaker 2: capture and death of the bird are too dangerously strong
• 25:15
  Speaker 2: to be avoided, they should, by no means be suggested.
• 25:20
  Speaker 2: Mister IAmA B. Morton puts it in this way, Why
• 25:25
  Speaker 2: do children like colored pictures to abstraction? Because the child
• 25:29
  Speaker 2: is father to the man. And what do we love
• 25:32
  Speaker 2: more than tone and color, music and pictures? It is
• 25:37
  Speaker 2: an inherent quality, the soul of life, leading us back
• 25:41
  Speaker 2: to nature, the all mother. We have hung up pictures
• 25:45
  Speaker 2: and maps of a poor quality before the class for years,
• 25:50
  Speaker 2: and then lectured away at them ad infinitum and ad nauseum,
• 25:56
  Speaker 2: thinking because we understood that the child also understood. But
• 26:01
  Speaker 2: this is not so. We nearly always suppose too much,
• 26:06
  Speaker 2: especially in lower grades. Dysterwegg said, if you speak about
• 26:11
  Speaker 2: a calf in the school room, bring it in and
• 26:14
  Speaker 2: show it. This principle is still true today. All things
• 26:20
  Speaker 2: in nature, as far as possible, should be present in
• 26:24
  Speaker 2: propria persona. Were not possible, We must try to approach
• 26:29
  Speaker 2: that ideal by bringing the very best and natural pictures
• 26:33
  Speaker 2: of the objects that is, colored ones, and the vivid
• 26:37
  Speaker 2: imagination of the child does the rest. It does not
• 26:41
  Speaker 2: see the picture, the object itself is there. Nature has
• 26:46
  Speaker 2: entered the schoolroom. So we learn that bird's study, aided
• 26:51
  Speaker 2: by color photographs, is psychologically the most valuable means to
• 26:55
  Speaker 2: the attainment of school ends. It is attractive to the
• 26:59
  Speaker 2: young mind because it furnishes material which rises most readily
• 27:03
  Speaker 2: to the focal point in the mind. It relieves teacher
• 27:07
  Speaker 2: and pupil of the strain attendant upon work where it
• 27:11
  Speaker 2: is difficult to get the class to pay attention. It
• 27:15
  Speaker 2: is chiefly adapted to growing minds. No matter how strongly
• 27:20
  Speaker 2: the matured mind, with its powers of abstract thinking, may
• 27:23
  Speaker 2: be drawn toward it. It is yet more attractive to
• 27:27
  Speaker 2: the mind that has not been trained to any sort
• 27:30
  Speaker 2: of restraint. To get the best results. Bird studies should
• 27:34
  Speaker 2: be conducted with a view to storing the child's mind
• 27:38
  Speaker 2: with scientific knowledge, nor for the sole purpose of employing
• 27:42
  Speaker 2: it effectively to teach language and other branches of school effort.
• 27:47
  Speaker 2: But it should be pursued as a mode of activity
• 27:50
  Speaker 2: which develops mind, acknowledging the fortunate circumstance that school learning
• 27:56
  Speaker 2: and bird knowledge will both be acquired at the same time,
• 28:00
  Speaker 2: although they are not the direct objects of the pursuit
• 28:05
  Speaker 2: end of section two. This recording is in the public domain.
• 28:16
  Speaker 3: Section three of Birds in All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 28:19
  Speaker 3: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 28:24
  Speaker 3: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 28:28
  Speaker 3: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Shells and
• 28:33
  Speaker 3: shellfish number one scientific name turbo argyrostoma, common name silver mouth,
• 28:43
  Speaker 3: named by Lynn, where found Singapore. Number two strombus be
• 28:51
  Speaker 3: tuberculata common name kid conch, named by Blank where found
• 28:57
  Speaker 3: West Indian Islands number three, Nerita Peloronta bleeding tooth Lynn,
• 29:06
  Speaker 3: West Indies number four, Strombus Ursinus Lynn Amboina number five,
• 29:15
  Speaker 3: Turbo Sarmaticus Turk's cap Lynn Algoa Bay number six, Cypria
• 29:24
  Speaker 3: Argus eyed Cowie Lynn, New Caledonia number seven, Helix Hemastoma
• 29:33
  Speaker 3: red mouthed snail Lynn Ceylon number eight, Murex Poemum Smet
• 29:42
  Speaker 3: Florida number nine, Oliva in Flatta Lynn Singapore number ten,
• 29:51
  Speaker 3: Conus arenatus sandy cone was Red Sea number eleven, Fasciolaria
• 30:02
  Speaker 3: Tulipa Lynn West Indies number twelve, Conus leonius gamelin Florida
• 30:14
  Speaker 3: number thirteen, Spondylus pictorum kem California number fourteen, Conus litteratus
• 30:25
  Speaker 3: lettered Cone Lynn Ceylon number fifteen, Haliotis Iris green Abolloni
• 30:37
  Speaker 3: gamelin Japan number sixteen, terre Bra maculata Marlin spike Lynn,
• 30:46
  Speaker 3: Sandwich Islands number seventeen, Murex reggius red Murex Wood, Panama
• 30:56
  Speaker 3: number eighteen, Oliva Porphyria tench shell Lynn, Panama number nineteen,
• 31:05
  Speaker 3: Murex bicolor pink Murex Bell Mexico. Who does not love
• 31:14
  Speaker 3: the beauty of shells, who, when visiting the seashore, has
• 31:17
  Speaker 3: not sought them with eagerness. Their beautiful colors are pleasing
• 31:22
  Speaker 3: to the site. The Indians have always loved shells on
• 31:26
  Speaker 3: account of their bright colors. No doubt, they many times
• 31:30
  Speaker 3: tried to paint their faces the same color. They used
• 31:33
  Speaker 3: to make money from the pink or purple portions of them.
• 31:37
  Speaker 3: There are thousands of different kinds of shells. To get
• 31:40
  Speaker 3: the full beauty of them, we must see them in
• 31:43
  Speaker 3: their native homes amidst the sands and stones and the
• 31:46
  Speaker 3: roaring sea. Mister Emerson tells of finding the delicate shells
• 31:51
  Speaker 3: on the shore and how the fresh waves seems to
• 31:54
  Speaker 3: add new beauty to them. He wiped away the foam
• 31:58
  Speaker 3: and the weeds and carried them home. He could not
• 32:00
  Speaker 3: take the foam and waves and sky and ocean's roar,
• 32:04
  Speaker 3: he says, The shells had left their beauty on the
• 32:07
  Speaker 3: shore with the sun and the sand and the wild uproar.
• 32:12
  Speaker 3: Did you ever place a large shell to your ear
• 32:15
  Speaker 3: and listen to his roar? It sounds like the distant
• 32:18
  Speaker 3: roar of the ocean. Mister Wordsworth says, I have seen
• 32:23
  Speaker 3: a curious child who dwelt upon a tract of inland ground,
• 32:28
  Speaker 3: applying to his ear the convolutions of a smooth lipped shell,
• 32:32
  Speaker 3: to which in silence hushed. His very soul listened intensely,
• 32:37
  Speaker 3: and his countenance soon brightened with joy, for from within
• 32:42
  Speaker 3: were heard murmurings, whereby the monitor expressed mysterious union with
• 32:47
  Speaker 3: its native sea. We cannot all go to the sea
• 32:53
  Speaker 3: to study its wonders, so we will have to do
• 32:56
  Speaker 3: the best we can studying pictures of shells, making collections
• 32:59
  Speaker 3: of as many kinds as possible, in studying about the
• 33:02
  Speaker 3: animals that have lived in them. Each shell it matters
• 33:06
  Speaker 3: not how small has been the home of a living creature.
• 33:10
  Speaker 3: Each has an interesting story for us, if we will
• 33:13
  Speaker 3: but read it. Shell Fish have no bones, as other
• 33:17
  Speaker 3: fish have. They therefore need a solid house in which
• 33:21
  Speaker 3: to live. The shells not only serve them for houses,
• 33:25
  Speaker 3: but for bones to keep their pliable bodies in shape,
• 33:28
  Speaker 3: for ships in which to sail, and for beautiful dresses
• 33:32
  Speaker 3: starched and shining. If these soft animals had no solid shells,
• 33:37
  Speaker 3: they would immediately be eaten by other animals of the sea,
• 33:41
  Speaker 3: or dashed to death by the waves. But it is
• 33:45
  Speaker 3: not alone the beauty of shells that renders them interesting. Conchology,
• 33:50
  Speaker 3: which treats of shells, is as a science at least
• 33:53
  Speaker 3: as old as the days of Aristotle, the study of
• 33:56
  Speaker 3: which was resumed along with that of the other sciences
• 34:00
  Speaker 3: when the dark ages had passed away. Since the beginning
• 34:03
  Speaker 3: of the nineteenth century, it has given place to a
• 34:06
  Speaker 3: more extended and comprehensive study of molluscuous animals, the presence
• 34:11
  Speaker 3: or absence of a shell having been found not to
• 34:13
  Speaker 3: constitute one of the most important characteristics which distinguished different
• 34:17
  Speaker 3: classes of molluscs, Conchology was only the form of the
• 34:21
  Speaker 3: science suited to a time when the shell was more
• 34:24
  Speaker 3: considered than its inhabitant. Yet it is claimed that the
• 34:28
  Speaker 3: relations between shells and the mollusks which possess them are
• 34:32
  Speaker 3: such that the labors of the merest conchologists have contributed
• 34:36
  Speaker 3: to the real advancement of science, both zoological and geological.
• 34:42
  Speaker 3: Shells consists of carbonate of lime secreted by the animal
• 34:46
  Speaker 3: and intermixed with some animal matter. In the species in
• 34:51
  Speaker 3: which it is least developed, it appears as a hollow
• 34:54
  Speaker 3: plate which serves as a protection to the breathing organ
• 34:57
  Speaker 3: and heart. The protune, viberances and ridges seen on many
• 35:02
  Speaker 3: univalve and bivalve shells, appear in the course of their growth,
• 35:06
  Speaker 3: by the margin of the mantle turning out at a
• 35:09
  Speaker 3: considerable angle, and thus building up a plate in this
• 35:12
  Speaker 3: position for a certain distance. This growth then ceases, the
• 35:17
  Speaker 3: mantle retracts, or may be regarded as changing itself into
• 35:21
  Speaker 3: the shelly layers, and thus it extends in the original direction,
• 35:26
  Speaker 3: carrying out the shell with it, till it turns again
• 35:29
  Speaker 3: to form a second plate or ridge, and so the
• 35:32
  Speaker 3: process goes on. Many mollusks possess the power of altering
• 35:36
  Speaker 3: and enlarging their shells to adapt them to their growth,
• 35:39
  Speaker 3: which they appear to do as if by an intelligent will.
• 35:44
  Speaker 3: The distinguishing marks of shells are the number of parts
• 35:48
  Speaker 3: of which they are composed, and their peculiar forms and prominences.
• 35:53
  Speaker 3: Some consist of a single piece, some of two pieces,
• 35:56
  Speaker 3: and some of three. The textures of shells are described
• 36:00
  Speaker 3: as pearl, fibrous, horny, and some are glassy and translucent.
• 36:05
  Speaker 3: The pearly shells are in alternate layers of very thin
• 36:09
  Speaker 3: albuminous membrane and carbonate of lime, which by their minute
• 36:13
  Speaker 3: undulations give the pearly luster. This structure is the least permanent,
• 36:19
  Speaker 3: and in some geological formations the shells that were provided
• 36:22
  Speaker 3: with it have disappeared, leaving only their casts, while those
• 36:27
  Speaker 3: of fibrous texture are preserved unchanged. Colors, however, beautifully exhibited
• 36:33
  Speaker 3: upon the surface of shells, are to them no more
• 36:35
  Speaker 3: distinctive features than to the minerals and flowers upon which
• 36:39
  Speaker 3: they are also prominently displayed. They are most richly developed
• 36:44
  Speaker 3: upon those surfaces most exposed to the light, and in
• 36:47
  Speaker 3: the glass of shells found in shallow waters. The whole
• 36:53
  Speaker 3: number of species of molluscuous animals known is estimated at
• 36:57
  Speaker 3: about twelve thousand recent and fifteen thuds fossil. Many of
• 37:03
  Speaker 3: the living species furnish wholesome food, and some are esteemed
• 37:07
  Speaker 3: as delicacies. The marine shells, by the immense numbers in
• 37:11
  Speaker 3: which they are produced, perform an important office in abstracting
• 37:15
  Speaker 3: from the sea water its excess of calcareus matter, and
• 37:18
  Speaker 3: thus aiding in maintaining its purity. As objects of beauty,
• 37:23
  Speaker 3: shells have always been admired and frequently been used as ornaments.
• 37:28
  Speaker 3: Some varieties were used by the Athenians as ballots with
• 37:32
  Speaker 3: a name upon them of the person to be banished,
• 37:34
  Speaker 3: whence the term ostracism. Some shells have served the purpose
• 37:40
  Speaker 3: of coin among rude nations. Others are noted for the
• 37:43
  Speaker 3: pearls which are secreted between their valves around some foreign substances.
• 37:49
  Speaker 3: Mother of pearl is the polished shell of Necreus. Rare
• 37:53
  Speaker 3: species of shells are highly prized by collectors, and single
• 37:57
  Speaker 3: specimens have been sold for large The South Sea Islanders
• 38:03
  Speaker 3: use the conch as an instrument of music, blowing into
• 38:06
  Speaker 3: the shell through the broken top, thereby producing a loud
• 38:09
  Speaker 3: and mellow sound. It is a species of sea conch
• 38:13
  Speaker 3: which is represented by the god Triton. In many rural
• 38:18
  Speaker 3: parts of the United States, conches are used in plays
• 38:21
  Speaker 3: of dinner bells or tin horns to call persons from
• 38:24
  Speaker 3: a distance. End of section three. This recording is in
• 38:30
  Speaker 3: the public domain.
• 38:37
  Speaker 4: Section four of Birds and All Nature, volume six, number two,
• 38:42
  Speaker 4: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot Org by
• 38:47
  Speaker 4: Diana Schmet The flown bird R. H. Studdard. The maple
• 38:54
  Speaker 4: leaves are whirled away. The depths of the great pines
• 38:58
  Speaker 4: are stirred night settles on the sullen day as in
• 39:02
  Speaker 4: its nest. The mountain bird. My wandering feet go up
• 39:07
  Speaker 4: and down, and back and forth from town to town,
• 39:11
  Speaker 4: through the lone woods and by the sea, to find
• 39:15
  Speaker 4: the bird that fled from me. I followed, and I follow.
• 39:19
  Speaker 4: Yet I have forgotten to forget. My heart goes back,
• 39:23
  Speaker 4: but I go on through summer heat and winter snow.
• 39:28
  Speaker 4: Poor heart, we are no longer one. We are divided
• 39:31
  Speaker 4: by our woe. Go to the nest I built, and
• 39:35
  Speaker 4: call she may be hiding after all, the empty nest,
• 39:39
  Speaker 4: if that remains. And leave me in the long, long rains.
• 39:43
  Speaker 4: My sleeves with tears are always wet. I have forgotten
• 39:48
  Speaker 4: to forget. Men know my story, but not me. For
• 39:53
  Speaker 4: such fidelity, they say, exists, not such a man as
• 39:57
  Speaker 4: he exists, not in the way today. If his light
• 40:02
  Speaker 4: bird has flown the nest, she is no worse than
• 40:05
  Speaker 4: all the rest constant. They are not only good to
• 40:10
  Speaker 4: bill and coo and hatch the brood. He has but
• 40:14
  Speaker 4: one thing to regret. He has forgotten to forget. All day,
• 40:19
  Speaker 4: I see the ravens fly, I hear the sea birds scream.
• 40:23
  Speaker 4: All night, the moon goes up and down the sky,
• 40:27
  Speaker 4: and the sun comes in ghostly light, leaves whirl white
• 40:31
  Speaker 4: flakes about me.
• 40:33
  Speaker 5: Blow?
• 40:33
  Speaker 4: Are they spring blossoms or the snow? Only my hair? Goodbye,
• 40:38
  Speaker 4: my heart. The time has come for us to part.
• 40:42
  Speaker 4: Be still, you will be happy. Yet for death remembers
• 40:46
  Speaker 4: to forget. End of section four. This recording is in
• 40:51
  Speaker 4: the public domain.
• 40:58
  Speaker 6: Section five of Birds and All Nature, volume six, number two,
• 41:04
  Speaker 6: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot org by
• 41:09
  Speaker 6: Betty B. Forest Park, Springfield, Massachusetts. This is one of
• 41:15
  Speaker 6: the most beautiful public parks in the United States. In
• 41:19
  Speaker 6: his annual report, which is a handsomely printed and illustrated volume,
• 41:25
  Speaker 6: Presdent Marsh says that while there are few changes during
• 41:29
  Speaker 6: the year in the makeup of the big family of
• 41:31
  Speaker 6: birds and animals that compose the Zoological end Ornithological Department,
• 41:38
  Speaker 6: it continues to be an ever increasing source of pleasure
• 41:41
  Speaker 6: to the thousands of persons who visit the park for recreation,
• 41:46
  Speaker 6: and no part of the park is more thoroughly appreciated.
• 41:50
  Speaker 6: The departure from the usual plan of park menageries in
• 41:54
  Speaker 6: arranging an exhibit of domestic animals has been a market success,
• 41:59
  Speaker 6: giving to them the park visitors a chance to become
• 42:02
  Speaker 6: acquainted with the more common breeds of the higher types
• 42:06
  Speaker 6: of our domestic animals, an education in which the average
• 42:10
  Speaker 6: city resident is sadly lacking. The exhibit of Thoroughbred cows
• 42:15
  Speaker 6: has been especially a source of pleasure and instruction. The
• 42:20
  Speaker 6: collection comprises seven thoroughbred cattle no. Two of the same breed,
• 42:25
  Speaker 6: and children and grown people alike take delight in visiting
• 42:29
  Speaker 6: the barns to see these splendid animals, finding it as
• 42:33
  Speaker 6: instructive as it is entertaining. This is a departure that
• 42:39
  Speaker 6: might be favorably considered by other boards of park commissioners.
• 42:43
  Speaker 6: All of the domestic animals of superior breed might be
• 42:47
  Speaker 6: annually exhibited, with great advantage to the general public. The
• 42:52
  Speaker 6: ornithological and zoological exhibits of Forest Park are hardly surpassed anywhere, contain,
• 43:00
  Speaker 6: as they do, one hundred and eighty nine specimens of
• 43:03
  Speaker 6: animals and three hundred and ninety seven of birds end
• 43:09
  Speaker 6: of section five. This recording is in the public domain.
• 43:19
  Speaker 7: Section six of Birds and All Nature, volume six, number two,
• 43:25
  Speaker 7: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 43:31
  Speaker 7: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 43:36
  Speaker 7: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Marbles Mister
• 43:44
  Speaker 7: George D. Merrill, Head Curator, Department of Geology, US National Museum.
• 43:54
  Speaker 7: The origin of the name marble, like that of many
• 43:57
  Speaker 7: another name now in common use, is somewhat obscure by
• 44:02
  Speaker 7: many authorities. The word is supposed to have been somehow
• 44:05
  Speaker 7: connected with the Greek word meaning sparkle. However this may
• 44:10
  Speaker 7: be a sparkling appearance is by no means universal among marbles,
• 44:15
  Speaker 7: but is limited to those which, like the white statuary
• 44:18
  Speaker 7: or other crystalline varieties, have a granular structure, the sparkling
• 44:23
  Speaker 7: itself being due to the reflection of light from the
• 44:26
  Speaker 7: smooth surfaces of the constituent minerals. As used today, the
• 44:31
  Speaker 7: word marble is made to include any lime rock of
• 44:35
  Speaker 7: such colour and hardness as to make it desirable for
• 44:38
  Speaker 7: ornamental or even the higher grades of building work. Stones
• 44:43
  Speaker 7: are precise to the same composition and origin, which are
• 44:46
  Speaker 7: not of the desired colour are classed simply as limestones.
• 44:52
  Speaker 7: Excepting the definition given above, It follows then, that, with
• 44:56
  Speaker 7: a few exceptions to be noted, later marble are but
• 45:00
  Speaker 7: hardened and otherwise changed. Beds of marine sands and MUDs
• 45:05
  Speaker 7: containing it may be still recognizable fragments of the corals
• 45:09
  Speaker 7: and mollusks of which they were originally composed. But inasmuch
• 45:14
  Speaker 7: as these MUDs were rarely of pure carbonate of lime,
• 45:17
  Speaker 7: but were contaminated with matter from seaweeds and animal remains,
• 45:22
  Speaker 7: or by iron compounds, so the resultant marble is not
• 45:26
  Speaker 7: always white, but if containing mattifrom plants or animals, gray blue, gray,
• 45:33
  Speaker 7: or even black, and if containing iron buff, pink or red.
• 45:40
  Speaker 7: If the change in form of the original MUDs was
• 45:43
  Speaker 7: just sufficient to produce crystallization, we may have a marble
• 45:47
  Speaker 7: full of fossil remains, which may be of a white
• 45:50
  Speaker 7: or pink color, standing out in fine contrast with the
• 45:54
  Speaker 7: darker ground. If, on the other hand, the change was complete,
• 45:59
  Speaker 7: we may have a marble of small granules, pure white
• 46:03
  Speaker 7: in colour, and of a texture like loaf sugar, such
• 46:06
  Speaker 7: as to render it suitable for statuary purposes. At one
• 46:12
  Speaker 7: early period of the geological history of the North American continent,
• 46:16
  Speaker 7: all that portion now occupied by the Appalachian Mountain system
• 46:20
  Speaker 7: was sea bottom, and on it was being deposited, not
• 46:23
  Speaker 7: merely sediments washed down from the land, but in favorable localities,
• 46:28
  Speaker 7: deposits of lime, sand, and mud. This deposit went on
• 46:34
  Speaker 7: on a gradually sinking floor for long ages, until the
• 46:38
  Speaker 7: lowermost beds were buried under thousands of feet of the
• 46:41
  Speaker 7: later formed materials. Then began the slow uplifting of the
• 46:46
  Speaker 7: sea bottom in the form of long parallel folds to
• 46:50
  Speaker 7: form the mountain ranges. During this uplifting, the lime sediments,
• 46:55
  Speaker 7: which are the only ones we need consider here, were
• 46:59
  Speaker 7: changed to marble, and have since been exposed and made
• 47:02
  Speaker 7: available to the quarriers through the wearing down action of
• 47:05
  Speaker 7: rain and running streams. So then a quarry is but
• 47:10
  Speaker 7: an excavation in the hardened mud formed on the bottom
• 47:14
  Speaker 7: of a very ancient sea. In the Vermont Marble region,
• 47:19
  Speaker 7: the beds are highly inclined and of varying colours. From
• 47:24
  Speaker 7: the same quarry there may be produced pure white, gray, blue, gray,
• 47:29
  Speaker 7: and greenish varieties, often variously veined and blotched owing to
• 47:34
  Speaker 7: the collection of their different impurities along certain lines. Some
• 47:39
  Speaker 7: of these quarries have been worked a depth of two
• 47:42
  Speaker 7: hundred feet and more. Not all marble beds are upturned
• 47:47
  Speaker 7: at this steep angle. However, nor have they been worked
• 47:50
  Speaker 7: so deeply. In Georgia, the quarries are often in hillsides,
• 47:56
  Speaker 7: extending scarcely at all, if any below the surface of
• 47:59
  Speaker 7: the where opened. In the valley bottoms, they have the
• 48:04
  Speaker 7: form of huge rectangular pits with perpendicular walls. In Tennessee,
• 48:10
  Speaker 7: many of the sediments were so slightly changed that the
• 48:13
  Speaker 7: fossil remains are still easily recognized, and the stone is
• 48:17
  Speaker 7: of a pink or chocolate red color. Owing to the
• 48:20
  Speaker 7: abundance of iron. The marbles are quarried mainly by channeling machines,
• 48:27
  Speaker 7: which cut out the stone in blocks of any desired size,
• 48:31
  Speaker 7: or at least in sizes such as the nature of
• 48:34
  Speaker 7: the beds will allow. Blasting is never resorted to in
• 48:38
  Speaker 7: a properly managed quarry, since the shock of the explosion
• 48:41
  Speaker 7: is likely to develop floors in so tender a material.
• 48:45
  Speaker 7: When freed from the quarry bed and brought to the surface,
• 48:49
  Speaker 7: the stone is soorn into the desired shapes by means
• 48:52
  Speaker 7: of reciprocating blades of soft iron, the cutting material being
• 48:57
  Speaker 7: sand washed under the blades by small jets of water,
• 49:02
  Speaker 7: the use to which any particular marble is put is
• 49:05
  Speaker 7: governed largely by its price and colour, though texture or
• 49:09
  Speaker 7: grain often are taken into consideration. The coarsely crystalline, white
• 49:15
  Speaker 7: and white clouded marbles of southern New York, Maryland and
• 49:19
  Speaker 7: Georgia are used almost wholly for building purposes. The pink
• 49:25
  Speaker 7: and variegated marbles of Tennessee for interiors and for furniture,
• 49:30
  Speaker 7: while the white and blue grays of Vermont find a
• 49:33
  Speaker 7: large market for interiors, cemetery work, tiling, and to a
• 49:39
  Speaker 7: much smaller extent for building. It was stated before that
• 49:45
  Speaker 7: not all our marbles were changed metamorphosed marine sediments. The
• 49:50
  Speaker 7: exceptions are one the Onyx marbles, which, though composed of
• 49:56
  Speaker 7: carbonate of lime like the last, are deposited from s
• 50:01
  Speaker 7: and two the so called verdantique marbles, which are mainly
• 50:06
  Speaker 7: altered eruptive rocks. These last differ widely from those we
• 50:11
  Speaker 7: have been describing, being of a prevailing green colour, though
• 50:15
  Speaker 7: often variegated with white or red. They are in fact
• 50:20
  Speaker 7: not to be classed with the lime rocks at all.
• 50:23
  Speaker 7: The names verdentiqu, vert antique and verd antique are but
• 50:29
  Speaker 7: varying forms of the same words. Indicating a green antique marble.
• 50:34
  Speaker 7: The term antique has been applied simply because stones of
• 50:38
  Speaker 7: this type were used by the ancients, and particularly by
• 50:42
  Speaker 7: the Romans. The so called onyx marbles are, as noted above,
• 50:48
  Speaker 7: spring deposits, differing from ordinary lime deposits only in colour
• 50:53
  Speaker 7: and degree of compactness. The name has also been made
• 50:57
  Speaker 7: to include the stalagmites and stalactite in caves, such as
• 51:01
  Speaker 7: were used by the ancient Egyptians in the construction of alabastroms, ampharry,
• 51:07
  Speaker 7: funeral urns, and various household utensils. The material is translucent
• 51:13
  Speaker 7: and often beautifully clouded and veined in amber, green, yellow,
• 51:19
  Speaker 7: and red colours. Owing to its mode of origin, it
• 51:22
  Speaker 7: shows a beautiful wavy banding or grain, like the lines
• 51:26
  Speaker 7: of growth in the trunk of a tree when cut
• 51:29
  Speaker 7: across the bedding. This fact, together with its translucency, has
• 51:34
  Speaker 7: been the cause of the wrong use for it of
• 51:36
  Speaker 7: the name onyx, which properly belongs to a banded variety
• 51:40
  Speaker 7: of agate. Equally wrong and misleading is the name oriental alabaster,
• 51:46
  Speaker 7: which is commonly applied to the Egyptian variety, the true
• 51:50
  Speaker 7: alabaster being a variety of gypsum. The larger part of
• 51:55
  Speaker 7: our Onyx marbles comes today from Mexico, though there are
• 51:59
  Speaker 7: equally good materials of this type in Arizona and California.
• 52:05
  Speaker 7: The foreign supplies come in part from Egypt. Their use
• 52:10
  Speaker 7: is almost wholly for interior decoration, as wainscottings and the like,
• 52:15
  Speaker 7: and for tops to small stands, bases for lamps, and
• 52:19
  Speaker 7: so forth. These are by far the most expensive of
• 52:23
  Speaker 7: all the stones to which the name marble is properly applied.
• 52:28
  Speaker 7: Some of the most noted of our foreign marbles are
• 52:31
  Speaker 7: those of Carrara, Italy, which are ancient sediments thought to
• 52:35
  Speaker 7: have been changed at the time of the uplifting which
• 52:38
  Speaker 7: formed the Apennines. They are of white and blue gray colours,
• 52:43
  Speaker 7: sometimes beautifully veined. A beautiful mellow yellow to drab variegated
• 52:50
  Speaker 7: variety very close in texture and almost waxy in appearance,
• 52:55
  Speaker 7: is found near Sienna and is known as Sienna Marble.
• 52:58
  Speaker 7: It is the great favourite for interior decorative work, as
• 53:02
  Speaker 7: may be seen to advantage in the vestibule of the
• 53:05
  Speaker 7: New Public Library Building in Boston and the rotunda of
• 53:09
  Speaker 7: the National Library Building at Washington. Other marbles which at
• 53:14
  Speaker 7: the present time. Are great favorites with the architects are
• 53:18
  Speaker 7: the so called Numidian marbles from Algeria. These are of yellow,
• 53:23
  Speaker 7: pink and red colour, and often beautifully mottled. Their textures
• 53:29
  Speaker 7: are so close that they take a surface and polish
• 53:32
  Speaker 7: almost like enamel. Since their first hardening, these beds have
• 53:37
  Speaker 7: been shattered, like so much glass, into countless angular fragments,
• 53:41
  Speaker 7: and then the whole mass, with scarcely any disturbance, once
• 53:46
  Speaker 7: more cemented into firm rock. The result is such that
• 53:50
  Speaker 7: when large blocks are sown into slabs and the slabs
• 53:54
  Speaker 7: then polished and spread out, the same series of veines,
• 53:58
  Speaker 7: of angular blocks and streaks of color may be traced
• 54:01
  Speaker 7: from slap to slab, even repeating themselves with only slight
• 54:05
  Speaker 7: changes throughout the entire series. Nature and Art. End of
• 54:15
  Speaker 7: section six.
• 54:22
  Speaker 6: Section seven of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 54:28
  Speaker 6: September eighteen ninety nine, Recorded for LibriVox dot Org by
• 54:32
  Speaker 6: Betty B. The whipperwill Missus Mary Strattner A value peta
• 54:39
  Speaker 6: ours is the whipperwill or Antrostomus vociferous. When most of
• 54:45
  Speaker 6: the other songsters have tucked their heads under their wings,
• 54:49
  Speaker 6: our whipperwill wakes up to the business of the night. First,
• 54:53
  Speaker 6: he darts about catching insects and moths for his baby's breakfast,
• 54:58
  Speaker 6: for this is their breakfast time, or if his babies
• 55:01
  Speaker 6: are not hatched, he takes the insects to the faithful
• 55:04
  Speaker 6: mother bird on the nest. After this is done, he
• 55:08
  Speaker 6: thinks his business cares are over and he feels free
• 55:11
  Speaker 6: to enjoy himself. Our especial whipper Will always selects the
• 55:16
  Speaker 6: same spot year after year, just about ten yards from
• 55:20
  Speaker 6: our front door, in a clear white space on the
• 55:23
  Speaker 6: shell walk, and there, squatted on the ground and facing
• 55:27
  Speaker 6: us as we sit on the piazza in the moonlight,
• 55:30
  Speaker 6: he vociferously demands that we whip poor Will. This demand
• 55:35
  Speaker 6: he keeps up for a minute or two, finding that
• 55:38
  Speaker 6: we do not intend to heed his request. As our
• 55:41
  Speaker 6: sturdy six year old Will objects, he commences a low,
• 55:45
  Speaker 6: muttering kind of grumbling. Suddenly he has a new idea,
• 55:49
  Speaker 6: and he now orders us to chuck Will's widow. Chuck
• 55:53
  Speaker 6: Will's widow, But this order too goes unheeded, as our
• 55:57
  Speaker 6: Will has no widow, and if he has, why should
• 56:01
  Speaker 6: we chuck her? Now he does some more grumbling and
• 56:04
  Speaker 6: finally flies away. We had almost forgotten him, when back
• 56:08
  Speaker 6: he comes and squats in the same place. First he
• 56:11
  Speaker 6: gives a low chuck chuck, then cries out, shrilly, you
• 56:15
  Speaker 6: free wheeler, you free wheeler. We know of no wheeler
• 56:18
  Speaker 6: who needs freeing, so again we cannot comply with his wishes. Then,
• 56:23
  Speaker 6: as if disgusted with our unresponsiveness, he flies up in
• 56:27
  Speaker 6: a nearby orange tree, where he laments somewhat like an irishman.
• 56:32
  Speaker 6: Oh whirr O whirrow, Oh wehirer o whirrow. He keeps
• 56:37
  Speaker 6: this up so long that it causes some sleepy boy
• 56:41
  Speaker 6: to say, I wish that old bull bat would be still.
• 56:44
  Speaker 6: And sometimes the boy feels tempted to get up and
• 56:48
  Speaker 6: drive him away, but he remembers in time that this
• 56:51
  Speaker 6: feathered friend rids us of many obnoxious insects. For this reason,
• 56:56
  Speaker 6: the southern whipper will or a bull bat, is protected
• 56:59
  Speaker 6: by law in many of the states. We know our
• 57:03
  Speaker 6: whipper will nests every year in May, and we often
• 57:06
  Speaker 6: pay the mother bird a visit in order to get
• 57:09
  Speaker 6: a peep at her brown speckled eggs, and later at
• 57:12
  Speaker 6: her two brown babies, But we never bother them, contenting
• 57:16
  Speaker 6: ourselves with taking their picture with a kodak. This last
• 57:21
  Speaker 6: is very difficult to do, for Mamma whipper will always
• 57:24
  Speaker 6: selects a dense, shady part of the woods for her
• 57:28
  Speaker 6: motherly duties. The nest is flat on the ground, generally
• 57:32
  Speaker 6: under a palmetto leaf, which keeps off the rain. It
• 57:36
  Speaker 6: is composed of dry leaves which seem to have been
• 57:39
  Speaker 6: just scratched together, and is not noticeable unless the bird
• 57:43
  Speaker 6: is there. Even then, the brown color of the bird
• 57:47
  Speaker 6: lends with that of the ground and leaves, so that
• 57:50
  Speaker 6: it takes sharp eyes to detect her. When the young
• 57:53
  Speaker 6: birds first leave the nest, they sprawl about in a
• 57:56
  Speaker 6: comical manner. When in repose, they squat flat on the
• 58:00
  Speaker 6: ground with wings spread out to the fullest extent, and
• 58:04
  Speaker 6: they keep up a rolling motion with their bodies from
• 58:07
  Speaker 6: side to side for all the world, as if they
• 58:10
  Speaker 6: wanted to roll over, but were prevented from doing so
• 58:13
  Speaker 6: by the position of their large wings. End of section seven.
• 58:19
  Speaker 6: This recording is in the public domain.
• 58:27
  Speaker 8: Section eight of Birds and All Nature, volume six, number two,
• 58:33
  Speaker 8: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 58:38
  Speaker 8: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 58:43
  Speaker 8: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 58:48
  Speaker 8: Christine Lehman, Recita California Twilight Birds, Cold, young rice swallow.
• 58:59
  Speaker 3: I follow thy.
• 59:00
  Speaker 8: Skimming over the sunset skies, follow till joy is dimming
• 59:05
  Speaker 8: to sadness in my eyes, and hollow seems now thy
• 59:10
  Speaker 8: twittering high up where the bittering night blown winds arise,
• 59:16
  Speaker 8: throssel the wassaile. Thou drinkest daily of chalice buds, wassaile
• 59:22
  Speaker 8: in which thou linkest thy notes of springtime moods, should
• 59:27
  Speaker 8: docile thy elfish fluttering where twilight is uttering sorcery through
• 59:33
  Speaker 8: the woods, plover thou lover of moorlands, drained by the
• 59:40
  Speaker 8: surfing sea, lover of marshy tour lands. What is the
• 59:45
  Speaker 8: world to thee nay rover wing on, unquerying o'er mallows,
• 59:51
  Speaker 8: ne'er wearying o'er the pebbly sands, But sparrow the carow,
• 59:58
  Speaker 8: thy nesting pierces, thy vesper song, care of the young,
• 1:00:03
  Speaker 8: Thy breasting shall warm through the blue night long till
• 1:00:09
  Speaker 8: an arrow seems Thy dittying of pain to the pitying
• 1:00:13
  Speaker 8: heart that knows Earth's wrong end of section eight. This
• 1:00:20
  Speaker 8: recording is in the public domain Section nine of Birds
• 1:00:30
  Speaker 8: and All Nature, Volume six, number two, September eighteen ninety nine.
• 1:00:36
  Speaker 8: This is a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in
• 1:00:40
  Speaker 8: the public domain. For more information or to volunteer, please
• 1:00:45
  Speaker 8: visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by Christine Lehman Recita California,
• 1:00:53
  Speaker 8: Awesome Trees. We made a side trip to the big
• 1:00:58
  Speaker 8: trees of the Mariposa Group, which are about one hour's
• 1:01:02
  Speaker 8: ride from the hotel, says a correspondent of the Pittsburgh Dispatch.
• 1:01:07
  Speaker 8: If the smallest of these trees could be planted anywhere
• 1:01:10
  Speaker 8: in Pennsylvania, the railroads would run excursion trains to it
• 1:01:14
  Speaker 8: and make money. The trees in this grove are so
• 1:01:18
  Speaker 8: large that it takes a good while to fully appreciate
• 1:01:21
  Speaker 8: the facts about the size of the biggest of them,
• 1:01:25
  Speaker 8: The Grizzly Giant, is thirty four feet through at the
• 1:01:29
  Speaker 8: base and over four hundred feet high. This tree would
• 1:01:33
  Speaker 8: overtop the spires on the Pittsburgh Cathedral by over one
• 1:01:37
  Speaker 8: hundred feet. The trunk of this tree is one hundred
• 1:01:41
  Speaker 8: feet clear to the first limb, which is twenty feet
• 1:01:45
  Speaker 8: in circumference. Many other trees here are very nearly as
• 1:01:49
  Speaker 8: large as this one, and there are four hundred in
• 1:01:52
  Speaker 8: the grove. Through several tunnels have been cut, and a
• 1:01:57
  Speaker 8: four horse stage can go through these tunnels on the
• 1:02:00
  Speaker 8: run and never graze a hub. You get an approach
• 1:02:04
  Speaker 8: to an adequate idea of their size by walking off
• 1:02:08
  Speaker 8: one hundred yards or so while the stage is standing
• 1:02:11
  Speaker 8: at the foot of a tree, and glancing from top
• 1:02:14
  Speaker 8: to bottom, keeping the stage in mind. As a means
• 1:02:17
  Speaker 8: of comparison, the stage and the horses look like the
• 1:02:22
  Speaker 8: little tin outfit that Santa Claus brought you when you
• 1:02:25
  Speaker 8: were a good little boy. These trees are no longer
• 1:02:29
  Speaker 8: to be called the largest in the world. However, a
• 1:02:32
  Speaker 8: species of Eucalyptus has been found in Australia as large
• 1:02:36
  Speaker 8: or larger. Emerson warns us against the use of the superlative,
• 1:02:41
  Speaker 8: but when you are in this region of the globe,
• 1:02:44
  Speaker 8: you can't get along without a liberal use of it,
• 1:02:48
  Speaker 8: he himself says, of Yosemite, it is the only spot
• 1:02:52
  Speaker 8: I have ever found that came up to the brag.
• 1:02:55
  Speaker 8: And as I stood in the Big Tree grove, I
• 1:02:58
  Speaker 8: remembered that some one called Emerson himself the sequoia of
• 1:03:03
  Speaker 8: the human race. End of section nine. This recording is
• 1:03:08
  Speaker 8: in the public domain Section ten of Birds and All Nature,
• 1:03:19
  Speaker 8: Volume six, number two, September eighteen ninety nine. This is
• 1:03:25
  Speaker 8: a LibriVox recording. All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain.
• 1:03:30
  Speaker 8: For more information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org.
• 1:03:36
  Speaker 8: Recording by Christine Lehman, Recita, California. The edge of the
• 1:03:42
  Speaker 8: wood Ella f Mosby. The ideal place for birds, says
• 1:03:50
  Speaker 8: mister Frank Chapman, is the edge of the wood, where
• 1:03:53
  Speaker 8: field and forest meet, and a stream is not far off.
• 1:03:57
  Speaker 8: If an orchard be in sight, so much the be.
• 1:04:00
  Speaker 8: It was my delight to spend a summer or part
• 1:04:03
  Speaker 8: of it in just such a spot not long ago,
• 1:04:07
  Speaker 8: and I made many charming discoveries here. In the first place,
• 1:04:11
  Speaker 8: I learned that it is by no means necessary for
• 1:04:14
  Speaker 8: birds to be of a feather in order to flock together.
• 1:04:19
  Speaker 8: I came one bright morning on a flock of indigo
• 1:04:22
  Speaker 8: buntings near the water's edge, the proud father in exquisite blue,
• 1:04:27
  Speaker 8: like finest silk, with shimmering lights of green playing over
• 1:04:32
  Speaker 8: it the mother in siena brown, and the babies neither
• 1:04:36
  Speaker 8: blue nor brown, but a sooty black, with only a
• 1:04:39
  Speaker 8: solitary wee feather now and then to show the blue
• 1:04:43
  Speaker 8: that was coming. What an odd but what a pretty
• 1:04:46
  Speaker 8: happy little family. The banks of the stream were thickly
• 1:04:50
  Speaker 8: overgrown with milk, white elder, orange butterfly weed, and a
• 1:04:55
  Speaker 8: thousand feathery grasses and nodding leaf sprays, already touched on
• 1:05:00
  Speaker 8: edge with crimson or gold thumb marks on the tall stalks.
• 1:05:05
  Speaker 8: Swung the goldfinches a little yellow streak of laughter in
• 1:05:09
  Speaker 8: the sun, and every steak or post in the fence
• 1:05:13
  Speaker 8: near by made a coin of vantage for the merry
• 1:05:16
  Speaker 8: wrens to call and whistle. The calls of birds express
• 1:05:21
  Speaker 8: bird fashion every feeling that the heart of man knows, surprise, fear, joy, hope, love, hate,
• 1:05:31
  Speaker 8: and sorrow. If we could only contrive to think bird thoughts,
• 1:05:35
  Speaker 8: as perhaps an audubon may have done, or a wilson,
• 1:05:39
  Speaker 8: we might understand these strange signals and cries, often uttered
• 1:05:43
  Speaker 8: by invisible speakers from a world above ours. I learned
• 1:05:48
  Speaker 8: at this time that the quails or bob whites have
• 1:05:52
  Speaker 8: many calls instead of the one from which they are named.
• 1:05:55
  Speaker 8: There is the low, sweet mother talk to the brood,
• 1:05:59
  Speaker 8: the notes of warning, the scatter calls of autumn from
• 1:06:03
  Speaker 8: the survivors of an attack, Where are you? Where are you?
• 1:06:07
  Speaker 8: And a sort of duet between male and female at
• 1:06:10
  Speaker 8: nesting time. When she leaves the nest, she calls luizy
• 1:06:17
  Speaker 8: and he strikes in on the last syllable with bob.
• 1:06:21
  Speaker 8: She repeats, and he bursts forth Bob white with emphasis.
• 1:06:26
  Speaker 8: Then the clear ringing whistles through midsummer sound up and
• 1:06:31
  Speaker 8: down the meadow from one quail to another. The old
• 1:06:35
  Speaker 8: farmer interprets their colloquy thus Bob white, Bob white, peas ripe,
• 1:06:41
  Speaker 8: peas ripe, not quite, not quite. These birds are very
• 1:06:46
  Speaker 8: tame during the spring and fall, and will come into
• 1:06:49
  Speaker 8: town on the edges of the streets and call from
• 1:06:53
  Speaker 8: roof and doorstep without fear, sometimes even mounting into a
• 1:06:57
  Speaker 8: tree close beside a window and whistling for an hour
• 1:07:01
  Speaker 8: or two. On the contrary, it is by the edge
• 1:07:05
  Speaker 8: of the wood and after the brood is reared, that
• 1:07:08
  Speaker 8: tree top birds, like tannagers and cardinals grow most friendly
• 1:07:13
  Speaker 8: and fearless. Frequently when I raised my glasses to look
• 1:07:17
  Speaker 8: at some plain, brown or gray bird. The scarlet of
• 1:07:21
  Speaker 8: a tannager would flash across the field, and the rose
• 1:07:24
  Speaker 8: glow of the cardinals appear in the grass. The female cardinal,
• 1:07:29
  Speaker 8: with her lovely fawn tints and rose linings and her
• 1:07:33
  Speaker 8: beautiful voice, equals the male in interest. She is a
• 1:07:37
  Speaker 8: bird of lively emotions, and being rebuffed by a catbird
• 1:07:41
  Speaker 8: one day made the lawn ring with her aggrieved cries,
• 1:07:45
  Speaker 8: while her mate sought to comfort her most tenderly. They
• 1:07:49
  Speaker 8: are not graceful on the ground, but they have a
• 1:07:51
  Speaker 8: stout air of proprietorship that is not unpleasing. Both of
• 1:07:56
  Speaker 8: our tannagers, the summer and scarlet, the cardinals and the
• 1:08:00
  Speaker 8: brilliant orioles lived together very peaceably. Nor have I seen
• 1:08:05
  Speaker 8: any sign of envy, malice, or spite among them. I
• 1:08:09
  Speaker 8: suppose each one of us has his own arcadia. Mine,
• 1:08:14
  Speaker 8: and that of these winged neighbors assuredly lies at the
• 1:08:17
  Speaker 8: boundary line between shadowy forest and sunny meadow, at the
• 1:08:22
  Speaker 8: edge of the wood. End of section ten. This recording
• 1:08:28
  Speaker 8: is in the public domain.
• 1:08:36
  Speaker 9: Section eleven of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 1:08:40
  Speaker 9: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot org ores.
• 1:08:47
  Speaker 9: Nickel is a silver white ductile metal discovered by Cronsted
• 1:08:52
  Speaker 9: in seventeen fifty one. It is closely allied to iron
• 1:08:55
  Speaker 9: and cobalt, and is associated with many ores. Nickel, according
• 1:08:59
  Speaker 9: to the Ville, is more tenacious than iron. It is
• 1:09:02
  Speaker 9: magnetic at ordinary temperatures. Many of the copper coins of
• 1:09:06
  Speaker 9: the European continent and the United States are alloys containing
• 1:09:10
  Speaker 9: various proportions of nickel. Nickel plating has become an industry
• 1:09:14
  Speaker 9: of great importance in the United States. It is used
• 1:09:17
  Speaker 9: for magnetic needles, for philosophical and surgical instruments, and in
• 1:09:21
  Speaker 9: watch movements. Spathic iron ore carbonate of iron, when found
• 1:09:27
  Speaker 9: in comparatively pure and crystallized state, is known as spathic
• 1:09:31
  Speaker 9: or sparr. In its purest form, it contains forty eight
• 1:09:35
  Speaker 9: percent of iron. The ore is found near Hudson, New York,
• 1:09:38
  Speaker 9: and in Tuscararis County, Ohio. Copper copper is one of
• 1:09:43
  Speaker 9: the most anciently known metals, and its name is derived
• 1:09:47
  Speaker 9: from the island of Cyprus, where it was first obtained
• 1:09:49
  Speaker 9: by the Greeks in the earlier times. It does not
• 1:09:52
  Speaker 9: appear to have been employed by itself, but always in
• 1:09:55
  Speaker 9: admixture with other metals, principally tin forming bronze. Eight masses
• 1:10:00
  Speaker 9: of native copper have been found both in North and
• 1:10:02
  Speaker 9: South America. Tin tin is a beautiful silver white metal
• 1:10:08
  Speaker 9: with a tinge of yellow. There was no tin produced
• 1:10:11
  Speaker 9: in the United States in eighteen ninety six. The tin
• 1:10:14
  Speaker 9: producing countries are Malca, Banka, Bolivia, Australia, and Cornwall. Zinc
• 1:10:21
  Speaker 9: a metal of a brilliant white color with a shade
• 1:10:24
  Speaker 9: of blue, and appearing as if composed of plates adhering together.
• 1:10:28
  Speaker 9: It is not brittle, but less malleable than copper, lead
• 1:10:31
  Speaker 9: or tin. When heated, however, it is malleable and may
• 1:10:34
  Speaker 9: be rolled into plates. Lead a metal of a dull
• 1:10:39
  Speaker 9: white color with a cast of blue. It is soft
• 1:10:41
  Speaker 9: and easily fusible. It is found native in small masses,
• 1:10:45
  Speaker 9: but generally mineralized by sulfur and sometimes by other substances.
• 1:10:50
  Speaker 9: It is the least elastic and sonorous of all the metals.
• 1:10:55
  Speaker 9: End of section eleven. This recording is in the public domain.
• 1:11:05
  Speaker 8: Section twelve of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 1:11:10
  Speaker 8: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 1:11:15
  Speaker 8: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:11:20
  Speaker 8: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 1:11:25
  Speaker 8: Christine Lehmann, Resita, California. Young wild birds. The thickness of
• 1:11:33
  Speaker 8: the foliage on the trees, the high vegetation of the
• 1:11:36
  Speaker 8: cultivated land, and the natural tendency of young birds to
• 1:11:40
  Speaker 8: keep quiet and still make the study of them a
• 1:11:44
  Speaker 8: matter of some difficulty. In the hedgerows and by the woodsides,
• 1:11:49
  Speaker 8: unfamiliar notes and calls of birds are constantly heard, the
• 1:11:53
  Speaker 8: notes of young birds which cannot be identified owing to
• 1:11:57
  Speaker 8: the thickness of the foliage and um. Though in the
• 1:12:00
  Speaker 8: large woods the cry of the young sparrowhawks and the
• 1:12:04
  Speaker 8: flight of the pigeons and woodpeckers betray their presence, it
• 1:12:08
  Speaker 8: is almost impossible to watch them or to ascertain their
• 1:12:12
  Speaker 8: way of procuring food. Probably most of the larger species
• 1:12:16
  Speaker 8: are fed by the old birds long after they leave
• 1:12:19
  Speaker 8: the nest. Of game birds, young partridges are the most
• 1:12:24
  Speaker 8: self reliant, and young pheasants the least able to take
• 1:12:28
  Speaker 8: care of themselves. The present rider has never seen young quails,
• 1:12:32
  Speaker 8: but as those covees which are hatched in England often
• 1:12:36
  Speaker 8: number as many birds as the quail usually lay eggs.
• 1:12:40
  Speaker 8: It may be presumed that these, the smallest of all
• 1:12:43
  Speaker 8: the game birds, are not less active and precocious than
• 1:12:47
  Speaker 8: the young of the partridge. The latter are almost as
• 1:12:51
  Speaker 8: active upon land as young wild ducks are upon the water.
• 1:12:55
  Speaker 8: They run swiftly and without hesitation, even among thick vegetation
• 1:13:01
  Speaker 8: when they are no bigger than a wren, and follow
• 1:13:04
  Speaker 8: or precede their mother through mowing grass, hedgerows, or the
• 1:13:08
  Speaker 8: sides of furs, breaks and copses, seeking and catching insects
• 1:13:13
  Speaker 8: all the while, and neither losing themselves nor betraying their
• 1:13:18
  Speaker 8: whereabouts by unnecessary noise or excursions. End of section twelve.
• 1:13:24
  Speaker 8: This recording is in the public domain.
• 1:13:33
  Speaker 6: Section thirteen of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 1:13:39
  Speaker 6: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot Org by
• 1:13:44
  Speaker 6: Betty B. Mandioca Anna R. Henderson Mandioca. Jatropha mannahat l
• 1:13:53
  Speaker 6: is the principal farinaceous production of Brazil, and is largely
• 1:13:58
  Speaker 6: raised in nearly all parts of South America. In fact,
• 1:14:02
  Speaker 6: is the main bread food of that continent and is
• 1:14:05
  Speaker 6: therefore worthy of consideration. It is difficult for dwellers in
• 1:14:10
  Speaker 6: northern climes to conceive of a land which does not
• 1:14:13
  Speaker 6: look largely to fields of wheat or corn for sustentation.
• 1:14:19
  Speaker 6: Yet millions inhabit such a region, and, strange to say,
• 1:14:23
  Speaker 6: derive their bread from a root which combines nutritious and
• 1:14:26
  Speaker 6: poisonous qualities. Mandioca is indigenous to Brazil and the Indians,
• 1:14:33
  Speaker 6: strange to say, discovered methods of separating its nutritive and
• 1:14:38
  Speaker 6: detrimental qualities. The Portuguese, learning its use from them, invented
• 1:14:43
  Speaker 6: mills for its preparation, and it became the bread food
• 1:14:47
  Speaker 6: of a great tropical region where wheat and Indian corn
• 1:14:51
  Speaker 6: do not thrive. The plant has a fibrous stalk three
• 1:14:55
  Speaker 6: or four feet high, with a few branches and but
• 1:14:59
  Speaker 6: little folding, light green, five fingered leaves. The roots are
• 1:15:03
  Speaker 6: brown tubers, often several inches thick and more than a
• 1:15:07
  Speaker 6: foot in length. It is planted from slices of the
• 1:15:11
  Speaker 6: tubers and is of slow growth, taking eighteen months to mature.
• 1:15:16
  Speaker 6: The poisonous qualities confined to the juice of the roots,
• 1:15:19
  Speaker 6: and even this may be rendered innocent by boiling It
• 1:15:23
  Speaker 6: then becomes vinegar by fermentation. The leaves may be eaten
• 1:15:27
  Speaker 6: by cattle. The roots must be ground soon after digging,
• 1:15:31
  Speaker 6: as they become putrid in a few days. The Indians
• 1:15:35
  Speaker 6: scrape the roots to a pulp with oyster shells, and
• 1:15:39
  Speaker 6: after pressing it, dried it before the fire, or cut
• 1:15:42
  Speaker 6: it under water into thin slices which they dried. I
• 1:15:47
  Speaker 6: will now describe the Portuguese method of making farina from
• 1:15:51
  Speaker 6: mandioca as I witnessed it in my Brazilian home, a
• 1:15:55
  Speaker 6: fazenda plantation near Rio de Janio, Brazil. The mandioca, which
• 1:16:01
  Speaker 6: loves a dry soil, was grown on the hill sides
• 1:16:04
  Speaker 6: among the orange and the coffee trees. It was cultivated
• 1:16:08
  Speaker 6: by the hoe. When its great masses of tubers were mature,
• 1:16:12
  Speaker 6: they were dug and hauled to the farina house, a
• 1:16:16
  Speaker 6: cool room, tile roofed, dirt floored, and which contained mill
• 1:16:20
  Speaker 6: presses and drying pans. Then the merry work began. The negroes,
• 1:16:25
  Speaker 6: who loved to work in company, would sing as seated
• 1:16:29
  Speaker 6: on benches or stools, They scraped the brown skin from
• 1:16:33
  Speaker 6: the tubers. These were washed and fed to the mill,
• 1:16:36
  Speaker 6: while the children took turns riding the mule which pulled
• 1:16:39
  Speaker 6: the creaking beam that turned the mill. The tubers are
• 1:16:43
  Speaker 6: very juicy, and on being ground, make a milky white mass,
• 1:16:48
  Speaker 6: which is put into soft baskets made of braided palm leaves.
• 1:16:52
  Speaker 6: These baskets are placed under a heavy screw press, and
• 1:16:56
  Speaker 6: the milky juice which flows from them is caught in
• 1:16:59
  Speaker 6: tubs and set aside to settle in twenty four hours.
• 1:17:03
  Speaker 6: In the bottom of the tub is a deposit of
• 1:17:06
  Speaker 6: starch several inches thick. This is the well known tapioca
• 1:17:11
  Speaker 6: of commerce, extensively used for puddings and other delicate foods,
• 1:17:16
  Speaker 6: good also for starching clothes. The clear juice above it
• 1:17:20
  Speaker 6: a deadly poison, is drawn off through underground tiles that
• 1:17:24
  Speaker 6: no chicken or other living creature may taste it. The
• 1:17:28
  Speaker 6: damp pulp in the baskets is transferred to large concave
• 1:17:32
  Speaker 6: trays of brass or copper, placed over a slow fire,
• 1:17:37
  Speaker 6: where it is constantly stirred until entirely dry. It is
• 1:17:41
  Speaker 6: now ready for use. Is as coarse as corn meal,
• 1:17:44
  Speaker 6: but very white, and has a pleasant flavor resembling popcorn.
• 1:17:50
  Speaker 6: It cannot be made into loaves as much moisture would
• 1:17:53
  Speaker 6: make it too glutenous to bake. It is eaten dry
• 1:17:57
  Speaker 6: or mixed with beans or other vegetables at the table,
• 1:18:01
  Speaker 6: or it is dampened and salted and baked on a
• 1:18:03
  Speaker 6: griddle in a hoe cake half an inch thick. In
• 1:18:07
  Speaker 6: this way it is very nice and sweet. It is
• 1:18:10
  Speaker 6: a favorite breakfast dish, made into a clear glutinous mush
• 1:18:14
  Speaker 6: called pyrong. Brazilians are very fond of the dry farina
• 1:18:19
  Speaker 6: and throw it into the mouth by a movement so
• 1:18:22
  Speaker 6: dexterous that it does not powder the face. This is
• 1:18:26
  Speaker 6: the bread of Brazil. Though wheat bread is sold in
• 1:18:29
  Speaker 6: the bake shops of the cities, it is not used
• 1:18:32
  Speaker 6: to any great extent in the rural regions. There is
• 1:18:36
  Speaker 6: another species of mandioca called eepen, which cannot be converted
• 1:18:41
  Speaker 6: into farina. It matures in eight months and has no
• 1:18:45
  Speaker 6: poisonous qualities. It is a staple article for the table,
• 1:18:49
  Speaker 6: being baked like a potato, and its taste resembles that
• 1:18:53
  Speaker 6: of a roasted chestnut. End of section thirteen. This recording
• 1:19:00
  Speaker 6: in the public.
• 1:19:01
  Speaker 4: Domain Section fourteen of Birds and All Nature, Volume six,
• 1:19:12
  Speaker 4: number two, September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 1:19:18
  Speaker 4: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 1:19:22
  Speaker 4: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
• 1:19:28
  Speaker 4: by Diana Schmidt. Traveling birds cleaving the clouds with their
• 1:19:33
  Speaker 4: moon edged pinions high over City and Vineyard and mart
• 1:19:38
  Speaker 4: April to pilot them may speeding after and each bird's
• 1:19:43
  Speaker 4: compass his small red heart edwin Arnold. River valleys, coastlines
• 1:19:50
  Speaker 4: and mountain chains are the ways followed by the migrating birds,
• 1:19:55
  Speaker 4: and frequent observations have determined the fact that birds travel
• 1:20:00
  Speaker 4: at great heights, many as much as a mile from
• 1:20:03
  Speaker 4: the earth. This may be one of the reasons why
• 1:20:06
  Speaker 4: the tiny creatures have such keen sight, for from this
• 1:20:10
  Speaker 4: distance they can obtain a far reaching view of the
• 1:20:14
  Speaker 4: surrounding country and distinguish landmarks readily. If the weather is
• 1:20:19
  Speaker 4: stormy or foggy, then the birds are obliged to fly
• 1:20:23
  Speaker 4: much lower, and too. It is then that the lights
• 1:20:27
  Speaker 4: along the coast attract them, and such countless numbers perish
• 1:20:32
  Speaker 4: by being beaten against the lighthouses, many more birds being
• 1:20:36
  Speaker 4: killed in the fall season of migration than in the spring,
• 1:20:40
  Speaker 4: when the weather is less stormy, they fly in vast numbers,
• 1:20:45
  Speaker 4: and often on still nights they can be heard calling
• 1:20:48
  Speaker 4: to each other. A good idea of their number can
• 1:20:51
  Speaker 4: be obtained by the use of a telescope, which, if
• 1:20:55
  Speaker 4: focused on the moon, will often show the birds on
• 1:20:58
  Speaker 4: a brilliant background, so that they can readily be discerned.
• 1:21:03
  Speaker 4: The motion of their wings can easily be seen in
• 1:21:06
  Speaker 4: this way, and the immense numbers of them better realized.
• 1:21:11
  Speaker 4: A good way to form an idea of the distance
• 1:21:13
  Speaker 4: covered each year by the birds as they migrate is
• 1:21:18
  Speaker 4: to take a single bird and note its journey. The
• 1:21:21
  Speaker 4: babelink makes his winter start in August, rests a while
• 1:21:26
  Speaker 4: in the marsh lands, and then visits the rice belt
• 1:21:29
  Speaker 4: of the Southern States, doing damage directly and indirectly each
• 1:21:34
  Speaker 4: year to an amount covering several millions of dollars. Then
• 1:21:38
  Speaker 4: he flies over Cuba, and there his name is Shambergo.
• 1:21:43
  Speaker 4: Next he lingers along the coast of Yucatan, then goes
• 1:21:46
  Speaker 4: on south through Central America and the island of Jamaica,
• 1:21:50
  Speaker 4: in which place they call him butter bird, on account
• 1:21:54
  Speaker 4: of his great plumpness, the result of the rice feeding,
• 1:21:57
  Speaker 4: no doubt, And from this place he makes one continuous
• 1:22:01
  Speaker 4: long journey for over four hundred miles to Brazil, where
• 1:22:05
  Speaker 4: he spends the winter. Here he stays until early spring,
• 1:22:09
  Speaker 4: and then if no accident has come to him, he
• 1:22:13
  Speaker 4: will again brighten our months of blossoms by his chipper
• 1:22:16
  Speaker 4: presence and his delightful song. One of the most curious
• 1:22:21
  Speaker 4: things observed in the fall migration of birds is in
• 1:22:24
  Speaker 4: the same bubblink. By some manner of means, many of
• 1:22:28
  Speaker 4: these birds have gone west, some as far as Utah
• 1:22:32
  Speaker 4: to spend their summers, and when the winter is coming,
• 1:22:35
  Speaker 4: they too take their flight south, but not by the
• 1:22:39
  Speaker 4: direct way through Mexico and then to Central America, as
• 1:22:43
  Speaker 4: would seem most natural, but following their hereditary instincts, they
• 1:22:48
  Speaker 4: come back to the Atlantic coast and journey down it
• 1:22:52
  Speaker 4: along the whole way to Florida, then across to Cuba,
• 1:22:55
  Speaker 4: and on with those from New Jersey and New England
• 1:22:59
  Speaker 4: until the winter dusting place is reached. This bird gives
• 1:23:03
  Speaker 4: a most conclusive and interesting illustration of the permanency of
• 1:23:08
  Speaker 4: bird routes and the hereditary habit of the winged flocks.
• 1:23:12
  Speaker 4: Bangor commercial and of Section fourteen. This recording is in
• 1:23:18
  Speaker 4: the public domain.
• 1:23:24
  Speaker 9: Section fifteen of Birds and All Nature, volume six two
• 1:23:29
  Speaker 9: September eighteen ninety nine recorded for LibriVox dot org minerals.
• 1:23:37
  Speaker 9: Hornblend a mineral species placed by Dana in the augite
• 1:23:41
  Speaker 9: section of the anhydrous silicates. In common use. The name
• 1:23:45
  Speaker 9: is limited, as it was formerly applied only to the
• 1:23:48
  Speaker 9: dark crystalline minerals, which are met with in long slender
• 1:23:51
  Speaker 9: prisms either scattered in quartz, granite, et cetera. Are generally
• 1:23:55
  Speaker 9: disseminated throughout their mass. The colour of the mineral is
• 1:23:59
  Speaker 9: usually black or dark green, owing to the presence of
• 1:24:02
  Speaker 9: much iron. It appears to have been produced under conditions
• 1:24:05
  Speaker 9: of fusion and cooling which cannot be imitated in the laboratory.
• 1:24:09
  Speaker 9: The crystals obtained artificially, being of augite type malachite, one
• 1:24:15
  Speaker 9: of the native carbonates of copper. It is sometimes crystallized,
• 1:24:19
  Speaker 9: but more often occurs in concretionary masses of various shades
• 1:24:22
  Speaker 9: of green, which are generally banded or arranged in such
• 1:24:25
  Speaker 9: a manner that the mineral, which takes a fine polish,
• 1:24:28
  Speaker 9: is much prized as an ornamental stone. Great quantities of
• 1:24:32
  Speaker 9: it are found in the Siberian mines and many beautiful
• 1:24:35
  Speaker 9: objects are manufactured from it. Quartz the most abundant of
• 1:24:40
  Speaker 9: all minerals, existing as a constituent of many rocks, composing
• 1:24:44
  Speaker 9: of itself the rock known as quartzite or quartz rock,
• 1:24:47
  Speaker 9: and some of the sandstones and pure sand, forming the
• 1:24:50
  Speaker 9: chief portion of most mineral veins. In composition, it is silica,
• 1:24:55
  Speaker 9: and when uncontaminated with any foreign intermixture, it appears in
• 1:24:59
  Speaker 9: clear train transparent crystals like glass or ice. Pure quartz
• 1:25:04
  Speaker 9: is largely employed in the manufacture of glass, and is
• 1:25:06
  Speaker 9: commonly obtained for this purpose in the form of sand.
• 1:25:10
  Speaker 9: Quartz veins, with few exceptions, form the gangs in which
• 1:25:13
  Speaker 9: gold is found. Tormaline a name applied to a group
• 1:25:18
  Speaker 9: of double silicates composed of many other minerals. The color
• 1:25:22
  Speaker 9: of tormalines varies with their composition. The red cold rubelite
• 1:25:27
  Speaker 9: are manganese tormaline, containing lithium and manganese with little or
• 1:25:31
  Speaker 9: no iron. The violet, blue, and green contain iron, and
• 1:25:34
  Speaker 9: the black are either iron or magnesium iron tormalines. Sometimes
• 1:25:39
  Speaker 9: the crystals are red at one extremity and green at
• 1:25:42
  Speaker 9: the other, are green internally and red externally, or vice versa.
• 1:25:46
  Speaker 9: Pink crystals are found in the island of Elba. Tourmalines
• 1:25:50
  Speaker 9: are not often used in jewelry, although they form beautiful
• 1:25:53
  Speaker 9: gems and barrel high price. A magnificent group of pink
• 1:25:57
  Speaker 9: tourmalines nearly a foot square, was given by the King
• 1:26:01
  Speaker 9: of Burma to Colonel Sykes while commissioner to his court.
• 1:26:04
  Speaker 9: The tourmaline appears to have been brought to Europe from
• 1:26:07
  Speaker 9: Ceylon by the Dutch about the end of the seventeenth century,
• 1:26:10
  Speaker 9: and was exhibited as a curiosity on account of its
• 1:26:13
  Speaker 9: pyroelectric properties. Agate of the Courtz family and is one
• 1:26:19
  Speaker 9: of the modifications in which silagar presents itself nearly in
• 1:26:22
  Speaker 9: a state of purity. Agates are distinguished from other varieties
• 1:26:26
  Speaker 9: by the veins of different shades of color, which traverse
• 1:26:29
  Speaker 9: the stone in parallel concentric layers, often so thin as
• 1:26:33
  Speaker 9: to number fifty or more to an inch. Externally, the
• 1:26:37
  Speaker 9: agots are rough and exhibit no appearance of their beautiful
• 1:26:40
  Speaker 9: vein structure, which is exposed on breaking them, and still
• 1:26:43
  Speaker 9: more perfectly after polishing. Though the varieties of agate are
• 1:26:47
  Speaker 9: mostly very common minerals in this country as well as
• 1:26:50
  Speaker 9: in the Old World, those localities only are of interest
• 1:26:54
  Speaker 9: which have long been famous for their production, and which
• 1:26:56
  Speaker 9: still furnish all the agots required by commerce. Amethyst so
• 1:27:02
  Speaker 9: name because it was supposed by the ancient Persians that
• 1:27:05
  Speaker 9: cups made of it would prevent the liquor they contained
• 1:27:07
  Speaker 9: from intoxicating. The stone consists of crystallized quartz of a
• 1:27:11
  Speaker 9: purple or blue violet color, probably derived from a compound
• 1:27:15
  Speaker 9: of iron and soda. The color is not always diffused
• 1:27:18
  Speaker 9: through it and is less brilliant by candlelight. Serpentine. Serpentine
• 1:27:24
  Speaker 9: differs in composition from the other marbles. It is a
• 1:27:27
  Speaker 9: soft mineral of different shades of green, of waxy luster,
• 1:27:31
  Speaker 9: and susceptible of a high polish. It is better adapted
• 1:27:34
  Speaker 9: to ornamental work withindoors than to be exposed to the
• 1:27:37
  Speaker 9: action of the weather. Sulfur an elementary substance belonging to
• 1:27:43
  Speaker 9: the class of metalloids. It has been known from the
• 1:27:46
  Speaker 9: earliest times as the product of volcanoes and as a
• 1:27:49
  Speaker 9: natural mineral deposit in clay and marl formations. It also
• 1:27:53
  Speaker 9: exists in primitive rocks as granite and mica. End of
• 1:27:57
  Speaker 9: Section fifteen. Recording is in the public domain.
• 1:28:08
  Speaker 8: Section sixteen of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 1:28:13
  Speaker 8: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 1:28:18
  Speaker 8: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:28:23
  Speaker 8: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 1:28:28
  Speaker 8: Christine Lehman, Recita California Accidents to Birds, Guy Steely. Strange
• 1:28:37
  Speaker 8: accidents happen to birds as well as to people, and
• 1:28:41
  Speaker 8: some of them are as unexplainable as those that fall
• 1:28:44
  Speaker 8: to our lot. I remember finding a meadow lark suspended
• 1:28:48
  Speaker 8: from a barbed wire fence several years ago, dead, its
• 1:28:52
  Speaker 8: throat pierced by one of the sharp barbs. The bird
• 1:28:55
  Speaker 8: had apparently attempted to fly between the wires, and, thus
• 1:29:00
  Speaker 8: calculating the distance, had dashed against the barb. Another curious
• 1:29:05
  Speaker 8: case which came under my notice was that of a
• 1:29:07
  Speaker 8: small water bird. While walking along the bank of the
• 1:29:11
  Speaker 8: river flowing through our place, I discovered the little fellow
• 1:29:15
  Speaker 8: dangling from a willow, his head firmly wedged in one
• 1:29:18
  Speaker 8: of the forks. He had been there some time, and
• 1:29:21
  Speaker 8: how he ever got caught in that fashion is a mystery.
• 1:29:25
  Speaker 8: But the strangest mishap of all I ever witnessed occurred
• 1:29:29
  Speaker 8: last summer. I was picking peas in the garden when
• 1:29:33
  Speaker 8: my attention was attracted by the fluttering and half choked
• 1:29:37
  Speaker 8: cries of a bird a little distance from me. Hastening
• 1:29:41
  Speaker 8: to the place, I found a brown field bird hanging
• 1:29:44
  Speaker 8: from a pea vine. Around its neck was a pea clinger,
• 1:29:49
  Speaker 8: which formed a perfect noose. As nearly everyone knows, pea
• 1:29:54
  Speaker 8: clingers form into all imaginable shapes. The bird was feeding
• 1:29:58
  Speaker 8: under the vines, and and being frightened by my approach,
• 1:30:02
  Speaker 8: and in trying to escape, had thrust its head through
• 1:30:05
  Speaker 8: the clinger, with the above result. I soon freed it
• 1:30:09
  Speaker 8: and saw it fly away, but little the worse for
• 1:30:12
  Speaker 8: the adventure. End of section sixteen. This recording is in
• 1:30:17
  Speaker 8: the public domain.
• 1:30:24
  Speaker 9: Section seventeen of Birds in All Nature, volume six number two,
• 1:30:29
  Speaker 9: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot Org. To
• 1:30:35
  Speaker 9: the editor of Birds and All Nature, I find your
• 1:30:38
  Speaker 9: periodical most interesting and instructive, as it brings one into
• 1:30:42
  Speaker 9: closer relation with all forms of life. Better than a
• 1:30:45
  Speaker 9: knowledge of Hebrew, Greek and Latin, is it to know
• 1:30:48
  Speaker 9: what the birds, the trees, and flowers all say? What
• 1:30:51
  Speaker 9: the winds and waves, the clouds and constellations all tell
• 1:30:55
  Speaker 9: us of coming events. There is a world of observation, thought,
• 1:30:58
  Speaker 9: and enjoyment for those those who study nature in all
• 1:31:01
  Speaker 9: her varying moods. That is denied those who, having eyes
• 1:31:05
  Speaker 9: see not and having ears hear not in looking over
• 1:31:09
  Speaker 9: birds in all nature. I have noticed with pleasure some
• 1:31:12
  Speaker 9: articles from the pen of Caroline Croninshield Bascomb that have
• 1:31:16
  Speaker 9: particularly pleased me her interpretations of what her pet cats
• 1:31:19
  Speaker 9: and birds have to say, their manifestations of intelligence and
• 1:31:23
  Speaker 9: the sentiments of affection or envy, jealousy and malice, their
• 1:31:27
  Speaker 9: obedience and their moralities under her judicious training. A woman
• 1:31:31
  Speaker 9: who can train a cat to live in harmony with
• 1:31:33
  Speaker 9: a bird to see each other caressed in turn by
• 1:31:36
  Speaker 9: a beloved mistress, should be on the county school board
• 1:31:39
  Speaker 9: as a successful educator, for boys and girls can be
• 1:31:42
  Speaker 9: more easily trained than those in the lower forms of life.
• 1:31:46
  Speaker 9: I trust Miss Bascombe will not try to harmonize the
• 1:31:49
  Speaker 9: cat with rats and mice, lest those natural born thieves
• 1:31:52
  Speaker 9: increase to such an extent that every municipality will be
• 1:31:55
  Speaker 9: compelled to have traps and police in every nook and
• 1:31:58
  Speaker 9: corner in every cellar and garrett of all our private
• 1:32:02
  Speaker 9: and public buildings. There is a limit, Dear Miss Bascombe,
• 1:32:05
  Speaker 9: to peace and goodwill on earth. Elizabeth Caddy, Stanton, New York,
• 1:32:11
  Speaker 9: July one, eighteen ninety nine, end of section seventeen. This
• 1:32:17
  Speaker 9: recording is in the public domain.
• 1:32:25
  Speaker 4: Section eighteen of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 1:32:30
  Speaker 4: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 1:32:36
  Speaker 4: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 1:32:40
  Speaker 4: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 1:32:45
  Speaker 4: Diana Schmidt. The Influence of Pictures J. P. McCaskey. If
• 1:32:51
  Speaker 4: it is a very good thing to hang attractive pictures
• 1:32:54
  Speaker 4: on the walls of the home, then it is doubly
• 1:32:57
  Speaker 4: so to ornament the walls of the schoolroom. In the
• 1:33:01
  Speaker 4: emptiest room, says Ruskin, the mine wanders most, for it
• 1:33:05
  Speaker 4: gets restless like a bird for want of a perch,
• 1:33:08
  Speaker 4: and casts about for any possible means of getting out
• 1:33:12
  Speaker 4: and away. Bare walls are not a proper part of
• 1:33:15
  Speaker 4: the means of education. Blank plaster about and above them
• 1:33:20
  Speaker 4: is not suggestive to pupils. The landscape makes a bright
• 1:33:23
  Speaker 4: opening through the dead wall like a window. Flowers and
• 1:33:27
  Speaker 4: ferns are suggestive of the garden, the lane, the field,
• 1:33:31
  Speaker 4: the woods, the purling stream of songbirds in the air
• 1:33:35
  Speaker 4: or among the branches, and blue sky overhead. Animals suggest
• 1:33:41
  Speaker 4: a life with which we should be more or less familiar.
• 1:33:44
  Speaker 4: The portrait speaks the man what we know of him,
• 1:33:48
  Speaker 4: suggesting trains of thought that may be most interesting and profitable.
• 1:33:53
  Speaker 4: A mother wondered why her three brave lads had all
• 1:33:56
  Speaker 4: gone to see from an inland home. She was speaking
• 1:34:00
  Speaker 4: in her loneliness with a friend who had called upon her,
• 1:34:03
  Speaker 4: and she could not suggest any reason why they should
• 1:34:06
  Speaker 4: all have adopted the seafaring life, when none of their
• 1:34:10
  Speaker 4: friends or relatives had been sailors. The man observed a
• 1:34:14
  Speaker 4: picture of a full rigged ship hanging above the mantel.
• 1:34:18
  Speaker 4: It was perhaps the only picture in the room, at
• 1:34:21
  Speaker 4: least the only one at all conspicuous. A thought struck him,
• 1:34:26
  Speaker 4: How long has that picture been hanging there? He asked, Oh,
• 1:34:30
  Speaker 4: it has been there ever since the boys were little children.
• 1:34:34
  Speaker 4: It was that, he said, that sent your boys away.
• 1:34:38
  Speaker 4: The sea grew upon their imagination until they longed for it,
• 1:34:42
  Speaker 4: and sought it, and so they are gone. So a
• 1:34:46
  Speaker 4: striking or attractive picture in the school room, as in
• 1:34:49
  Speaker 4: the home, may sink deep into the heart of the
• 1:34:52
  Speaker 4: child and mean far more to him than much of
• 1:34:55
  Speaker 4: the work which the school program usually imposes. He may forget,
• 1:35:00
  Speaker 4: get the name, and lose all recollection of the personality
• 1:35:03
  Speaker 4: of the teacher and of most of his schoolmates. But
• 1:35:06
  Speaker 4: the striking picture is a picture still that he will
• 1:35:10
  Speaker 4: always remember. In our experience, as we grow older, if
• 1:35:14
  Speaker 4: we are at all observant, we know more and more
• 1:35:17
  Speaker 4: the value of these things. How great a factor and
• 1:35:20
  Speaker 4: education they may become. Men wonder sometimes how they can
• 1:35:25
  Speaker 4: expend a modest sum of money to good purpose in
• 1:35:28
  Speaker 4: giving pleasure and profit to others. Get some pictures of
• 1:35:32
  Speaker 4: good faces, and flowers, and landscapes, and other proper subjects,
• 1:35:37
  Speaker 4: and put them upon the walls of your nearest schoolhouse,
• 1:35:40
  Speaker 4: or of some other in which you may be interested.
• 1:35:43
  Speaker 4: When you have done this for one school, you may
• 1:35:46
  Speaker 4: want to do it for a second, or you will
• 1:35:48
  Speaker 4: suggest to some other generous heart the like gift of
• 1:35:52
  Speaker 4: enduring value. What chance have boys and girls with a
• 1:35:56
  Speaker 4: dead a life teacher in a schoolhouse whose blank walls
• 1:35:59
  Speaker 4: are eloquent of poverty, oh, the weariness of it. Real, genuine, helpful,
• 1:36:05
  Speaker 4: beautiful art is now brought within the reach of the million.
• 1:36:09
  Speaker 4: The arts of chromo lithography and half tone engraving are
• 1:36:13
  Speaker 4: putting exquisite pictures at low cost wherever there is taste
• 1:36:17
  Speaker 4: to appreciate and enjoy them. In our homes they are everywhere,
• 1:36:22
  Speaker 4: Why not everywhere? Also upon the school room walls bear
• 1:36:26
  Speaker 4: of these choice educational influences. To many a child, good
• 1:36:31
  Speaker 4: pictures come like the ministrations of the angels. We feel this,
• 1:36:36
  Speaker 4: we know it, and for the years remaining to us,
• 1:36:39
  Speaker 4: shall do what we can to make school life better
• 1:36:42
  Speaker 4: for the pictures on the wall end of section eighteen.
• 1:36:47
  Speaker 4: This recording is in the public domain.
• 1:36:55
  Speaker 5: Section nineteen of Birds in All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 1:37:00
  Speaker 5: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for Librevox dot Org by
• 1:37:05
  Speaker 5: Larry Wilson. The Sea Children by cold young Rice, O mother.
• 1:37:12
  Speaker 5: I lay a dreamy one day by the wreck of
• 1:37:15
  Speaker 5: the Alberdine, and I heard a singing under the sea
• 1:37:18
  Speaker 5: of children swinging. Their hair was green in seaweed swings.
• 1:37:23
  Speaker 5: They called to me, oh mother, They called to me,
• 1:37:27
  Speaker 5: Hush Hush thee, my child. Thy prattle is wild. For
• 1:37:32
  Speaker 5: the children that dwell in the sea. Are the fishes
• 1:37:35
  Speaker 5: swimming amid white shells, whose pearly hymning that echoed to
• 1:37:40
  Speaker 5: thee the strangled songs of the sinking swells, My child,
• 1:37:45
  Speaker 5: twas the song of the swells, Oh mother, they said,
• 1:37:49
  Speaker 5: come to us, Oh, dread not the waves, though they
• 1:37:53
  Speaker 5: fret and foam there far far over us, while we
• 1:37:56
  Speaker 5: play beneath the cover of our sea home all day,
• 1:38:01
  Speaker 5: all day. O'er the beds of the bay, Oh mother,
• 1:38:04
  Speaker 5: the beds of the bay. Hush, hush thee, my child.
• 1:38:08
  Speaker 5: But strangely he smiled as he gazed at the weird
• 1:38:11
  Speaker 5: lit waves, for he heard a singing, Come to us.
• 1:38:15
  Speaker 6: Come.
• 1:38:17
  Speaker 5: He saw them swinging in crystal caves, and cried, I'm coming.
• 1:38:22
  Speaker 5: I'm oh, how numb his death, do ellips? How numb?
• 1:38:29
  Speaker 5: End of section nineteen. This recording is in the public domain.
• 1:38:38
  Speaker 5: Section twenty of Birds in All Nature, volume six, number two,
• 1:38:43
  Speaker 5: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot org by
• 1:38:47
  Speaker 5: Larry Wilson Nature Study in the Public Schools at the
• 1:38:54
  Speaker 5: Shop Banquet in Saint Louis. The subject for the evening
• 1:38:58
  Speaker 5: was horticultural education, and a good deal was said as
• 1:39:02
  Speaker 5: to the introduction of the study in the public schools.
• 1:39:05
  Speaker 5: On the question of its interfering with other school work,
• 1:39:09
  Speaker 5: Professor Jackman of Chicago said, the intimation has been thrown
• 1:39:13
  Speaker 5: out here tonight that perhaps the child's study of nature
• 1:39:17
  Speaker 5: might interfere with something else in the schools. I can
• 1:39:20
  Speaker 5: assure such objectors that it will interfere with some of
• 1:39:23
  Speaker 5: the things they are taught. It will interfere with some
• 1:39:26
  Speaker 5: of the dull routine that you and I can recollect
• 1:39:30
  Speaker 5: which we passed through when we were in these schools.
• 1:39:34
  Speaker 5: The children have waited all too long for such an interference.
• 1:39:38
  Speaker 5: State Superintendent of Schools Kirk said, it is my firm
• 1:39:42
  Speaker 5: conviction that a large part of what we now call
• 1:39:45
  Speaker 5: geography should be eliminated from the school curriculum. Much of
• 1:39:50
  Speaker 5: it is so worthless or misleading as to retard education
• 1:39:54
  Speaker 5: and exhaust the children's energies without any definite purpose. Children
• 1:39:59
  Speaker 5: should learn about the country they live in, rather than
• 1:40:02
  Speaker 5: the remote regions of Asia and the Arctic zone. One
• 1:40:07
  Speaker 5: speaker declared that the recreation time can be restfully utilized
• 1:40:11
  Speaker 5: for nature study work. Memory is good, but observation is better,
• 1:40:16
  Speaker 5: and teachers are asking for specimens of fruits, nuts, grains, grasses, woods, leaves, twigs, buds,
• 1:40:23
  Speaker 5: and flowers in the section twenty This recording is in
• 1:40:29
  Speaker 5: the public domain.
• 1:40:35
  Speaker 2: Section twenty one of Birds in All Nature, Volumes six,
• 1:40:41
  Speaker 2: number two, September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot
• 1:40:47
  Speaker 2: org Birds and Ornithologists. Birds has entered upon a new
• 1:40:53
  Speaker 2: year with the satisfaction of having pleased its readers as
• 1:40:58
  Speaker 2: well as having rendered actually service to the cause of education,
• 1:41:03
  Speaker 2: ornithological literature, and art. Nature, with her usual prodigality, has
• 1:41:11
  Speaker 2: scattered thousands of rare and attractive birds throughout the world,
• 1:41:16
  Speaker 2: and of these, the editor of Birds selects the most
• 1:41:20
  Speaker 2: interesting species, the loveliest forms, and the richest plumage for
• 1:41:26
  Speaker 2: preservation by means of magnificent illustrations obtained through the expensive
• 1:41:32
  Speaker 2: process of color photography. A unique treatment of text makes
• 1:41:37
  Speaker 2: the magazine interesting and instructive to old and young alike.
• 1:41:42
  Speaker 2: The people of this locality are noted for being lovers
• 1:41:46
  Speaker 2: of birds and students of nature, and it has given
• 1:41:50
  Speaker 2: the three greatest naturalists the world has ever known. This
• 1:41:55
  Speaker 2: is the native heath of Audubon and Robert Dale Owen.
• 1:42:00
  Speaker 2: Mister S. G Evans, the well known dry goods merchant
• 1:42:04
  Speaker 2: of this city, has a very fine and complete set
• 1:42:07
  Speaker 2: of Audubon's birds. All this fills our eyes to think
• 1:42:12
  Speaker 2: what the world lost in the death of William Hamilton Gibson.
• 1:42:16
  Speaker 2: He made all life seem related to our lives, all
• 1:42:20
  Speaker 2: being to appear one substance, all to be worthy of interest, sympathy, love,
• 1:42:28
  Speaker 2: and reverence. There are strange and beautiful stories told of
• 1:42:33
  Speaker 2: his power to attract and handle the shyest creatures. Once,
• 1:42:38
  Speaker 2: it is said he went to a public library in
• 1:42:42
  Speaker 2: Brooklyn to make a sketch of some rare butterfly, and
• 1:42:46
  Speaker 2: had found a book of plates from which he was
• 1:42:49
  Speaker 2: studying his subject, when loll there floated into the great room.
• 1:42:56
  Speaker 2: One of the very specimens he desired to picture, flutter
• 1:43:00
  Speaker 2: down upon the open page, and at last rested with
• 1:43:04
  Speaker 2: throbbing wings, beside its own portrait. On one election day,
• 1:43:09
  Speaker 2: mister Gibson went to vote, and as he was studying
• 1:43:13
  Speaker 2: his ticket, there came in at the open door. No
• 1:43:18
  Speaker 2: one knew whence a stray pigeon, which flew at once
• 1:43:22
  Speaker 2: to him and perched upon his shoulder. He caressed it
• 1:43:26
  Speaker 2: in his tender fashion, and murmured to it, and then
• 1:43:30
  Speaker 2: it flew away. No one knew whither. Once too, as
• 1:43:34
  Speaker 2: he sat upon his veranda at the Sumacx, his country
• 1:43:37
  Speaker 2: home in Connecticut, describing to a visitor the peculiar markings
• 1:43:42
  Speaker 2: upon the wings of a certain songbird, he suddenly arose,
• 1:43:47
  Speaker 2: stepped to a bush upon the lawn, and coaxed into
• 1:43:51
  Speaker 2: his hand the very bird of which he was talking,
• 1:43:55
  Speaker 2: and which he brought to show to his astonished guest.
• 1:43:58
  Speaker 2: This sympathy with the world, world of life outside of
• 1:44:01
  Speaker 2: man fills his text than his illustrations to overflowing Evansville,
• 1:44:07
  Speaker 2: Indiana Courier, end of section twenty one. This recording is
• 1:44:12
  Speaker 2: in a public.
• 1:44:13
  Speaker 5: Domain Section twenty two of Birds in All Nature, Volume six,
• 1:44:23
  Speaker 5: number two, September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot
• 1:44:29
  Speaker 5: Org by Larry Wilson. Accordance of Nature, for nature beats
• 1:44:36
  Speaker 5: in perfect tune and rounds with rhyme her every room,
• 1:44:39
  Speaker 5: whether she works in land or sea, or hide underground
• 1:44:42
  Speaker 5: her alchemy. Thou canst not wave thy staff in air,
• 1:44:47
  Speaker 5: or dip thy paddle in the lake, but it carves
• 1:44:50
  Speaker 5: the bow of beauty there and the ripples in rhyme
• 1:44:54
  Speaker 5: the ore forsake. The wood is wiser far than thou.
• 1:44:59
  Speaker 5: The wood and wave each other know not unrelated, unafiede.
• 1:45:04
  Speaker 5: But to each thought and thing allied is perfect. Nature's
• 1:45:08
  Speaker 5: every part rotated in the mighty heart. Emmerson O, painter
• 1:45:17
  Speaker 5: of the fruit and flowers. We thank THEE for thy
• 1:45:20
  Speaker 5: wise design, whereby these human hands of ours in Nature's
• 1:45:24
  Speaker 5: garden work with thine and thanks that from our daily
• 1:45:28
  Speaker 5: need the joy of a simple faith is born. That
• 1:45:32
  Speaker 5: he who smites the summer weed may trust THEE for
• 1:45:35
  Speaker 5: the autumn corn. Give fools their gold and knaves their power.
• 1:45:41
  Speaker 5: Let fortune's bubbles rise and fall. Who sows a field,
• 1:45:45
  Speaker 5: or trains a flower, or plants a tree is more
• 1:45:48
  Speaker 5: than all. For he who blesses most is blessed, and
• 1:45:53
  Speaker 5: God and man shall have his worth. Who toils to
• 1:45:56
  Speaker 5: leave as a bequest and added beauty to thee Quittier
• 1:46:03
  Speaker 5: end of section twenty two. This recording is in the
• 1:46:08
  Speaker 5: public domain, Chapter.
• 1:46:14
  Speaker 6: Twenty three of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two,
• 1:46:20
  Speaker 6: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for librovox dot org by
• 1:46:25
  Speaker 6: Betty B. The water lily. This is the name of
• 1:46:29
  Speaker 6: an aquatic plant of the genus Nymphia, distinguished for its
• 1:46:34
  Speaker 6: usually very fragrant flowers and large floating leaves. Applied also
• 1:46:39
  Speaker 6: to the yellow pond lily of the genus neufar. The
• 1:46:44
  Speaker 6: species Alba has a large flower filled with petals so
• 1:46:48
  Speaker 6: as almost to appear double. It raises itself out of
• 1:46:52
  Speaker 6: the water and expands about seven o'clock in the morning,
• 1:46:56
  Speaker 6: and closes again, reposing upon the surface about in the afternoon.
• 1:47:02
  Speaker 6: The roots have an astringent bitter taste. They are used
• 1:47:05
  Speaker 6: in Ireland and in the island of Jura to dye
• 1:47:08
  Speaker 6: a dark brown or chestnut color. Swine are said to
• 1:47:12
  Speaker 6: eat it, goats not to be fond of it, kine
• 1:47:16
  Speaker 6: and horses to refuse it. The flowers, the herb, and
• 1:47:20
  Speaker 6: the root were formerly used in medicine, but are all
• 1:47:23
  Speaker 6: now obsolete. The lotus resembles our common white species in
• 1:47:28
  Speaker 6: the form of the flower and leaves, but the latter
• 1:47:32
  Speaker 6: are toothed about the edge. It is a native of
• 1:47:35
  Speaker 6: the hot parts of the East Indies, Africa and America.
• 1:47:39
  Speaker 6: Is very common in parks, lakes and rivers in Jamaica,
• 1:47:43
  Speaker 6: and grows in vast quantities on the plains of Lower
• 1:47:46
  Speaker 6: Egypt near Cairo during the time they are under water.
• 1:47:50
  Speaker 6: It flowers there about the middle of September and ripens
• 1:47:54
  Speaker 6: toward the twelfth of October. That Arabians call it Nufar.
• 1:47:59
  Speaker 6: The ancient Egyptian made of bread of the seed of
• 1:48:01
  Speaker 6: the lotus, dried and ground. All the species of water
• 1:48:06
  Speaker 6: lilies grow well in large pots of water with a
• 1:48:09
  Speaker 6: few inches of rich soil at the bottom. They are
• 1:48:12
  Speaker 6: propagated by dividing the root, and some sorts which produce bulbs,
• 1:48:17
  Speaker 6: are increased by the offshoots from these. Mister Kent, who
• 1:48:21
  Speaker 6: cultivated these plants to great perfection, found that the bulbous
• 1:48:25
  Speaker 6: rooted nymphia, if limited in their growth for want of
• 1:48:30
  Speaker 6: water or from cold or excessive heat, were apt to
• 1:48:33
  Speaker 6: form bulbous roots and cease growing for the season, hence
• 1:48:38
  Speaker 6: the necessity of water and heat to make them flour freely.
• 1:48:43
  Speaker 6: The plant, known especially in this country as the water lily,
• 1:48:46
  Speaker 6: frequently as pond lily, and sometimes as water nymph, was
• 1:48:51
  Speaker 6: dedicated by the Greeks to the water nymphs. The fruit
• 1:48:55
  Speaker 6: which ripens underwater is berry like pulpy and thin and eat,
• 1:49:00
  Speaker 6: which of its numerous seeds is enveloped in a thin sac.
• 1:49:04
  Speaker 6: Of about twenty species, two are found in the United States.
• 1:49:08
  Speaker 6: Our common species has almost circular leaves which often cover
• 1:49:12
  Speaker 6: a broad surface of water on the margins of lakes
• 1:49:16
  Speaker 6: and ponds, forming what are known as lily pads. The
• 1:49:20
  Speaker 6: flowers are often over five inches across of the purest white,
• 1:49:24
  Speaker 6: and have a most agreeable sweet scent. In some localities
• 1:49:29
  Speaker 6: the flowers are tinged with pink, and they are found,
• 1:49:32
  Speaker 6: though rarely, with the petals bright pink throughout. The leaves
• 1:49:36
  Speaker 6: also vary in size and sometimes are crimson on the underside.
• 1:49:41
  Speaker 6: The rootstalk, as large as one's arm and several feet long,
• 1:49:46
  Speaker 6: is blackish outside and marked with scars left by the
• 1:49:49
  Speaker 6: leaves and flower stems. It is whitish within. Though the
• 1:49:54
  Speaker 6: plant often grows in water several feet deep, the leaf
• 1:49:58
  Speaker 6: and flower accommodate themsel to the depths, and they may
• 1:50:02
  Speaker 6: sometimes be found where there are but a few inches
• 1:50:05
  Speaker 6: of water. At a place called Dutchman Slough, we are
• 1:50:09
  Speaker 6: informed by mister George Northrop, about half a mile above
• 1:50:13
  Speaker 6: the outlet of Calumet Lake, south of Chicago, grow great
• 1:50:17
  Speaker 6: quantities of water lilies which are gathered every season for
• 1:50:21
  Speaker 6: the Chicago market end of section twenty three. This recording
• 1:50:28
  Speaker 6: is in the public domain Section twenty four of Birds
• 1:50:37
  Speaker 6: and All Nature, volume six, number two, September eighteen ninety nine,
• 1:50:43
  Speaker 6: recorded for librovox dot Org by Betty B. The white swan,
• 1:50:49
  Speaker 6: the magnificent bird, is well known from being kept in
• 1:50:53
  Speaker 6: a half domesticated condition throughout many parts of Europe, whence
• 1:50:57
  Speaker 6: it has been carried to other countries. In England, according
• 1:51:01
  Speaker 6: to Newton, it was more abundant formerly than at present,
• 1:51:05
  Speaker 6: the young being highly esteemed for the table. It was
• 1:51:09
  Speaker 6: under special enactments for its preservation, being regarded as a
• 1:51:13
  Speaker 6: bird royal, which no subject could possess without license from
• 1:51:18
  Speaker 6: the Crown, the granting of which license was accompanied by
• 1:51:22
  Speaker 6: the condition that every bird in the game, the old
• 1:51:25
  Speaker 6: legal term of swans, should bear a distinct mark of
• 1:51:29
  Speaker 6: ownership on the bill. Originally, this ownership was conferred on
• 1:51:34
  Speaker 6: the larger freeholders only, but it was gradually extended so
• 1:51:38
  Speaker 6: that in the reign of Elizabeth, upwards of nine hundred
• 1:51:42
  Speaker 6: distinct swan marks, being those of private persons or corporations,
• 1:51:47
  Speaker 6: were recognized by the royal swanherd, whose jurisdiction extended over
• 1:51:52
  Speaker 6: the whole Kingdom. At the present time, the Queen's companies
• 1:51:57
  Speaker 6: of Dyers and Vintnors still maintained their swine on the Thames.
• 1:52:01
  Speaker 6: The largest swannery in England is that belonging to Lord Ilchester.
• 1:52:07
  Speaker 6: It has been stated that the swan was introduced into
• 1:52:10
  Speaker 6: England in the reign of Richard cour de Lyon, but
• 1:52:14
  Speaker 6: it is now so perfectly naturalized that birds having the
• 1:52:18
  Speaker 6: full power of flight remain in the country. There is
• 1:52:22
  Speaker 6: no evidence to show that its numbers are ever increased
• 1:52:26
  Speaker 6: by immigration from abroad, though it is known to breed
• 1:52:29
  Speaker 6: as a wild bird in the extreme south of Sweden,
• 1:52:33
  Speaker 6: whence it may be traced in a southeasterly direction to
• 1:52:37
  Speaker 6: the valley of the Danube. The nest of the swan
• 1:52:40
  Speaker 6: is a large mass of aquatic plants, is often two
• 1:52:44
  Speaker 6: feet high and six feet in diameter. The eggs are
• 1:52:48
  Speaker 6: from five to nine in number, of a grayish olive color.
• 1:52:52
  Speaker 6: The young are hatched in five to six weeks, and
• 1:52:55
  Speaker 6: when hatched, are closed in sooty gray down, which is
• 1:53:00
  Speaker 6: by feathers of dark soot gray. This suit is gradually
• 1:53:04
  Speaker 6: replaced by white, but the signets are more than a
• 1:53:08
  Speaker 6: year old before they lose all trace of color and
• 1:53:11
  Speaker 6: become wholly white. The swan of North America is considerably
• 1:53:16
  Speaker 6: larger than that of the Old World. The first species
• 1:53:20
  Speaker 6: is the trumpeter so called, of which the bill is
• 1:53:23
  Speaker 6: wholly black, and the second Signus Columbianus or Americanus, has
• 1:53:30
  Speaker 6: the colored patches on the bill of less extent and
• 1:53:33
  Speaker 6: deepening almost into scarlet. Fossil remains of more than one
• 1:53:38
  Speaker 6: species of swan have been found. Our picture presents this
• 1:53:43
  Speaker 6: stately bird swimming among water lilies, a site that may
• 1:53:47
  Speaker 6: be seen in summer in some of our American parks,
• 1:53:51
  Speaker 6: notably the Central Park of New York City. Chicago and
• 1:53:54
  Speaker 6: Cincinnati have some fine specimens for portrait and sketch of
• 1:53:59
  Speaker 6: the black sul q one see Volume three, pages sixty
• 1:54:03
  Speaker 6: six and sixty seven, end of section twenty four. This
• 1:54:09
  Speaker 6: recording is in the public domain.
• 1:54:17
  Speaker 2: Section twenty five of Birds in All Nature, volume six,
• 1:54:22
  Speaker 2: number two, September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot org.
• 1:54:29
  Speaker 2: Nebraska's Many Birds. Nebraska is distinctively the bird center of
• 1:54:36
  Speaker 2: the United States. It contains more species than any other
• 1:54:41
  Speaker 2: state in the Union, and ornithologists who have studied its
• 1:54:45
  Speaker 2: feathered possessions have classified four hundred and seventeen distinct species
• 1:54:50
  Speaker 2: that may be seen within its boundaries. Of these, two
• 1:54:55
  Speaker 2: hundred and twenty five species breed here, and the remainder
• 1:54:59
  Speaker 2: are migrants who drop in on us at certain seasons
• 1:55:03
  Speaker 2: and then pass on to their breeding grounds. The natural
• 1:55:07
  Speaker 2: features of Nebraska are largely responsible for this remarkable variety
• 1:55:12
  Speaker 2: of feathered population. It includes a diversity of country that
• 1:55:17
  Speaker 2: offers attractions for hundreds of songsters. For instance, the mocking
• 1:55:22
  Speaker 2: bird and the cardinal grosbeak, who are distinctive southern birds,
• 1:55:28
  Speaker 2: frequently appear in the southern corner of the state, and
• 1:55:32
  Speaker 2: in the west we have a large number of what
• 1:55:35
  Speaker 2: are usually regarded as mountain birds, but which come down
• 1:55:39
  Speaker 2: from the foothills at intervals to the Kingdom of Quavera,
• 1:55:44
  Speaker 2: Omaha b end of Section twenty five. This recording is
• 1:55:49
  Speaker 2: in the public.
• 1:55:49
  Speaker 1: Domain Section twenty six of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, No. Two,
• 1:56:04
  Speaker 1: September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot Org by
• 1:56:09
  Speaker 1: Noel Badrian Lurelene Old Irish Air. There was a little
• 1:56:18
  Speaker 1: water sprite. Her name was Lurelene, amid the water lilies white.
• 1:56:23
  Speaker 1: Sometimes she might be seen. She was a fairy child.
• 1:56:28
  Speaker 1: Lurelene could sit secure and cool upon those lily leaves
• 1:56:33
  Speaker 1: so green you see in some lone pool. There would
• 1:56:39
  Speaker 1: she sit the summer day, singing a song so bright.
• 1:56:44
  Speaker 1: You never heard the song, you say, and don't believe
• 1:56:47
  Speaker 1: it quite. But that perhaps is just because when you
• 1:56:52
  Speaker 1: quite near her stood, you did not notice where she
• 1:56:56
  Speaker 1: was or listen as you should. It happened in the
• 1:57:01
  Speaker 1: month of June, the happy summer time. She always sang
• 1:57:05
  Speaker 1: a lovelier tune and wove a lovelier rhyme. And you too,
• 1:57:11
  Speaker 1: like too, Laurelin, a lovelier song would sing if only
• 1:57:16
  Speaker 1: you knew what they mean, the flowers and everything, if
• 1:57:22
  Speaker 1: you were like a water sprite. The water sprites know
• 1:57:26
  Speaker 1: well the wondrous things of day and night, and all
• 1:57:30
  Speaker 1: they have to tell. They know and love the creatures wild,
• 1:57:36
  Speaker 1: and all the flowers that grow. They live with them
• 1:57:40
  Speaker 1: and love them well. God's hidden pets they know. And now,
• 1:57:46
  Speaker 1: if you want more to know what Ammodine saw there,
• 1:57:50
  Speaker 1: you first must love all things below in water, earth
• 1:57:55
  Speaker 1: and air. You first must love all things that move
• 1:58:00
  Speaker 1: among the trees and flowers, and then you shall have
• 1:58:05
  Speaker 1: more to love in shining fairy bowers. End of section
• 1:58:12
  Speaker 1: twenty six.
• 1:58:19
  Speaker 5: Section twenty seven of Birds in All Nature, Volume six,
• 1:58:24
  Speaker 5: number two, September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 1:58:31
  Speaker 5: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 1:58:35
  Speaker 5: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording
• 1:58:41
  Speaker 5: by Larry Wilson, A contribution to child study literature. It
• 1:58:49
  Speaker 5: has been a blessed thing for the child and for
• 1:58:52
  Speaker 5: humanity that the former has at last attracted our attention
• 1:58:56
  Speaker 5: in a way to force upon us the conviction that
• 1:58:59
  Speaker 5: it is time we found out what to do with him.
• 1:59:03
  Speaker 5: People of scientific bent think this can be done by
• 1:59:07
  Speaker 5: measurement and test experiments. Many fond and utterly unscientific mammas
• 1:59:14
  Speaker 5: think it can be done by an all absorbing deference
• 1:59:18
  Speaker 5: to the child's whims by setting the child on a
• 1:59:21
  Speaker 5: pedestal and pouring ointments over him, and bringing him sweetmeats
• 1:59:26
  Speaker 5: and nectar on silver platters. I am not sure, but
• 1:59:30
  Speaker 5: it was this latter conduct on the part of the
• 1:59:32
  Speaker 5: parent that called the attention of teachers to the need
• 1:59:36
  Speaker 5: of a thorough study of the child and his requirements.
• 1:59:40
  Speaker 5: For nothing else is so detrimental to the child's development
• 1:59:44
  Speaker 5: as this growing tendency to pamper him. The old method
• 1:59:49
  Speaker 5: of treating the child was to ignore him, to let
• 1:59:52
  Speaker 5: him be seen and not heard, to think that because
• 1:59:56
  Speaker 5: he was young, he could run errands all day each
• 2:00:00
  Speaker 5: what was left at the table, sleep in the coldest
• 2:00:03
  Speaker 5: bed at night, and be thrust into the corner as
• 2:00:06
  Speaker 5: an undesirable piece of furniture. Now the custom is exactly
• 2:00:11
  Speaker 5: the reverse. In most well to do families, the child
• 2:00:15
  Speaker 5: is the central figure, and the parents stand around to
• 2:00:18
  Speaker 5: minister to him. Nothing is too rich for him, and
• 2:00:22
  Speaker 5: he becomes the darling, terror and tyrant of the household.
• 2:00:28
  Speaker 5: As between the old boxing glove method and this modern
• 2:00:31
  Speaker 5: kid glove method of handling the child, the former is preferable.
• 2:00:36
  Speaker 5: The hardier one survive, but no character is proof against
• 2:00:41
  Speaker 5: the seductive innervation of pampering. These facts in regard to
• 2:00:46
  Speaker 5: the development of youth have not escaped the notice of
• 2:00:50
  Speaker 5: that keenest of observers, Rudyard Kipling. In Captain's Courageous He
• 2:00:55
  Speaker 5: has given us his opinion as to the best means
• 2:00:58
  Speaker 5: of rescuing boys girls who threatened to become utterly worthless,
• 2:01:03
  Speaker 5: and of transforming them into useful men and women. Child
• 2:01:09
  Speaker 5: study monthly in the section twenty seven.
• 2:01:20
  Speaker 6: Section twenty eight of Birds and All Nature, Volume six,
• 2:01:25
  Speaker 6: number two, September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot
• 2:01:30
  Speaker 6: Org by Betty B. The yellow perch Perka Fluvia tillis.
• 2:01:37
  Speaker 6: This is a freshwater fish and is generally distributed over Europe,
• 2:01:42
  Speaker 6: Northern Asia, and North America, and so well known as
• 2:01:47
  Speaker 6: to have been it is said selected for the type
• 2:01:50
  Speaker 6: of an entire family of spiny rayed fishes, the presidus,
• 2:01:55
  Speaker 6: which is represented in European freshwaters by several other fishes,
• 2:02:00
  Speaker 6: such as the pope and the pike perch. It inhabits
• 2:02:04
  Speaker 6: rivers as well as lakes, and thrives best in waters
• 2:02:08
  Speaker 6: of a depth of not less than three feet. In
• 2:02:11
  Speaker 6: large deep lakes, it frequently descends to depths of fifty
• 2:02:15
  Speaker 6: fathoms and more. It occurs in Scandinavia as far north
• 2:02:20
  Speaker 6: as the sixty ninth Parallel, but does not extend to
• 2:02:23
  Speaker 6: Iceland or any of the islands north of Europe. In
• 2:02:27
  Speaker 6: the Alps, it ascends to an altitude of four thousand feet.
• 2:02:32
  Speaker 6: The shape of the body of the perch is well proportioned,
• 2:02:35
  Speaker 6: but many variations occur, some specimens being very high backed,
• 2:02:40
  Speaker 6: others low and long bodied. Sometimes such variations are local,
• 2:02:45
  Speaker 6: and Agazies and other naturalists at one time thought it
• 2:02:50
  Speaker 6: possible to distinguish two species of the common perch of Europe,
• 2:02:55
  Speaker 6: but it can be separated specifically from the North American form.
• 2:03:00
  Speaker 6: The brilliant colors of the perch render it easily recognizable
• 2:03:04
  Speaker 6: even at a distance. A rich greenish brown with golden
• 2:03:08
  Speaker 6: reflections covers the back and sides, which are crossed with
• 2:03:12
  Speaker 6: five or seven bands. A large black spot covers the
• 2:03:16
  Speaker 6: membrane between the last spines of the dorsal fin, and
• 2:03:20
  Speaker 6: the lower parts are bright vermilion. In the large peaty
• 2:03:24
  Speaker 6: lakes of North Germany, a beautiful variety is not uncommon,
• 2:03:29
  Speaker 6: in which the golden tinge prevails, as in a goldfish.
• 2:03:34
  Speaker 6: The perch is carnivorous and voracious. It wanders about in
• 2:03:38
  Speaker 6: small shoals within a certain district, playing havoc among small fishes,
• 2:03:43
  Speaker 6: and is therefore objectionable in waters where more valuable fry
• 2:03:48
  Speaker 6: is cultivated. Perch of three pounds in weight are often caught.
• 2:03:53
  Speaker 6: One of five would now be regarded as an extraordinary specimen,
• 2:03:57
  Speaker 6: though in rare instances we read of individuals exceeding even
• 2:04:02
  Speaker 6: that weight. An old fisherman, mister George Northrop, a man
• 2:04:07
  Speaker 6: of rare intelligence, tells us that of thousands of perch
• 2:04:10
  Speaker 6: caught by him, he never took one that weighed above
• 2:04:14
  Speaker 6: three pounds. Perch are good wholesome food and highly esteemed
• 2:04:18
  Speaker 6: in inland countries where marine fish can be obtained only
• 2:04:22
  Speaker 6: with difficulty. The nearly allied pipe perch is one of
• 2:04:26
  Speaker 6: the best European food fishes. It is very prolific, begins
• 2:04:31
  Speaker 6: to spawn when three years old in April or May,
• 2:04:35
  Speaker 6: depositing the ova on water plants. End of section twenty eight.
• 2:04:42
  Speaker 6: This recording is in the public domain Section twenty nine
• 2:04:51
  Speaker 6: of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, number two, September
• 2:04:57
  Speaker 6: eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox dot Org by Betty b.
• 2:05:03
  Speaker 6: Mounting of Birds, the mounting of birds and the small
• 2:05:07
  Speaker 6: animals of the field and forest is an art which
• 2:05:11
  Speaker 6: is possessed by few people, yet which is not difficult,
• 2:05:15
  Speaker 6: and which especially appeals to the lover of nature. It
• 2:05:18
  Speaker 6: is an art which it is well worth while popularizing,
• 2:05:22
  Speaker 6: for it can be made the vehicle for the expression
• 2:05:25
  Speaker 6: of a great deal of beauty, while preserving and making
• 2:05:29
  Speaker 6: use in the interests of scientific study of materials which
• 2:05:34
  Speaker 6: otherwise would be irretrievably lost. There has been need for
• 2:05:38
  Speaker 6: some time of an authoritative work on the subject, something
• 2:05:42
  Speaker 6: which would enable the amateur to mount birds and animals,
• 2:05:46
  Speaker 6: and which would be full and complete as to the
• 2:05:49
  Speaker 6: information it conveyed. This want has been met by mister
• 2:05:53
  Speaker 6: John Rowley, the chief of the Department of Taxidermy in
• 2:05:58
  Speaker 6: the American Museum of Natural Health History, who has written
• 2:06:01
  Speaker 6: a convenient volume of something over two hundred pages on
• 2:06:06
  Speaker 6: the art of taxidermy, which has just been published by
• 2:06:09
  Speaker 6: the Appletons. In the forward with which the author introduces
• 2:06:14
  Speaker 6: the book, he says that the name taxidermy was formerly
• 2:06:18
  Speaker 6: applied to the trade of most inartistically upholstering a skin,
• 2:06:23
  Speaker 6: but that of late years it has made wonderful strides
• 2:06:28
  Speaker 6: end of section twenty nine. This recording is in the
• 2:06:32
  Speaker 6: public domain Section thirty of Birds and All Nature, Volume
• 2:06:43
  Speaker 6: six n two September eighteen ninety nine, recorded for LibriVox
• 2:06:48
  Speaker 6: dot Org by Betty b birds in town. Ella f
• 2:06:54
  Speaker 6: Mosby wrens are friendly to man. The little house wren
• 2:06:58
  Speaker 6: in summer and the Carolina wren in winter give us
• 2:07:02
  Speaker 6: a merry round delay for all sorts of weather. Bewick's wren,
• 2:07:07
  Speaker 6: Mister Torrey says, greatly prefers the town to woods and meadows,
• 2:07:12
  Speaker 6: and even the winter wrenkin. Dear little saucy brownie that
• 2:07:16
  Speaker 6: he is vouchsafes us a glimpse of himself now and
• 2:07:20
  Speaker 6: then in the city. As for the bigger kinsfolk, the
• 2:07:24
  Speaker 6: mocking bird and catbird, they love the shrubbery of our
• 2:07:27
  Speaker 6: lawns and gardens, and sing close at hand. Nor are
• 2:07:31
  Speaker 6: the thrushes, shy, as they are in the breeding season,
• 2:07:35
  Speaker 6: hard to discover during the migrations, A Swainson's thrush will
• 2:07:40
  Speaker 6: sit for an hour or so, almost within touch, his
• 2:07:44
  Speaker 6: big liquid eyes regarding his human neighbors. Placidly strange to say,
• 2:07:50
  Speaker 6: I have seen but few swallows or sparrows in town,
• 2:07:54
  Speaker 6: except the chipping or doorsteps sparrow, and the purple martin,
• 2:07:58
  Speaker 6: which belongs to the swallow tribe, though the misnamed chimney
• 2:08:02
  Speaker 6: swallow does not. The song of the martin like musical
• 2:08:07
  Speaker 6: laughter rippling through the throat, and the giggling twitter of
• 2:08:10
  Speaker 6: the chimney dweller often seem to drop to us out
• 2:08:14
  Speaker 6: of the air as they dart overhead. Even peeweees and
• 2:08:18
  Speaker 6: cuckoos visit us after their broods are reared, the wistful
• 2:08:22
  Speaker 6: cry of the first and the rattling call of the
• 2:08:25
  Speaker 6: latter sounding oddly from some tall tree close by the
• 2:08:29
  Speaker 6: crowded street. At this time, too, the grackles perch upon
• 2:08:34
  Speaker 6: the roofs, and nighthawks and whipperwells are heard overhead in
• 2:08:38
  Speaker 6: the dusky twilights. One would not naturally expect to find
• 2:08:43
  Speaker 6: game birds or birds of prey in a city, Yet
• 2:08:46
  Speaker 6: the Virginia quail frequently sends forth his ringing bob woite
• 2:08:51
  Speaker 6: from any low roof or fence in the spring or
• 2:08:54
  Speaker 6: early fall, and more than once long billed water birds
• 2:08:59
  Speaker 6: have been caught by the street lamps. At night, the eerie,
• 2:09:03
  Speaker 6: tremulous cry of the little screech owl sounds from the
• 2:09:06
  Speaker 6: apple tree, and in winter he flies with a soft
• 2:09:09
  Speaker 6: thud against the window pane, attracted by the light shining
• 2:09:14
  Speaker 6: through the snow. Some owls choose a belfry tower as
• 2:09:18
  Speaker 6: their favorite shelter and live there year after year. Our
• 2:09:22
  Speaker 6: most glorious bird day is when the orioles appear in
• 2:09:26
  Speaker 6: flashing black and gold with ringing whistle, or their orchard
• 2:09:30
  Speaker 6: cousins in ruddy chestnut tints, alternately singing and scolding chack check.
• 2:09:36
  Speaker 6: And little later come the scarlet and summer tanagers to
• 2:09:40
  Speaker 6: the parks and public gardens, lighting up the tall trees
• 2:09:44
  Speaker 6: with their splendid color, and making the neighborhood ring with
• 2:09:48
  Speaker 6: their chip chure and chicki tuck, as if in call
• 2:09:51
  Speaker 6: and answer. One day I saw these, and not far away,
• 2:09:56
  Speaker 6: the crested cardinal glowing like a tropical flower, the red
• 2:10:00
  Speaker 6: headed woodpeckers close by, and some red starts glittering and
• 2:10:05
  Speaker 6: flitting from bow to bow, truly a study in red.
• 2:10:10
  Speaker 6: As for the smaller birds, hummingbirds, kinglets, vireos, and warblers,
• 2:10:15
  Speaker 6: the trees of any city yard will be a frequented
• 2:10:18
  Speaker 6: hostelry for all during their wonderful journeys, and for many
• 2:10:22
  Speaker 6: as a summer home. Those that love the tree tops
• 2:10:25
  Speaker 6: are seen all the better by human inhabitants of upper stories,
• 2:10:30
  Speaker 6: and some of our most charming bird books give us
• 2:10:33
  Speaker 6: the experiences of a busy woman in a New York flat,
• 2:10:38
  Speaker 6: or of another in a Chicago backyard, and of more
• 2:10:41
  Speaker 6: than one invalid watching these free, joyous lives with unenvious delight.
• 2:10:47
  Speaker 6: A good glass, either opera glass or field glass, will
• 2:10:51
  Speaker 6: open many a pretty bit of house weaving and brood
• 2:10:54
  Speaker 6: rearing to an observer shut in by walls and pavements,
• 2:10:59
  Speaker 6: and bring many a pleasant acquaintance. At this very moment,
• 2:11:03
  Speaker 6: a slender gray catbird glides through the boughs close by
• 2:11:07
  Speaker 6: my upper window with a low chuck chuck. As I
• 2:11:10
  Speaker 6: glance at him. He knows I am a friend, but
• 2:11:13
  Speaker 6: would fain enjoin silence for a black cat prowls below.
• 2:11:20
  Speaker 6: End of section thirty This recording is in the public
• 2:11:24
  Speaker 6: domain Section thirty one of Birds and All Nature, Volume six, No. Two,
• 2:11:36
  Speaker 6: September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording. All
• 2:11:41
  Speaker 6: LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more information
• 2:11:45
  Speaker 6: or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Recording by
• 2:11:51
  Speaker 6: Betty B. The oven Bird Golden crowned Thrush Nellie hart
• 2:11:56
  Speaker 6: Woodworth a marvelous quarrel is the rare ecstasy song of
• 2:12:02
  Speaker 6: the oven bird. See volume three, one hundred twenty six
• 2:12:06
  Speaker 6: to one under twenty seven. It was first recorded at
• 2:12:09
  Speaker 6: a comparatively recent date by that versatile writer, poet, essayist
• 2:12:15
  Speaker 6: naturalist mister John Burrows. After speaking of the bird's easy
• 2:12:20
  Speaker 6: gliding walk it being one of the few birds that
• 2:12:23
  Speaker 6: are walkers not hoppers, he said, its other lark trait,
• 2:12:28
  Speaker 6: namely singing in the air, seems not to have been
• 2:12:31
  Speaker 6: observed by any naturalists. Yet it is a well established
• 2:12:35
  Speaker 6: characteristic and may be verified by any person who will
• 2:12:39
  Speaker 6: spend a half hour in the woods where this bird
• 2:12:42
  Speaker 6: abounds on some June afternoon or evening. I hear it
• 2:12:46
  Speaker 6: frequently after sundown, when the ecstatic singer can hardly be
• 2:12:50
  Speaker 6: distinguished against the sky bounting by easy flights to the
• 2:12:55
  Speaker 6: top of the tallest tree. He launches into the air
• 2:12:58
  Speaker 6: with a sort of suspens bended hovering flight, and bursts
• 2:13:02
  Speaker 6: into a perfect ecstasy of song, clear, ringing, copious, rivaling
• 2:13:08
  Speaker 6: the goldfinches in vivacity and the linets in melody. Its
• 2:13:13
  Speaker 6: descent after the song is finished is rapid and precisely
• 2:13:17
  Speaker 6: like that of the titlark when it sweeps down from
• 2:13:20
  Speaker 6: its course to a light on the ground. The same
• 2:13:24
  Speaker 6: writer speaks of waking up in the night just in
• 2:13:27
  Speaker 6: time to hear a golden crowned thrush the oven bird
• 2:13:31
  Speaker 6: sing in a tree near by. It sang as loud
• 2:13:34
  Speaker 6: and cheerily as at midday. My first acquaintance with this
• 2:13:38
  Speaker 6: rare overture was at the close of a hot day
• 2:13:41
  Speaker 6: in July. As I was walking with the naturalist. A
• 2:13:44
  Speaker 6: splendor floated in the air, like a musical cloud, as
• 2:13:48
  Speaker 6: strange notes of gladness rang through the twilight with the
• 2:13:52
  Speaker 6: clearness of a silver bugle. It came again a clear, sweet,
• 2:13:57
  Speaker 6: outpouring song, which I recklessly treributed to several goldfinches, singing
• 2:14:02
  Speaker 6: as they often do in concert. The trained air of
• 2:14:06
  Speaker 6: the Naturalist was not so easily deceived, and when my
• 2:14:09
  Speaker 6: attention was called to the more gushing character of the melody,
• 2:14:14
  Speaker 6: I wondered that it could have escaped notice. It was
• 2:14:17
  Speaker 6: a very irrigation of song, the bursting of some cloud
• 2:14:21
  Speaker 6: overhead that scattered melodious fragments all about. A mating choral unheard,
• 2:14:27
  Speaker 6: probably after the nesting season is over. Entering the woods
• 2:14:32
  Speaker 6: in early summer, this bird is sure to shake out
• 2:14:35
  Speaker 6: its ordinary rattling chorus, Teacher, Teacher, teacher, the notes delivered
• 2:14:41
  Speaker 6: with tremendous force and distinctness, and the emphasis increasing a
• 2:14:46
  Speaker 6: vibrant crescendo chant as unlike the brilliant ecstasy song as
• 2:14:51
  Speaker 6: can be imagined. The oven bird is also called the
• 2:14:55
  Speaker 6: golden crowned thrush for no conceivable reason, unless it is
• 2:14:59
  Speaker 6: that the is not a thrush but clasped with the warblers,
• 2:15:03
  Speaker 6: or is it that its white breast, thickly spotted with
• 2:15:06
  Speaker 6: dusky resembles the thrushes. There is a peculiar delicacy in
• 2:15:11
  Speaker 6: the texture of its olive green ropes, as fine as
• 2:15:15
  Speaker 6: if woven in king's houses. While set deep in hues
• 2:15:18
  Speaker 6: of the raven's wing, it wears that regal appertinence a
• 2:15:22
  Speaker 6: crown of gold. While watching from a rocky height a
• 2:15:27
  Speaker 6: pair of hermit thrushes that were housekeeping in a hemlock beneath,
• 2:15:31
  Speaker 6: an oven bird flew from a maple bough to a
• 2:15:34
  Speaker 6: high clump of ferns near by. In its beak was
• 2:15:37
  Speaker 6: a quantity of dry grass, bulky material that interfered sadly
• 2:15:42
  Speaker 6: with both walking and flight. The small burden bearer managed, however,
• 2:15:47
  Speaker 6: to progress slowly, moving its head from side to side
• 2:15:51
  Speaker 6: to disentangle the grasses, and lifting its little feet in
• 2:15:55
  Speaker 6: the daintiest manner, until it disappeared where the ferns were thickest.
• 2:16:00
  Speaker 6: Pretty soon it came in sight again, sauntered about with
• 2:16:03
  Speaker 6: diverting nonchalance, and was off, alighting upon the same bough
• 2:16:08
  Speaker 6: to drop down into the same corner of the thicket.
• 2:16:11
  Speaker 6: This behavior was not without an inference. It was an
• 2:16:15
  Speaker 6: advertisement of future hopes, too plainly written to escape notice.
• 2:16:20
  Speaker 6: I might have been stone blind and seen straight into
• 2:16:23
  Speaker 6: the future. The nest must have been within a circle
• 2:16:26
  Speaker 6: of a few feet, but with rank greenery above and underfoot,
• 2:16:31
  Speaker 6: the accumulated leafage of the ages soft and penetrative, as
• 2:16:36
  Speaker 6: if placed layer by layer for the bird's special accommodation.
• 2:16:40
  Speaker 6: Any square foot might have held the treasure and kept
• 2:16:44
  Speaker 6: the secret of possession. Soon after, a farmer told me
• 2:16:48
  Speaker 6: of a strange nest, a curiously covered house with a
• 2:16:51
  Speaker 6: low door within which the sitting bird could be seen.
• 2:16:55
  Speaker 6: The bird's flight as it left the nest first attracted
• 2:16:59
  Speaker 6: his attention, just in time to prevent his foot from
• 2:17:03
  Speaker 6: crushing through the roof. He had never heard of oven birds,
• 2:17:07
  Speaker 6: or of roofed over nests, and was so interested in
• 2:17:10
  Speaker 6: this new page of natural history that once a day,
• 2:17:14
  Speaker 6: when he went for the cows, he went round that
• 2:17:17
  Speaker 6: way to see how things were getting on there. Every
• 2:17:21
  Speaker 6: time I went, he said, I expected to find that
• 2:17:23
  Speaker 6: the cattle had spoiled it. After describing his interesting tenants,
• 2:17:28
  Speaker 6: he offered to share the pleasure of their acquaintance, saying
• 2:17:32
  Speaker 6: most kindly, I wouldn't mind leaving the hay field any
• 2:17:35
  Speaker 6: time to take you there. I've done my share of hanging.
• 2:17:39
  Speaker 6: I guess the boys don't want me to work so hard.
• 2:17:42
  Speaker 6: Come up tomorrow, and I'll go with you. I was
• 2:17:45
  Speaker 6: there with tomorrow, and was, if possible, more amazed at
• 2:17:49
  Speaker 6: the adaptation of the oven to its surroundings than with
• 2:17:53
  Speaker 6: the structure itself. The bird was sitting and not at
• 2:17:58
  Speaker 6: all disposed to leave on our account. She merely drew
• 2:18:01
  Speaker 6: in her pretty head, cuddled closer to the ground, and waited.
• 2:18:05
  Speaker 6: Both house and tenant were so thoroughly blended in color
• 2:18:09
  Speaker 6: with the environing leafage that when pointed out, it was
• 2:18:12
  Speaker 6: difficult for the eye to locate them. Possibly the brave
• 2:18:16
  Speaker 6: little housekeeper divined the situation, or did she presume upon
• 2:18:21
  Speaker 6: a previous acquaintance with the friendly farmer, the proprietor of
• 2:18:26
  Speaker 6: the establishment. A little man milliner, with a bow of
• 2:18:30
  Speaker 6: orange ribbon in his bonnet, sang through the fragrant morning,
• 2:18:34
  Speaker 6: as if glad of an opportunity of speaking to a
• 2:18:37
  Speaker 6: gracious audience, interlarding his song with rushing over to his family.
• 2:18:43
  Speaker 6: Vault I was going to say, for being sunken a
• 2:18:46
  Speaker 6: bit in the ground and dark within, it suggested a mausoleum.
• 2:18:51
  Speaker 6: A tiny ledge of slate, tilted vertically made a strong
• 2:18:55
  Speaker 6: wall upon one side of the small estate. Young beeches,
• 2:19:00
  Speaker 6: kept down by browsing cattle grew where the rear gates
• 2:19:03
  Speaker 6: should have been, and a maple twig partially screened the entrance.
• 2:19:08
  Speaker 6: Evergreen ferns crowded between the oven and the wall, their
• 2:19:12
  Speaker 6: leaves interlaced above the roof, with others opposite, the tips
• 2:19:17
  Speaker 6: of two being caught down and interwoven with the roofing.
• 2:19:21
  Speaker 6: The nest was made of dry leaves, lapped and overlapped,
• 2:19:25
  Speaker 6: padded and felted in one compact arch, a veritable arch
• 2:19:30
  Speaker 6: of triumph. Upon July fifteenth six, creamy white eggs dotted
• 2:19:35
  Speaker 6: with brown and lilac lay safe within these, being duly
• 2:19:40
  Speaker 6: replaced by a round half dozen little ovens whose mouths
• 2:19:44
  Speaker 6: were always open. Indeed, more food was shoved into these
• 2:19:48
  Speaker 6: open mouthed storehouses than would have supplied a village bake shop,
• 2:19:52
  Speaker 6: and still there was room for more. Warm rain soon
• 2:19:56
  Speaker 6: gave the nest an unyielding texture, so matted and felt
• 2:20:00
  Speaker 6: it that the full weight of the hand left no impression.
• 2:20:04
  Speaker 6: And I question whether the foot set plumply down, would
• 2:20:08
  Speaker 6: have crushed it out of shape entirely. When the young
• 2:20:11
  Speaker 6: birds had flown, I brought home the nest as a
• 2:20:14
  Speaker 6: unique souvenir of summer. Removed from the picturesque setting, it
• 2:20:19
  Speaker 6: was no longer interesting. Its charm was that of environment,
• 2:20:23
  Speaker 6: its beauty the marvel of adaptation. So surely does nature
• 2:20:28
  Speaker 6: equip each bird with an individuality that distinguishes it from
• 2:20:33
  Speaker 6: all others. Not only had they common rules followed in
• 2:20:36
  Speaker 6: obedience to the law of instinct, but each species has
• 2:20:40
  Speaker 6: special gifts developed according to the law of its nature,
• 2:20:45
  Speaker 6: a law of harmony so delicately enforced that the law
• 2:20:49
  Speaker 6: itself is not perceptible. End of Section thirty one.
• 2:21:00
  Speaker 3: Section thirty two of Birds and All Nature, volume six,
• 2:21:03
  Speaker 3: number two, September eighteen ninety nine. This is a LibriVox recording.
• 2:21:08
  Speaker 3: All LibriVox recordings are in the public domain. For more
• 2:21:12
  Speaker 3: information or to volunteer, please visit LibriVox dot org. Insect
• 2:21:17
  Speaker 3: Life Underground.
• 2:21:20
  Speaker 8: L. O.
• 2:21:21
  Speaker 3: Howard, pH d, Entomologist, US Department of Agriculture and Curator,
• 2:21:26
  Speaker 3: Department of Insects, US National Museum. There is an old
• 2:21:32
  Speaker 3: German child's story of a little girl who being told
• 2:21:36
  Speaker 3: that if she could find a place to hide her
• 2:21:38
  Speaker 3: first silver piece where no eye could see her, and
• 2:21:41
  Speaker 3: then dance around it three times, she would have her wish.
• 2:21:45
  Speaker 3: She sought everywhere for such a place, but always some
• 2:21:48
  Speaker 3: bird or squirrel, or mouse or insect was nearby, And
• 2:21:52
  Speaker 3: even when she dug beneath the ground, there too were
• 2:21:55
  Speaker 3: little crawling creatures watching her. It may be said that
• 2:22:00
  Speaker 3: this story was meant to show that animal life is
• 2:22:03
  Speaker 3: found almost everywhere, and certainly beneath the surface of the ground.
• 2:22:06
  Speaker 3: There are hundreds of kinds of insects, working steadily away
• 2:22:10
  Speaker 3: at their different occupations. For whatever disagreeable things you may
• 2:22:14
  Speaker 3: find to say about insects, you can never justly call
• 2:22:18
  Speaker 3: them lazy. The scriptures recognize this fact in the well
• 2:22:22
  Speaker 3: known command to the Sluggard, and the old nursery rhyme
• 2:22:26
  Speaker 3: about the busy bee emphasizes the same characteristic. The truest
• 2:22:31
  Speaker 3: underground insects are those which pass their entire lives beneath
• 2:22:35
  Speaker 3: the surface of the earth, which are born there, live
• 2:22:38
  Speaker 3: and grow, and die without seeing the light of day. Such,
• 2:22:43
  Speaker 3: for example, are the true cave insects, a number of
• 2:22:46
  Speaker 3: forms of which are found in the great caverns in
• 2:22:48
  Speaker 3: different parts of the world. Some of these insects feed
• 2:22:52
  Speaker 3: upon the vegetable molds and low forms of plant life
• 2:22:55
  Speaker 3: found in caves. Others feed on dead animal matter, and
• 2:22:59
  Speaker 3: still others upon living insects. Nearly all are of pale colors,
• 2:23:04
  Speaker 3: and are blind, or nearly so, for they have no
• 2:23:07
  Speaker 3: use for eyes in the darkness. All are supposed to
• 2:23:11
  Speaker 3: be descendants of above ground forms, which, through many generations
• 2:23:16
  Speaker 3: of life in the darkness, have lost their color in
• 2:23:18
  Speaker 3: their power of sight. The genealogy of these true cave
• 2:23:23
  Speaker 3: forms may be guessed at with some certainty, for we
• 2:23:26
  Speaker 3: know insects which are only partly transformed in structure from
• 2:23:30
  Speaker 3: above ground forms to true cave species. Such are certain
• 2:23:35
  Speaker 3: beetles which live in the catacombs of Paris, and certain
• 2:23:38
  Speaker 3: other insects which have been found in the old and
• 2:23:41
  Speaker 3: deep burrows of the land tortoise in Florida. But we
• 2:23:46
  Speaker 3: do not have to go to caves to find many
• 2:23:49
  Speaker 3: other true underground insects. Rich loose soil abounds in such
• 2:23:53
  Speaker 3: creatures which live upon the decaying vegetation soil, humans or
• 2:23:58
  Speaker 3: vegetable mold, or upon one another. The most abundant in
• 2:24:03
  Speaker 3: number of individuals are the little spring tails or bristole tails,
• 2:24:07
  Speaker 3: minute creatures seldom more than a sixteenth of an inch
• 2:24:11
  Speaker 3: in length, and which frequently swarm in the ground in
• 2:24:15
  Speaker 3: such numbers that the earth seems fairly alive. These little
• 2:24:20
  Speaker 3: creatures are by no means confined to the surface soil,
• 2:24:24
  Speaker 3: but have been found in great armies at a depth
• 2:24:26
  Speaker 3: of six feet or more in stiff clay, which they
• 2:24:30
  Speaker 3: have penetrated by following the deeper rootlets of trees. Certain
• 2:24:34
  Speaker 3: of these little insects have also become so accustomed to
• 2:24:38
  Speaker 3: this lightless life that they have lost their eyes. Other
• 2:24:44
  Speaker 3: true underground insects are found in the nests of ants,
• 2:24:47
  Speaker 3: where they fill many different functions. They may be grouped, however,
• 2:24:51
  Speaker 3: as follows, One species which are fed by the ants,
• 2:24:56
  Speaker 3: and from which the ants derive a benefit by eating
• 2:24:58
  Speaker 3: a certain secretion of the insect. Two species which are
• 2:25:03
  Speaker 3: treated with indifference by the ants, and which feed upon
• 2:25:06
  Speaker 3: the bodies of dead ants and other animals and vegetable
• 2:25:09
  Speaker 3: debris to be found in ants nests. The ants are
• 2:25:13
  Speaker 3: certainly not hostile to these insects, and evidently gain some
• 2:25:17
  Speaker 3: unknown benefit from their presence. Three species which live among
• 2:25:23
  Speaker 3: the ants for the purpose of killing and feeding upon them.
• 2:25:27
  Speaker 3: The first true ants nest insect was only discovered and
• 2:25:31
  Speaker 3: studied at the beginning of this century, but since that
• 2:25:34
  Speaker 3: time hundreds of other species have been found, and a
• 2:25:37
  Speaker 3: mere catalog of their names fills a book of over
• 2:25:40
  Speaker 3: two hundred pages. Such insects are called Myrmecophilus species or
• 2:25:48
  Speaker 3: ant lovers. The man who has done the most in
• 2:25:51
  Speaker 3: the study of these interesting creatures is doctor Wassmann, a
• 2:25:54
  Speaker 3: Jesuit priest who lives in Holland, and who has devoted
• 2:25:58
  Speaker 3: many years to this work. And a difficult task it
• 2:26:01
  Speaker 3: has been. If one digs into an ant hill, the
• 2:26:04
  Speaker 3: inhabitants are at once alarmed and the greatest confusion results,
• 2:26:08
  Speaker 3: so that it is necessary to study them in artificial nests,
• 2:26:12
  Speaker 3: in glass jars, or in some other way. Although the
• 2:26:16
  Speaker 3: most of these ant loving insects are strictly subterranean species,
• 2:26:20
  Speaker 3: living their whole lives underground, the ants among which they
• 2:26:24
  Speaker 3: live do most of their foraging above ground, and thus
• 2:26:28
  Speaker 3: may be taken as typical of a second group of
• 2:26:30
  Speaker 3: underground insects, those which have their homes below ground for
• 2:26:34
  Speaker 3: protection or concealment, but which themselves live at least part
• 2:26:38
  Speaker 3: of the time above ground. Volumes have been written about
• 2:26:42
  Speaker 3: the wonderful habits of ants, of their community life, of
• 2:26:46
  Speaker 3: the division of labor among them, of their slave making customs,
• 2:26:50
  Speaker 3: of their courage, patriotism and indefatigable industry, of their highly
• 2:26:54
  Speaker 3: developed instinct, which in fact becomes real intelligence. So that
• 2:26:59
  Speaker 3: almost everyone knows the main facts about these wonderful little insects,
• 2:27:03
  Speaker 3: and we can spend our time to better advantage on
• 2:27:06
  Speaker 3: those underground creatures about which there is less general information.
• 2:27:12
  Speaker 3: It will suffice to say that most ants have their
• 2:27:15
  Speaker 3: nests consisting of tunnels and chambers underground, that there their
• 2:27:21
  Speaker 3: queen laser eggs, and the young are carefully tended by
• 2:27:24
  Speaker 3: workers until they have reached the adult stage, and there
• 2:27:27
  Speaker 3: the food is stored for use in the winter months.
• 2:27:31
  Speaker 3: There is a certain kind of ant in the Southwestern
• 2:27:34
  Speaker 3: States and Mexico called the honey ant. Certain individuals in
• 2:27:38
  Speaker 3: a colony of these honey ants have enormously distended stomachs
• 2:27:42
  Speaker 3: and are fed by the other ants with a kind
• 2:27:45
  Speaker 3: of grape sugar or honey during the summer as they
• 2:27:48
  Speaker 3: hang suspended by their legs from the roof of an
• 2:27:51
  Speaker 3: underground chamber. When winter comes, the other ants are fed
• 2:27:56
  Speaker 3: by these honey bearers, which give put the stored up
• 2:27:59
  Speaker 3: honey from their mouths drop by drop. There is an
• 2:28:06
  Speaker 3: interesting class of underground insects which, in their early stages
• 2:28:10
  Speaker 3: hide in especially dug pits and lie in wait for
• 2:28:13
  Speaker 3: their prey, but which when fully grown, live above ground.
• 2:28:18
  Speaker 3: Such are the ant lions and the tiger beetles. The
• 2:28:21
  Speaker 3: young aunt lion is a heavy bodied, clumsy looking creature
• 2:28:25
  Speaker 3: with very long and sharp jaws, which digs for itself
• 2:28:29
  Speaker 3: a funnel shaped pit in loose, dry sand, using its
• 2:28:33
  Speaker 3: flat head and jaws as a spade in digging. Then
• 2:28:37
  Speaker 3: it hides itself at the bottom of the pit its
• 2:28:39
  Speaker 3: body completely covered with the sand, and waits until some
• 2:28:44
  Speaker 3: unlucky little insect comes along and stumbles over the edge
• 2:28:47
  Speaker 3: of the hollow. The side of the hole is made
• 2:28:50
  Speaker 3: at such an angle that the sand slips down with
• 2:28:53
  Speaker 3: the weight of even an ant and carries it toward
• 2:28:55
  Speaker 3: the open jaws of the ant lion. Every struggle which
• 2:28:59
  Speaker 3: the poor creature makes to escape causes the sand to
• 2:29:02
  Speaker 3: slide down faster, and the ant lion at the bottom
• 2:29:05
  Speaker 3: jerks up a shower of sand with its head, which
• 2:29:08
  Speaker 3: hastens the miniature avalanche until the poor victim is within
• 2:29:12
  Speaker 3: reach of the powerful jaws and is devoured. The adult
• 2:29:16
  Speaker 3: ant lion is a beautiful, gauzy winged creature, not at
• 2:29:20
  Speaker 3: all like its bloodthirsty larvae. The young tiger beetle, or
• 2:29:27
  Speaker 3: doodle bug, as it is called in the South, digs
• 2:29:30
  Speaker 3: a straight burrow in hard soil, such a hole as
• 2:29:33
  Speaker 3: would be made by pushing a small lead pencil into
• 2:29:36
  Speaker 3: the ground. This creature, like the young ant lion, has
• 2:29:40
  Speaker 3: a clumsy body and powerful jaws, and on its back
• 2:29:43
  Speaker 3: are two projections armed with hooks, which help it to
• 2:29:47
  Speaker 3: climb up and down in its burrow. It waits for
• 2:29:50
  Speaker 3: its prey at the mouth of its hole, which it
• 2:29:53
  Speaker 3: closes with its head, thus making a sort of trapdoor.
• 2:29:57
  Speaker 3: The little insect which steps upon this trap door or
• 2:30:00
  Speaker 3: doesn't have time to say its prayers before it is
• 2:30:02
  Speaker 3: devoured by the voracious doodle. Should a large, strong insect
• 2:30:07
  Speaker 3: walk over the burrow, the tiger beetle larvae retreats precipitately
• 2:30:12
  Speaker 3: to the bottom of its whole, which is sometimes eighteen
• 2:30:15
  Speaker 3: inches below the surface of the ground. There are many
• 2:30:20
  Speaker 3: other insects which, when young, live below ground and become
• 2:30:24
  Speaker 3: above ground flying creatures when full grown, which have not
• 2:30:27
  Speaker 3: the carnivorous tastes of the forms we have just mentioned.
• 2:30:32
  Speaker 3: Many of these species live on the roots of plants,
• 2:30:34
  Speaker 3: and others upon the vegetable mold of rich soils. The
• 2:30:39
  Speaker 3: large white grubs so often found in the soil of
• 2:30:42
  Speaker 3: grasslands belong to both of these classes. They are the
• 2:30:46
  Speaker 3: larvae or young of several kines of the clumsy beetles
• 2:30:49
  Speaker 3: known as scarabs. The larvae of the common brown may beetles,
• 2:30:54
  Speaker 3: for example, are root feeders, living mainly on grassroots, and
• 2:30:58
  Speaker 3: they are sometimes so abundant and destructive as to destroy
• 2:31:02
  Speaker 3: valuable lawns. The roots are sometimes so uniformly eaten off
• 2:31:07
  Speaker 3: by these white grubs that the sod may be rolled
• 2:31:11
  Speaker 3: up like a roll of carpet. The white grubs of
• 2:31:16
  Speaker 3: the beautiful large green beetles known as june beetles or
• 2:31:20
  Speaker 3: fig eaters in the South. They do not occur in
• 2:31:23
  Speaker 3: the more northern states. Although they look almost precisely like
• 2:31:26
  Speaker 3: the may beetle, larvae are not injurious and feed only
• 2:31:30
  Speaker 3: upon the vegetable mold of the soil. The wireworms, which
• 2:31:34
  Speaker 3: are the young of the click beetles or snapping bugs,
• 2:31:38
  Speaker 3: feed upon the roots of plants. There are plant lice
• 2:31:41
  Speaker 3: which live on the ground and suck the sap from
• 2:31:43
  Speaker 3: plant roots, like the famous grapevine piluxeira. There are caterpillars
• 2:31:49
  Speaker 3: which live almost entirely underground and feed upon living roots.
• 2:31:53
  Speaker 3: There are maggots which have the same habit, and there
• 2:31:56
  Speaker 3: are even bark lice or scale insects which have attached
• 2:32:00
  Speaker 3: to rootlets in the same way that the other species
• 2:32:03
  Speaker 3: live above ground on the limbs and twigs of trees.
• 2:32:08
  Speaker 3: Other insects living above ground all their lives hide their
• 2:32:11
  Speaker 3: eggs underground. Most grasshoppers, for example, do this, and many
• 2:32:16
  Speaker 3: of the closely related crickets not only hide their eggs
• 2:32:19
  Speaker 3: in this way, but live underground themselves in the daytime
• 2:32:22
  Speaker 3: and come forth at night to feed or to collect
• 2:32:25
  Speaker 3: grass leaves, which they carry to their burrows and eat
• 2:32:28
  Speaker 3: at leisure. Other insects also hide below ground during the
• 2:32:34
  Speaker 3: day and feed only at night. The full grown may
• 2:32:37
  Speaker 3: beetles do this, and the cutworms also. The cutworms are
• 2:32:42
  Speaker 3: soft bodied caterpillars and are greedily eaten by birds and
• 2:32:45
  Speaker 3: carnivorous insects, so it is essential to their safety that
• 2:32:49
  Speaker 3: they conceal themselves as much as possible. There is an
• 2:32:53
  Speaker 3: interesting cutworm which occasionally becomes so numerous that it has
• 2:32:57
  Speaker 3: to migrate in great armies in search of food. And
• 2:33:01
  Speaker 3: these great masses of caterpillars hurry on, driven by hunger
• 2:33:05
  Speaker 3: by day as well as by night, followed by flocks
• 2:33:08
  Speaker 3: of birds and other enemies, until the majority of them
• 2:33:10
  Speaker 3: are destroyed. This cutworm is generally called the army worm.
• 2:33:16
  Speaker 3: Other caterpillars which living above ground and feeding on the
• 2:33:20
  Speaker 3: leaves of plants instead of spinning cocoons for their protection,
• 2:33:24
  Speaker 3: when they transform to the helpless chrysalis or pupil condition,
• 2:33:28
  Speaker 3: burrow beneath the surface of the ground, and there transform
• 2:33:32
  Speaker 3: without a cocoon. Hundreds of species do this, and sometimes
• 2:33:36
  Speaker 3: these brown pupie are so abundant that they are turned
• 2:33:39
  Speaker 3: up in numbers by every spadeful of earth. We are
• 2:33:44
  Speaker 3: now able to say that the insects found beneath the
• 2:33:46
  Speaker 3: surface of the earth are as follows. One insects which
• 2:33:51
  Speaker 3: live underground during their whole lives, feeding a on roots
• 2:33:56
  Speaker 3: and rootlets, b on dead and decaying vegetable matter. See
• 2:34:02
  Speaker 3: on other insects. Two insects that live in the nests
• 2:34:07
  Speaker 3: of ants. Three insects which have their nests underground, but
• 2:34:11
  Speaker 3: which get their food elsewhere. Four insects which live underground
• 2:34:16
  Speaker 3: only in their younger stages of life. Five insects which
• 2:34:21
  Speaker 3: hide their eggs or pupi underground, six carnivorous insects. And
• 2:34:27
  Speaker 3: insects which feed on decaying animal matter, which occasionally burrow
• 2:34:31
  Speaker 3: underground in search of food. I hope it will be
• 2:34:35
  Speaker 3: clear from what we have said that insects must take
• 2:34:38
  Speaker 3: an important part in the changes in the character of
• 2:34:41
  Speaker 3: the soil which are constantly going on. Quite as important, indeed,
• 2:34:45
  Speaker 3: as do the earthworms, about which Darwin wrote end of
• 2:34:52
  Speaker 3: Section thirty two, end of Birds and All Nature, Volume six,
• 2:34:57
  Speaker 3: two September eighteen ninety nine.