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Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems — How Cities Scale

If every city is unique, why do cities throughout history repeatedly generate similar patterns of growth, infrastructure, productivity, and inequality?

Welcome to Crisis in Perception, where we examine the systems shaping our world.

Using Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems by Luís M. A. Bettencourt as its lens, this investigation examines cities as complex adaptive systems created through the interaction of people, infrastructure, institutions, mobility, and information.

At the center of Bettencourt’s framework is urban scaling. Larger cities do…

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