Transcript

10.2.25 · Science Show KY

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Speaker 1: Welcome to radioi's Diary of Science and Nature. Your reader's
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Kelly Taylor. I'll have articles on the topic of science
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and nature. But first a reminder that RADIOI is a
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reading service intended for people who are blind or have
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other disabilities that make it difficult to reprinted material. Well,
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today we're going to begin something a little different, commemorating
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the passing of Jane Goodall, one of the Titans of
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nature conservation, who passed away at the age ninety one.
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And National Geographic has published online a reprint of an
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article that originally appeared in that Geo August of nineteen
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sixty three. And this was written by Jane Goodall and
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is our original article about the chimpanzees of Gumbay Stream
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Game Game Reserve. Up on the mountains, the midday sun
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glared fiercely, but down in the valley near the swift
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running stream, it was cool and still. I stood listening
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until I heard a faint rustling of leaves, the only
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sound to betray the presence of the group of chimpanzees.
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I was trying to approach, slowly and quietly, but making
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no attempt to hide. I moved toward the great apes
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until I was only thirty feet away. As I sat down,
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they watched me, staring rather hard, and a young female
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who had been lying on the ground climbed a little
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way up a tall fig tree. One of the males
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stood upright to watch more closely. He was a superb specimen,
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standing about four and a half feet in height, his
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massive shoulders and bull neck suggesting the tremendous strength in
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his arms. He must have weighed a good one hundred
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thirty pounds, and he was strong enough to snapped me
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with one hand. I'm sorry he was strong enough to
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snap with one hand a branch so tough that a
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man would be hard put to break it with two.
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Later I was to learn how it feels to be
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slammed on the head from behind by a large male chimpanzee,
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but fortunately for me, he did not continue his attack.
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After a moment or two, the group stopped looking my way,
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recognizing me for the strange hairless primate they had grown
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accustomed to seeing amid the other mountain fauna. The six
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adults rested on the ground or stretched out along the
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branches of a wild fig near by. Four youngsters played quietly.
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I thought then, as I always think, when I am
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face to face with mature chimpanzees in their native forests,
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of the striking difference between the wild apes and those
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in captivity. The chimpanzee imprisoned behind bars is bad tempered, immaturity, morose, moody,
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and frequently rather obscene. In his freedom, he is majestic
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even when excited, and for the most part, dignified and
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good natured. For about an hour I sat with the group.
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Then one of the males stood up, scratched thoughtfully, and
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moved off down the valley one by one. The others followed,
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the infants riding astride their mother's backs like diminutive jockeys.
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The females and youngsters stared at me as they passed.
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The males scarcely glanced in my direction. To be accepted
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thus by a group of wild chimpanzees is the result
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of months of patients in England. Before I commenced my
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field study, I met one or two people who had
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seen champion chimpanzees in the wild. Quote. You'll never get
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close to chimps, not unless you're very well hidden, they
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told me. At first it seemed they were right, but
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gradually I was able to move nearer the chimpanzees, until
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at last I sat among them, enjoying a degree of
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acceptance that I had hardly deemed possible. At this intimate range,
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I observed details of their lives never recorded before. I
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saw chimpanzees in the wild hunt and kill for meat,
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though this had been suspected. Nobody dreamed that a chimpanzee
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would attack an animal as large as a bushbuck until
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I saw an ape with his kill. Most astonishing of all,
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I saw chimpanzees fashion and use crude implements, the beginnings
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of tool use. This discovery could prove helpful to those
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studying man's rise to dominance over other primates. I cannot
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remember a time when I did not want to go
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to Africa to study animals. Therefore, after leaving school, I
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saved up the fair and went to Nairobi, Kenya. There
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I was fortunate in meeting and working for doctor Lewis S. B. Leaky,
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then curator of the Corindan Museum. After a year, doctor
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Leaky asked me if I would undertake a field study
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of chimpanzees. Although the chimpanzee has been known to science
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for nearly three centuries and although because of its striking
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resemblance to man, it has been used extensively as an
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experimental animal in medical and other fields, no attempts had
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been made to study this ape in its natural habitat
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until doctor Henry Nissen made his pioneer study in French Guinea.
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I found his nineteen thirty one report invaluable as I
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prepared my own program. The primary aim of my field
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study was to discover as much as possible about the
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way of life of the chimpanzee before it is too late,
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before encroachments of civilization crowd out forever all non human competitors. Secondly,
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there is the hope that results of this study may
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help man in his search toward understanding himself. Laboratory tests
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have revealed a surprising amount of quote insight in the chimpanzee.
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The rudiments of reasoned thinking, knowledge of social traditions and
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culture of such an animal studying under natural conditions could
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throw new light on the growth and spread of early
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human cultures. Nineteen months after doctor Leaky suggested the field study,
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I had received funds for a preliminary investigation from the
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Wilkie Foundation to Plains, Illinois, which supports studies of man
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and other primates. I was ready to set out for
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a three month visit to Lake Tanganika region. The authorities
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were unwilling to allow a single European girl to go
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off into the bush by herself, so my mother accompanied
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me from Nairobi. It took us more than five days
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to reach the Gombey Stream Game Reserve in Tanganika, a
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sixty square mile protected area set aside by the British
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where I would do my research. The land rover was
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overloaded and most of the eight hundred and forty miles
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of earth roads were in terrible condition. Eventually, after innumerable delays,
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we reached Kegoma, a small European settlement overlooking Lake Tenganyika.
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There I hired the government launch to take us on
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the last stage of the journey, the sixteen miles up
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the lake to the Gombey Chimpanzee Reserve. Game ranger David
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Anste had arranged one of his semi annual visits to
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the reserve to coincide with our arrival. As we traveled
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up the crystal clear lake, I studied the terrain where
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I was to work. The mountains rise steeply from the
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narrow beach and are broken by innumerable valleys and gorges.
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The valleys are thickly forested, but the upper slopes become
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open woodland, and many of the peaks and ridges are treeless.
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Most of the wild chimpanzees in Africa inhabit the dense
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rainforests of the Congo and West coast. The more open
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country of the Gombe Stream Reserve is ideal for field study,
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though behavior of apes living there might not be the
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same as that of apes in the dense forests. Our
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talk as we sailed the lake was about chimpanzees, and
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one of ranger Anstey's stories persuaded me that they can
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be dangerous when cornered. He told me of an African
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who decided to climb an oil palm tree to cut
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down some nuts for cooking oil. A chimpanzee was high
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in the tree feeding on the nuts, but the African
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failed to notice the animal until he had climbed well
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up the trunk. The ape, intent on feeding, only then
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saw the Africans started rapidly down and as he passed,
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the man hit out at him, slashing away half his
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cheek and one eye as he did so. At about
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two o'clock on the afternoon of July fourteenth, nineteen sixty,
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we arrived at Casikella, a campsite mid way along the
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ten mile coastline of the reserve. The motor launch went
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back to Kigoma with orders to return for David. A
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few days later. We found ourselves on the beach, surrounded
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by untidy looking crates and bundles, together with the small
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boat and its outboard motor, which would be our only
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link with civilization. Our permanent party numbered four, myself, my mother, Dominic,
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our African cook, and Dominic's wife. As we set up
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camp that first day, we found the heat almost intolerable,
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but the big tent was soon pitched and everything bundled inside.
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I shall always remember David's expression when he found that
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our only tableware consisted of a couple tin plates, a
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cup without a handle, and a thermostop. Indeed, we were
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equipped with only the barest essentials, and I think even
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Dominic was secretly shocked. During the first two months of
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my field studies, I often despaired. Each dawn I set
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out alone, following the little streams as I explored the
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valleys one by one, forcing my way through the dense undergrowth,
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or scrambling up the steep slopes. Sometimes I saw a
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group of chimpanzees feeding in a tree, but seldom managed
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to get close enough before the shy apes moved away.
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Frequently I heard their noisy calling, but usually they had
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moved off before I could catch up with them. Disheartened,
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I trudged wearily back to camp each dusk. But those
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early days, however frustrating, initiated me into the ways of
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mountain life. The forests no longer seemed hostile after I
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learned to creep along the pig trails instead of forcing
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my way through the undergroup. The slopes were no longer
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a nightmare when I had discovered the baboon trails, or
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I could pull myself up the steepest parts by roots
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worn smooth by constant use. I became acquainted with other animals,
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troops of vervett and redtail monkeys, the beautiful red columbus monkey,
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the shy bushbuck, the fat ginger bush pig. One morning,
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while walking along the lake shore, I was approached by
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an excited fisherman who showed me a tree into which
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a bull buffalo had chased him before. Who you kalisana.
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The man said, he's a bad one, this fellow. Indeed,
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the tree was scored by innumerable gashes from the buffalo's horns. Mostly, however,
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the small herds are wary and hard to approach. Once
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I did have to climb a tree when I met
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two crotchety old bulls along a narrow track. My climb
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to safety was speeded by memory of Doctor Leaky's opinion
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of them quote, I'd rather meet a rhinoceros or a
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lion any day. I am more frightened of the buffalo
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than of any other creature in Africa. Often I saw
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tracks of leopard, or recognized its powerful feline smell, and
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sometimes I heard the soft rasping of its hunting call.
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Many months later I saw one. He passed only a
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few yards away in the long grass, and I felt
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slightly apprehensive, But when he winded me, he turned silently away.
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I never attempted to hide, and gradually the animals became
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used to the strange, pale skin primate that had invaded
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their territory. After about six months, most of the chimpanzees
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would sit and look at me calmly at distances of
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a hundred yards at first they fled if they saw me.
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Within five hundred yards three quarters of an hour's climb
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from camp, I discovered a peak overlooking two valleys and
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many open grassy ridges and slopes, an ideal place for
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long distance observation. From the peak, I could locate a
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group and then try to get closer. I had a
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tin trunk carried up there with blanket, electric torch, a
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couple of tins of baked beans, coffee, and a kettle.
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When the chimps slept close by, I stayed up in
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the mountains near them. So gradually I began to learn
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in the basic behavior patterns of the chimpanzees, and after
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six months I was able to pick out and name
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some individuals. When I saw Mike lazing in the sun,
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for example, or count Dracula ambling past, it was like
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meeting a friend. People often ask me how I choose
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such names for individual chimpanzees. My answer is that some names,
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such as Missus Maggs Spray and mister McGregor simply come
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to mind. Strange as it may sound, some chimpanzees remind
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me of friends or acquaintances in some gesture or manner,
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and are named accordingly, one chimpanzee had a pale, flesh
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colored face instead of the dark color common in adults.
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It gave me a slightly eerie feeling when I first
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saw him close by, and ever since that he was
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Count Dracula. When the three preliminary months came to an end,
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the National Geographic Society took over sponsorship of my research
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and financed a further twenty months. My mother had to
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return to England, but by then I was accepted by
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the authorities and so was allowed to stay on at
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the reserve. At this time I was joined by Hassan
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of the Cucamega tribe, an African who had worked for
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doctor Leaky for fifteen years. A most responsible and reliable helper,
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he took over the little boat and the monthly trip
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to Kigoma for stores and mail. The trial period was
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over and I could settle down to building a closer
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contact with the apes. Chimpanzees are nomadic within their territory,
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and they follow no fixed circuit. They have no regular
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sleeping trees. Most chimpanzees in the reserve, probably between sixty
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and eighty individuals, range at various times of the year
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over the whole sixty square miles and sometimes beyond the boundaries.
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The distance and direction of their wanderings, they may travel
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as much as eight or ten miles in a day,
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depend on the seasonal availability of the fruits, leaves, and
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blossoms that form the bulk of their diet. The chimpanzees
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during much of the year move about in small groups
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of three to six animals. Such a group I discovered
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from observation may consist of adult males and females, of
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females and juveniles, of males only, or a mixture of
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sexes and ages. During the day, two or three small
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groups may join and move about together for a few
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hours or a few days. In certain seasons, mainly when
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some kind of favored fruit is plentiful, I've often seen
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as many as twenty five chimpanzees together. What makes the
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social patterns so complicated is that the small groups are
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not stable. When two groups which have joined temporarily separate again,
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there has frequently been an exchange of individuals. Males often
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leave the group they are with to move about alone,
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subsequently joining another group or another lone male. This casual,
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free and easy grouping makes it harder to recognize individuals.
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Yet it is essential to do so before one can
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even begin to understand the social pattern. From my mountaintop perch,
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I observed how chimpanzees go to bed every night. Each
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one makes its own sleeping platform or nest, except for
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the small infants, which sleep with their mothers until they
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are about three years old. The construction of a nest
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I found is simple and takes only a couple of minutes.
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After choosing a suitable foundation, such as a horizontal fork
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with several branches growing out, the chimpanzee stands on this
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and bends down a number of branches from each side
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so that the leafy ends rest across the foundation. He
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then holds them in place with his feet. Finally, he
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bends in all of the little leafy twigs that project
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around the nest, and the bed is ready. But the
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chimpanzee likes his comfort, and often, after lying down for
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a moment, he sits up and reaches out for a
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handful of leafy twigs, which he props under his head
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or some other part of his body. Then he settles
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down again with no obvious or with obvious satisfaction. One evening,
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I sat quietly below a group of five chimpanzees that
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were feeding in a tree. There was Missus Maggs with
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her two offspring, Little Joe about two years old, and Spray,
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then about five. There was another mature female, Matilda, and
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a young male Que. Just before sunset, there was excited
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calling as another male joined the Spray climbed down from
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the tree and ran up the slope to greet him.
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As they climbed the tree together, I saw that the
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newcomer was mister McGregor, an old male who had lost
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the hair from his shoulders and was almost completely bald headed,
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a rarity in chimpanzees. The group fed quietly until the
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sun had almost vanished behind the mountains acrossed the lake,
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and then Missus Maggs began looking for a place to
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make her nest. She tested the branches exactly the way
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a person tests the springs of a hotel bed. One
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by one, the other rapes began to make their nests.
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When the sun finally sank out of sight, Missus Maggs
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was lying on her back in her completed nest as
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the chill of night crept into the air. Little Joe
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ran to her mother, who put out her arm and
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drew the young one close to the warmth of her body.
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Darkness fell swiftly, and I climbed to my mountaintop lookout post,
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opened a tin of beams, and boiled my kettle over
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a little fire. The moon was nearly full, and the
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mountains were beautiful and rather ghostly. When I returned to
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the chimpanzees, I disturbed them as I settled down with
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my blanket about fifty yards away, and they began to call
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out loudly, alerting a troop of baboons sleeping in the
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valley below. The chimpanzees soon quieted down, but the baboons
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went on barking for a long time. The chimpanzees slept
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soundly for the rest of the night, but I was
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perched halfway down a steep slope with only a small
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tree to keep me from slithering into the ravine below.
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I was glad for the first glimmering of dawn. As
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it grew lighter, I gradually made out the dark shape
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of Missus Maggs, with Joe curled up beside her. Soon
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Joe sat up, yawned, and gazed about. Missus Maggs rolled
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over onto her back, flung out an arm and also yawned.
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Joe jumped onto her chest, leaned forward and pressed her
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face against her mother's flinging her arms around her neck.
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The other apes began to move. I could see Matilda
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sitting up in her nest and spray feeding in a
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tree close by. Joe became restless. She climbed to a
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branch above the nest and hung down, kicking and twisting
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from side to side. Her mother reached up and patted her,
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pushing her to and fro until Joe, delighted, tumbled down
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on top of her. Missus Maggs, her legs in the air,
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bounced Joe up and down with her feet, and then
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suddenly bent her knees so that Joe collapsed in a
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heap of waving arms and legs. The game went on
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for about ten minutes than Missus Maggs suddenly sat up
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and peered through the branches. Matilda had left her nest,
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and sounds below indicated that the others are moving away.
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Missus Maggs touched Joe, who jumped to her at once,
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clinging under her belly as the mother swung down from
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the tree. When a chimpanzee is born, it is almost
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as helpless as a human baby, save that it rapidly
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develops great strength in hands and feet, enabling it to
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cling to its mother's long hair as she travels from
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place to place. For the first four months, the infant
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never leaves its mother, But after this it begins to venture,
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first a few feet and then a few yards away.
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It is still very unsure of itself, and the mother
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is always ready to reach out should it lose its balance.
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By the time the infant is about a year old,
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it has more confidence and spends hours playing gently, hanging
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from a branch and patting at its toes, or doing
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careful gymnastics on a branch. If two infants play together,
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they pat out at each other or have a tug
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of war with a twig. Always the games are slow
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and gentle. By the time they are about two years old,
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the little apes are very active, and their playing is
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far more adventurous. Whether they are swinging and leaping around
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in a tree or rolling over and over on the ground,
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they never seem to be still for a minute. Their elders,
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particularly the adolescents and the younger males, are amazingly good
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natured with them. I once watched little Fifi tormenting an
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adolescent male figan. He was resting peacefully when Fifi hurled
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herself onto him, pulling his hair, pushing her fingers into
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his face, biting his ears. She swung above him, kicking
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out while he indulgently pushed her to and fro with
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one hand. Finally, exhausted for the moment, she flung herself
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down beside him. From the ages of about three years,
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the young chimpanzee becomes more and more independent. Often it
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still moves around with its mother until it is five
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or six, but it no longer rides on her back
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or sleeps in the nest with her at night. Games
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become rougher and wilder, wrestling and chasing being the favorite sports.
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Occasionally a small infant tries to join in, and then
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the older ones treat it with great consideration. I saw
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one youngster swinging an infant gently by one arm, and then,
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after peering down, she dropped the little one to a
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leafy platform a few feet below. When the infant had
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difficulty in climbing up again, she gave a helping hand.
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At about eight years, the chimpanzee child attains puberty. During
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the next three or four years of adolescence, it gradually
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takes its place in society. How long it might live
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no one can say, pending further study, but a good
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guess for average lifespan in the wild would be forty
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to fifty years. In this society, relationships among the adult
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apes are more harmonious than had been assumed from observations
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of chimpanzees in captivity. Of course, if you judged from
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sound alone, you would imagine that wild chimpanzees were always
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fighting and quarreling. When two groups meet, there is sometimes
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a fantastic cacophony, as the males call loudly, drum on
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tree trunks, and shake branches, while the females and youngsters
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scream and rush out of the way. But this is
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merely excitement and pleasure. With his highly emotional, extrovert temperature temperament,
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the chimpanzee likes to express his feelings in action. When
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squabbles do arise, often over the merest triviality, they are
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usually settled by gestures and loud protests. Once I was
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watching a youngster feeding peacefully beside an adult male. By chance,
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they both reached for the same fruit. The youngster immediately
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withdrew its hand, but screamed loudly and flapped out at
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the male. The male screamed and flapped at the youngster.
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This went on for a few moments, and then the
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quarrel ended, neither ape having touched the other. Relationships between
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mature and adolescent males are particularly harmonious. They do not
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even fight over females. I once saw seven males in
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succession mate with a single female with no sign of
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jealousy or antagonism. As to mating in general, chimpanzees in
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captivity breed all year round, and it seems likely that
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this is the case in the wild, because females appear
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receptive toward males during all months of the year. In addition,
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I saw small infants in April, June, September, and October.
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During September and October, however, when the chimpanzees are frequently
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seen moving about in large aggregations, excitement caused by this
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social stimulation does appear to have a very marked effect
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upon reproductive behavior. I saw the animals mating almost daily
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during these two months Spring and Tanganyika. Thus, although it
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would appear that a certain amount of mating must take
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place throughout the year. There is apparently a very definite
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mating season. Mutual grooming plays an important role in the
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social life of chimpanzees, and two friends or even a
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small group will sit quietly for hours, searching through each
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other's long black hair for specks of dirt, grass, seeds,
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or chicks. Some students of animal behaviors see in this
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grooming activity the first beginnings of true social and altruistic
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behavior in the whole animal kingdom. I am often asked
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do chimpanzees have a language. They do, not, of course,
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have a language that can be compared with our own,
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but they do have a tremendous variety of calls, each
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one induced by a different emotion. The calls range from
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the rather low pitched who of greeting and the series
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of low grunts that is heard when a chimpanzee begins
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to feed on some desirable food, to the loud, excited
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calls and screams which occur when two groups meet. One
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call given in defiance of apon predator, or when a
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chimpanzee for some reason is angry at the approach of another,
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can be described as a loud raw. This is a
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single syllable several times repeated, and is one of the
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most savage and spine chilling sounds of the African forest.
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Another characteristic call is a series of hoots, the breath
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drawn inaudibly after each hoot, an ending with three or
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four roars. This is the cry of a male chimpanzee
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as he crosses a ridge. It seems to be an
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announcement to any other chimpanzees that may be in the
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valley below here I come. These calls, while they are
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not a language in our sense of the word, are
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understood by other chimpanzees and certainly form a means of communication.
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In addition, chimpanzees communicate by touch or gesture. A mother
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touches her young one when she's about to move away,
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or taps on the trunk when she wants it to
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come down from a tree. When a chimpanzee is anxious
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for a share of some delicacy, he begs out his
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hand palm up exactly as we do. He may pat
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the branch beside him if he wants a companion to
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join him there. When two animals are grooming each other
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and one feels that it's his turn to be groomed,
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he often reaches out and gives his companion a poke. Once,
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when three males were grooming one another, I saw a
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female going around, poking at each of them in turn.
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But she was completely ignored and so sat down sadly
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and groomed herself. There are also many gestures of greeting
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and friendship. Sometimes, when two friends meet after separation, they
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fling their arms around each other in a delightful embrace.
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Despite this fairly well developed system of communication, a chimpanzee
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suddenly confronted with danger gives no alarm call to warn
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his companions, but simply runs off silently. Well, there's quite
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a bit more to this article from Doing Good All,
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but we'll have to stop because of time. This week's
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edition was a little different for a diary of science
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and nature, but I hope you enjoyed that, and please
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stay tuned for more on RADIOI