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010 - Chapter 10 · Chronicles of America Volume 05 - Pioneers of the Old South

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  Speaker 1: Chapter ten of Pioneers of the Old South by Mary Johnston.
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  Speaker 1: This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Chapter ten,
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  Speaker 1: Church and Kingdom Virginia, all this time, with Maryland a
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  Speaker 1: thorn in her side, was wrestling with an autocratic governor,
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  Speaker 1: John Harvey. This avaricious tyrant sowed the wind until in
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  Speaker 1: sixteen thirty five he was like to reap the whirlwind,
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  Speaker 1: though he was the King's governor, and in good Odor
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  Speaker 1: in England, where arrested the overpower to which Virginia must bow.
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  Speaker 1: Yet in this year Virginia blew upon her courage until
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  Speaker 1: it was glowing, and laid rude hands upon him. We
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  Speaker 1: read and assembly to be called to receive complaints against
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  Speaker 1: Sir John Harvey, on the petition of many inhabitants, to
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  Speaker 1: meet seventh of May. But before that month was come,
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  Speaker 1: the Council, seizing opportunity, acted for the whole Immediately below.
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  Speaker 1: The entry above quoted appears on the twenty eighth of
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  Speaker 1: April sixteen thirty five. Sir John Harvey thrust out of
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  Speaker 1: his government, and Captain John West acts as governor till
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  Speaker 1: the King's pleasure known, So Virginia began her course as
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  Speaker 1: rebel against political evils. It is of interest to note
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  Speaker 1: that Nicholas Marked Jim, one of the men found active
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  Speaker 1: against the governor, was an ancestor of George Washington. Harvey
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  Speaker 1: thrust out, took first ship for England, and there also
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  Speaker 1: saled commissioners from the Virginia Assembly with a declaration of
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  Speaker 1: wrongs for the King's ear. But when they came to England,
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  Speaker 1: they found that the King's ear was for the governor,
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  Speaker 1: whom he had given to the Virginians, and whom they,
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  Speaker 1: with audacious disobedience, had deposed. Back should go Sir John Harvey,
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  Speaker 1: still governing Virginia, back without audience. The so called commissioners,
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  Speaker 1: happy to escape, emerited, hanging again to Jamestown, sailed Harvey
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  Speaker 1: in silence. Virginia received him, and while he remained governor,
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  Speaker 1: no assembly sat. But having asserted his authority, the King
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  Speaker 1: in a few years time was willing to recall his
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  Speaker 1: unwelcome representative. So in sixteen thirty nine Governor Harvey vanishes
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  Speaker 1: from this scene and in comes the well liked Sir
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  Speaker 1: Francis Wyatt as governor for the second time. For two years.
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  Speaker 1: He remains and is then superseded by Sir William Barkley,
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  Speaker 1: a notable figure in Virginia for many years to come.
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  Speaker 1: The population was now perhaps ten thousand, both English born
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  Speaker 1: and Virginians born of English parents. A few hundred Negroes
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  Speaker 1: moved in the tobacco fields. More would be brought in,
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  Speaker 1: and yet more, and now above a million pounds of
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  Speaker 1: tobacco were going annually to England. The century was predominantly
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  Speaker 1: one of inner and outer religious conflict. What went on
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  Speaker 1: at home in England re echoed in Virginia. The new
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  Speaker 1: governor was that died in the war, cavalier, utterly stubborn
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  Speaker 1: for king and Church. The assemblies likewise leaned that way,
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  Speaker 1: as presumably did the mass of the people. It was
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  Speaker 1: ordered in sixteen thirty one that there be a uniformity
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  Speaker 1: throughout this colony, both in substance and circumstance, to the
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  Speaker 1: canons and constitutions of the Church of England, as near
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  Speaker 1: as may be, and that every person yield ready obedience
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  Speaker 1: under them, upon penalty of the pains and four virtues
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  Speaker 1: in that case appointed. And indeed the pains and forfeit
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  Speaker 1: Church threatened, were savage enough. Official Virginia loyal to the
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  Speaker 1: established Church was jealous and fearful of papistry, and looked
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  Speaker 1: askance at Puritanism. It frowned upon these, and upon agnosticisms, atheisms, pantheisms,
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  Speaker 1: religious doubts and alterations, and judgment upon anything in short
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  Speaker 1: that seemed to push a finger against Church and kingdom.
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  Speaker 1: Yet in this Virginia, governed by Sir William Barkley, a gentleman,
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  Speaker 1: more cavalier than the cavaliers, more royalists than the king,
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  Speaker 1: more churchly than the church, there lived not a few
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  Speaker 1: puritans and dissidents, going on as best they might with
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  Speaker 1: established church and fiery king's men. Certain parishes were predominantly puritan.
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  Speaker 1: Certain ministers were known to have leanings away from surplices
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  Speaker 1: and genuflections, and to hole that Archbishop Lord was some
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  Speaker 1: kin to the pope. In sixteen forty two, to reinforce
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  Speaker 1: these ministers came three more from New England, actively averse
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  Speaker 1: to conformity. But Governor and Council and the majority of
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  Speaker 1: the Burgesses will have none of that. The Assembly of
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  Speaker 1: sixteen forty three takes sharp action for the preservation of
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  Speaker 1: the purity of doctrine and unity of the Church. It
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  Speaker 1: is enacted that all ministers, whatsoever which shall reside in
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  Speaker 1: the colony, are to be conformable to the orders and
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  Speaker 1: constitutions of the Church of England and the laws therein established,
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  Speaker 1: and not otherwise to be admitted to teach or preach
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  Speaker 1: publicly or privately, And that the Governor and Council do
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  Speaker 1: take care that all nonconformists, upon notice of them, shall
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  Speaker 1: be compelled to depart the colony with all convenience, and
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  Speaker 1: so in consequence out of Virginia to New England, where
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  Speaker 1: independents were welcome, or to Maryland, where any Christian might dwell.
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  Speaker 1: Win these tainted ministers, but their stayed behind puritan and
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  Speaker 1: non conforming minds in the bodies of many parishioners. They
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  Speaker 1: must hold their tongues indeed and outwardly conformed, but they
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  Speaker 1: watched link side for their opportunity and a more favorable fortune.
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  Speaker 1: Having launched thunderbotes against schismatics of this sort, Barkley, himself
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  Speaker 1: active and powerful, with the Council almost wholly of his party,
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  Speaker 1: and the House of Burgesses dominantly, so turned his attention
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  Speaker 1: to Pope's recusants. Of these, there were few or none
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  Speaker 1: dwelling in Virginia. Let them then not attempt to come
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  Speaker 1: from Maryland. The rulers of the colony legislated with vigor
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  Speaker 1: Papists may not hold any public place. All statutes against
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  Speaker 1: them shall be duly executed. Popey's priests, by chance or intent,
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  Speaker 1: arriving within the bounds of Virginia shall be given five
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  Speaker 1: days mourning, And if at the end of this time
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  Speaker 1: they are yet upon Virginian's soil, action shall be brought
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  Speaker 1: against them. Barkley sweeps with an impatient bruin. The kingdom
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  Speaker 1: is cared for not less than the Church in Virginia.
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  Speaker 1: Any and all persons coming into the colony by land
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  Speaker 1: and by sea shall have administered to them the oath
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  Speaker 1: of supremacy and allegiance, which, if any shall refuse to
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  Speaker 1: take the commander of the fort at point comfort, shall
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  Speaker 1: commit him or them to prison. Foreigners in birth in Ton,
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  Speaker 1: foreigners in thought must have found the place and time narrow. Indeed,
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  Speaker 1: on the eve of civil war there arose on the
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  Speaker 1: part of some in England a project to revive and
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  Speaker 1: restore the old Virginia Company, by procuring from Charles, now
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  Speaker 1: deep in troubles of his own, a renewal of the
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  Speaker 1: old letters patent, and the transference of the direct government
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  Speaker 1: of the colony into the hands of reorganized and vast corporation. Virginia,
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  Speaker 1: which a score of years before had defended the company
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  Speaker 1: now protested vigorously, and with regard to the long view
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  Speaker 1: of things, it may be thought wisely the project died
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  Speaker 1: a natural death. The petition sent from Virginia shows plainly
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  Speaker 1: enough the pen of Berkeley. There are a multitude of
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  Speaker 1: reasons why Virginia should not pass from King to company,
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  Speaker 1: among which these are worthy of note. We may not
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  Speaker 1: admit of so unnatural a distance as a company will
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  Speaker 1: interpose between His sacred Majesty and us, his subjects, from
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  Speaker 1: whose immediate protection we have received so many royal favors
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  Speaker 1: and gracious blessings. For by such admissions we shall degenerate
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  Speaker 1: from the condition of our birth being naturalized under a
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  Speaker 1: monarchical government, and not a popular and tumultuary government. Depending
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  Speaker 1: upon the greatest number of votes of persons of several
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  Speaker 1: humors and dispositions. When this paper reached England, it came
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  Speaker 1: to a country at civil war. The long Parliament was
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  Speaker 1: in session, Stafford had been beheaded, the Star Chamber swept
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  Speaker 1: away the grand remonstrance presented on Edge Hill gloom flowers
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  Speaker 1: that would soon be trampled by Rupert's cavalry. In Virginia,
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  Speaker 1: the Assembly took notice of these unkind differences now in England,
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  Speaker 1: and provided by tithing for the Governor's pension and allowance,
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  Speaker 1: which were for the present suspended and endangered by the
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  Speaker 1: troubles at home. That the forces banded against the Lord's
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  Speaker 1: anointed would prove victorious must at this time have appeared
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  Speaker 1: preposterously unlikely to the fiery governor and the ultra loyal
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  Speaker 1: Virginia whom he led. The Puritans and independence in Virginia
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  Speaker 1: estimated a little earlier a thousand strong, and now for
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  Speaker 1: all the acts against them, probably stronger yet were to
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  Speaker 1: be found chiefly in the parishes of Isle of Wight
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  Speaker 1: and Mansman, but had representatives from the Falls to the
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  Speaker 1: eastern Shore. What these Virginians thought of the unkind differences
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  Speaker 1: does not appear in the record, but probably there was
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  Speaker 1: thought enough and secret hopes. In sixteen forty four, the
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  Speaker 1: year of Marston Moore, Virginia two sought battle and sudden
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  Speaker 1: and bloody death that Opekanoff, who had succeeded. Powaton was
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  Speaker 1: now one hundred years old, hardly able to walk or
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  Speaker 1: to sea, dwelling harmlessly in a village upon the upper
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  Speaker 1: Pa Monkey. All the Indians were broken and dispersed. Serious
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  Speaker 1: danger was not to be thought of. Then of a
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  Speaker 1: sudden the flame leaped again. There fell from the blue
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  Speaker 1: sky a massacre directed against the outlying plantations. Three hundred men,
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  Speaker 1: women and children were killed by the Indians with fury
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  Speaker 1: the White minute. In return, they sent bodies of horse
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  Speaker 1: into the untouched Western force. They chased and slew without mercy.
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  Speaker 1: In sixteen forty six, Opekuna Khanoff brought a prisoner to Jamestown, and,
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  Speaker 1: in his long tail of years, by a shot from
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  Speaker 1: one of his keepers, the Indians were beaten, and, lacking
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  Speaker 1: such another leader, made no more organized and general attacks.
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  Speaker 1: But for long years a kind of border warfare still
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  Speaker 1: went on. Even Maryland, tolerant and just as was the
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  Speaker 1: Calvert policy, did not altogether escape Indian troubles. She had
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  Speaker 1: to contend with no such a chief as a Canoff,
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  Speaker 1: and she suffered no sleeping massacres. But after the first
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  Speaker 1: idyllic year or so set in a small constant friction.
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  Speaker 1: So fast did the Maryland colonists arrive, that soon there
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  Speaker 1: was pressure of population beyond those first purchased bounds. The
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  Speaker 1: more thoughtful among the Indians may well have taken alarm
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  Speaker 1: lest their villages and hunting grounds might not endure these inmods.
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  Speaker 1: Ere long the English in Maryland were placing sentinels over
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  Speaker 1: fields where men worked, and providing penalties for those who
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  Speaker 1: sold the savages firearms. But at no time did Young
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  Speaker 1: Maryland suffer the Indian woes that have vexed Young Virginia.
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  Speaker 1: Nor did Maryland escape the clash of interests which beset
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  Speaker 1: the beginnings of representative assemblies in all proprietary provinces. Thus, Second,
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  Speaker 1: like the first, Lord Baltimore, was a believer in kings
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  Speaker 1: and aristocracies, in a natural division of human society into
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  Speaker 1: masters and men. His effort was to plant intact in
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  Speaker 1: Maryland of feudal order. He would be palatine the king
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  Speaker 1: his sou's reign in Maryland. The great planters, in effect,
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  Speaker 1: his barons should live upon estates manorial in size and
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  Speaker 1: with manorial rights. The laboring men the impecunious adventures whom
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  Speaker 1: these greater adventurers brought up would form a tenantry, the
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  Speaker 1: Lord Proprietary's men's men. It is true that, according to Charter,
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  Speaker 1: provision was made for an assembly. Here were to sit
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  Speaker 1: freemen of the province, that is to say, all white
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  Speaker 1: males who were not in the position of indentured servants.
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  Speaker 1: But with the Proprietary and not with the Assembly, would
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  Speaker 1: rest primarily the lawmaking power. The Lord Proprietary would propose legislation,
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  Speaker 1: and the freemen of the country would debate in a measure, advice,
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  Speaker 1: represent act as consultants, and finally confirm Baltimore was prepared
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  Speaker 1: to be a benevolent lord. Wise fotherly, in sixteen thirty
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  Speaker 1: five met the first Assembly, Leonard Calvert and his counsel,
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  Speaker 1: sitting with the Burgesses, and this gathering of freemen proceeded
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  Speaker 1: to inaugurate legislation. There was pasted a string of enactments,
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  Speaker 1: which presumably dealt with immediate wants at Saint Mary, in
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  Speaker 1: which the Assembly recognized must have the Lord Proprietary's assent.
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  Speaker 1: A copy was therefore sent by the first ship to leave.
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  Speaker 1: So long were the voyages and so slow the procedure
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  Speaker 1: in England, that it was sixteen thirty seven before Baltimore's veto.
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  Speaker 1: Upon the Assembly's laws reached Maryland, it would seem that
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  Speaker 1: he did not disapprove so much of the laws themselves
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  Speaker 1: as of the bold initiative of the Assembly, for he
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  Speaker 1: at once sent over twelve bills of his own drafting.
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  Speaker 1: Leonard Calvert was instructed to bring all freemen together in
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  Speaker 1: Assembly and present for their acceptance the substituted legislation. Early
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  Speaker 1: in sixteen thirty eight, this Maryland Assembly met the Governor
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  Speaker 1: put before it for adoption the Proprietary's laws. The vote
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  Speaker 1: was taken. Governor and some others were for the remainder,
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  Speaker 1: of the Assembly unanimously against the proposed legislation. There followed
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  Speaker 1: a year or two of struggle over this question, but
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  Speaker 1: in the end the Proprietary in effect acknowledged defeat. The
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  Speaker 1: colonists through their Assembly, might therefore propose laws to meet
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  Speaker 1: their exigencies, and Governor Calvert, acting for his brother, should
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  Speaker 1: approve or veto according to need. When civil war between
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  Speaker 1: King and Parliament broke out in England, sentiment in Maryland,
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  Speaker 1: as in Virginia, inclined toward the King, but that Puritan,
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  Speaker 1: nonconformist and republican element that was in both colonies might
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  Speaker 1: be expected to gain if at home in England the
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  Speaker 1: Parliamentary Party gained a royal governor or a lord proprietary's
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  Speaker 1: governor might alike be Perplexed by the political turmoil in
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  Speaker 1: the mother country. Leonard Calvert felt the need of first
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  Speaker 1: hand consultation with his brother. Leaving Giles Brent in his place,
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  Speaker 1: he sailed for England talk there with Baltimore, himself perplexed
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  Speaker 1: and filled with foreboding, and returned to Maryland not greatly
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  Speaker 1: wiser than when he went. Maryland was soon convulsed by disorders,
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  Speaker 1: which in many ways reflected the unsettled conditions in England.
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  Speaker 1: A London ship commanded by Richard Ingle, a Pureiton and
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  Speaker 1: a staunch upholder of the cause of parliament, arrived before
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  Speaker 1: at Saint Mary's, where he gave great offense by his
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  Speaker 1: blatant remarks about the King and Rupert that Prince rogue.
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  Speaker 1: Though he was promptly arrested on the charge of treason,
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  Speaker 1: he managed to escape and soon left the loyal colony
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  Speaker 1: far astern. In the meantime, Leonard Calvert had come back
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  Speaker 1: to Maryland, where he found confusion and a growing heat
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  Speaker 1: and faction and side taking of a bitter sort. To
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  Speaker 1: add to the turmoil, William Claybourne, among whose dominant traits
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  Speaker 1: was an inability to recognize defeat, was making attempts upon
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  Speaker 1: Kent Island. Calvert was not long at Saint Mary. Ingle
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  Speaker 1: sailed in again with letters of mark from the Long
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  Speaker 1: Parliament England and his men landed and quickly found out
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  Speaker 1: the Protestant moiety of the colonists their father in actual insurrection,
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  Speaker 1: the Marylanders, joining with Ingle and much aided by Claiborne,
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  Speaker 1: who now retook Kent Island. The insurgents then captured Saint
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  Speaker 1: Mary's enforced the governor to flee to Virginia. For two years,
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  Speaker 1: Ingle ruled and plundered seaquestrating goods of the proprietary's adherents
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  Speaker 1: and deporting in Iron's Jesuit priests. At the end of
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  Speaker 1: this time, Calvert reappeared, and behind him a troop gathered
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  Speaker 1: in Virginia. Now it was Ingle's turn to flee. Regaining
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  Speaker 1: his ship, he made sale for England, and Maryland settled
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  Speaker 1: down again to the ancient order. The governor then reduced
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  Speaker 1: Kent Island. Clayborne, again defeated, retired to Virginia. Whence he
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  Speaker 1: sailed for England in sixteen forty seven. Leonard Calvert died.
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  Speaker 1: Until the proprietory here his will should be known. Thomas
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  Speaker 1: Greene acted as governor over in England. Lord Baltimore stood
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  Speaker 1: at the parting of the ways. The King's cause had
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  Speaker 1: a hopeless look round Head and Parliament were making way
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  Speaker 1: in a mighty time. Baltimore was marked for a Royalist
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  Speaker 1: and a Catholic. If the tide rose father, he might
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  Speaker 1: lose Maryland. A sagacious mind, he proceeded to do all
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  Speaker 1: that he could, short of denying his every belief, to
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  Speaker 1: placate his enemies. He appointed as governor of Maryland William Stone,
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  Speaker 1: a Puritan, and into the council, numbering five members, he
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  Speaker 1: put three Puritans. On the other hand, the interests of
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  Speaker 1: his Maryland Catholics must not be endangered. He required of
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  Speaker 1: the new governor not to molest any person professing to
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  Speaker 1: believe in Jesus Christ, and in particular any Roman Catholic.
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  Speaker 1: In this way he thought that right and left he
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  Speaker 1: might provide against persecution. Under these complex influences, the Maryland
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  Speaker 1: Assembly passed in sixteen forty nine and Act concerning religion.
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  Speaker 1: It reveals, upon the one hand, Christendom's mercilessness toward the freethinker,
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  Speaker 1: in which mercilessness, whether through conviction or policy, Baltimore acquiesced,
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  Speaker 1: And on the other hand, that aspiration toward friendship within
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  Speaker 1: the Christian fold, which is even yet hardly more than
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  Speaker 1: a pious wish, and which in the seventeenth century could
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  Speaker 1: have been felt by very few. To Baltimore and the
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  Speaker 1: Assembly of Maryland. Belongs not the glory of inaugurating an
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  Speaker 1: era of wide toleration from men and women of all
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  Speaker 1: beliefs or disbeliefs, whether Christian or not, but the real,
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  Speaker 1: though lesser glory of establishing entire toleration among the divisions
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  Speaker 1: within the Christian circle itself. According to the Act, whatsoever
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  Speaker 1: person or persons within this province and the islands thereunto belonging,
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  Speaker 1: shall from henceforth blaspheme God, that is, curse Him, or
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  Speaker 1: deny our Savior Jesus Christ, to be the Son of God,
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  Speaker 1: or shall deny the Holy Trinity or the god Head
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  Speaker 1: of any of the said three persons of the Trinity,
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  Speaker 1: or the unity of the Godhead, or shall use or
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  Speaker 1: utter any reproachful speeches, words, or language concerning the said
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  Speaker 1: Holy Trinity, or any of the said three persons thereof,
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  Speaker 1: shall be punished with death and confiscation or forfeiture of
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  Speaker 1: all his or her lands and goods to the Lord
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  Speaker 1: Proprietary and his heirs. Whatsoever person or person shall from
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  Speaker 1: henceforth use or utter any reproachful words or speeches concerning
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  Speaker 1: the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Mother of our Savior, or
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  Speaker 1: the Holy Apostles or Evangelists, or any of them, shall,
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  Speaker 1: in such case, for the first offense forfeit to the
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  Speaker 1: said Lord Proprietary and his heirs the sum of five
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  Speaker 1: pounds sterling. Whatsoever person shall henceforth, upon any occasion declare,
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  Speaker 1: call or denominate any person or persons whatsoever inhabiting, reciting, trafficking, trading,
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  Speaker 1: or commercing within this province, or within any of the ports, harbors, creeks,
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  Speaker 1: or havens to the same belonging and heritage. Schismatic, idolaty, Puritan, independent, Presbyterian,
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  Speaker 1: Popish priests, Jesuit Jesuited Papists, Lutheran Calvinists, Anabaptist, brownest Antinomian, Baroist,
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  Speaker 1: roundheaded separatist, or any other name or term in a
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  Speaker 1: reproachful manner relating to manner of religion, shall for every
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  Speaker 1: such offense forfeit the sum of ten shillings sterling. Whereas
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  Speaker 1: the enforcing of the conscience and matters of religion hath
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  Speaker 1: frequently fallen out to be of dangerous consequence in those
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  Speaker 1: commonwealths where it hath been practiced, be it therefore, also
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  Speaker 1: by the Lord Proprietary, with the advice and consent of
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  Speaker 1: this Assembly, ordained and enacted, that no person or persons
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  Speaker 1: whatsoever within this province professing to believe in Jesus Christ,
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  Speaker 1: shall from henceforth be any ways troubled, molested, or discountenanced
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  Speaker 1: or in respect of his or her religion, or in
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  Speaker 1: the free exercise thereof, nor any way compelled to the
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  Speaker 1: belief or exercise of any other religion against his or
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  Speaker 1: her consent, so as they be not unfaithful to the
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  Speaker 1: Lord Proprietary, or molest or conspire against the civil government.
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  Speaker 1: End of Chapter ten