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خلاصه کتاب تاریخ بی‌خردی: از تروا تا ویتنام، باربارا تاکمن · دانشگاه صوتی چکیده ماندگار | کتاب تاریخی سیاسی

• 0:04
  Speaker 1: The March of Folly, From Troy to Vietnam, written by
• 0:14
  Speaker 1: Barbara Tuckman. Three thousand years ago, the people of Troyes,
• 0:20
  Speaker 1: after ten years of siege, were easily defeated and opened
• 0:23
  Speaker 1: their city gates with their own hands.
• 0:27
  Speaker 2: To dig a stone tombstone into the trench.
• 0:31
  Speaker 1: A tombstone that the Greek soldiers had hidden in their
• 0:36
  Speaker 1: stomachs and the people of Teroua were giving it as
• 0:40
  Speaker 1: a sacred.
• 0:41
  Speaker 2: Gift to the god of their city.
• 0:43
  Speaker 1: The priest of the temple of Apollo, Laocoön, contacted them
• 0:50
  Speaker 1: not to do this. He even struck a nail into
• 0:51
  Speaker 1: the corner of the tombstone. The sound of gunfire and
• 0:57
  Speaker 1: the sound of soldiers hiding inside the fortress was heard,
• 1:01
  Speaker 1: but the people of Teroua took it as a sign
• 1:04
  Speaker 1: of the wrath of God, not a warning of danger.
• 1:06
  Speaker 1: Two hundred years ago, the British government, with the presence
• 1:11
  Speaker 1: of a warning of the best politicians, who kept the
• 1:14
  Speaker 1: United States of America from any amount of tax revenue,
• 1:24
  Speaker 1: They gave up the United States for the sake of
• 1:27
  Speaker 1: money forever. And in the second half of the 20th century,
• 1:30
  Speaker 1: five U.S. presidents, one after the other, entered Vietnam. While
• 1:36
  Speaker 1: their own intelligence reports had told them many times that
• 1:40
  Speaker 1: this war was not a war and they knew it.
• 1:54
  Speaker 1: If we want to summarize the history of Bikharadī in
• 1:56
  Speaker 1: one sentence, it is as follows. The types of governments
• 2:02
  Speaker 1: throughout history have repeatedly followed policies that were obvious against
• 2:08
  Speaker 1: their own interests.
• 2:09
  Speaker 2: Not out of ignorance, but.
• 2:12
  Speaker 1: With sufficient information and quick insights, Taqman gives this term
• 2:19
  Speaker 1: of Bikharadī or Hamaqat to this pedigree. Welcome to the
• 2:23
  Speaker 1: book of Uncharted History. Hello, I am Esfandiar Khodai. In
• 2:29
  Speaker 1: the days when our Iran is more than ever in
• 2:33
  Speaker 1: need of reading books and reading, in the sound university
• 2:40
  Speaker 1: of Chetide Mandegar, we will summarize the important books of
• 2:43
  Speaker 1: Iran and the world that you may not have the
• 2:45
  Speaker 1: opportunity to read in the shortest possible time. Let's move
• 2:53
  Speaker 1: on to the author of the book, Tariq Bikharadi. Mrs.
• 2:58
  Speaker 1: Barbara Tuckman, born in 1912 in New York, was born
• 3:03
  Speaker 1: into a wealthy and political family. Her father was Henry Morgenthau,
• 3:11
  Speaker 1: an American ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, and her uncle
• 3:14
  Speaker 1: was Henry Morgenthau Jr., the Secretary of Treasury of the
• 3:19
  Speaker 1: Roosevelt administration. He graduated from Radcliffe It was the Harvard
• 3:24
  Speaker 1: College of University Sisters, but it never received a history
• 3:28
  Speaker 1: doctorate and was not officially a university professor. In the
• 3:35
  Speaker 1: year 1930, it was called Khabar Nagar, and it was
• 3:39
  Speaker 1: called the Spanish Civil War, and later it was changed
• 3:44
  Speaker 1: to one of the most influential and influential professors of
• 3:47
  Speaker 1: the 20th century. He won twice the Pulitzer Prize, once
• 3:56
  Speaker 1: for the book Tupai-Ott on the history of World War I,
• 4:02
  Speaker 1: and once for the book Stilwell and the American Experience
• 4:07
  Speaker 1: in China. The book Tariq-e-Bikharedi was published in 1984 at
• 4:11
  Speaker 1: the age of 72, five years before his death. Fasl-e awal,
• 4:22
  Speaker 1: donbal kardan-e siyasati bar khalaf-e manaf-e khud. Taqman kitab-ro ba
• 4:28
  Speaker 1: yeh porsesh-e bonyadin shuru mi kone. Chara hakeman bar-ha wa
• 4:32
  Speaker 1: bar-ha bar khalaf-e agl-e salim wa manaf-e ashkar-e khud-shun amal
• 4:36
  Speaker 1: mi konan. O minwiseh, bashar dar heech houze-i ba andaze-e
• 4:42
  Speaker 1: hukumat-dari natawan amal na karde. and to prove this claim,
• 4:46
  Speaker 1: he places human rights in other areas. Man can go
• 4:49
  Speaker 1: out of the earth and travel to the moon, destroy
• 4:51
  Speaker 1: wind and electricity, build skyscrapers, and control and cure diseases
• 4:55
  Speaker 1: in the field of medicine.
• 4:57
  Speaker 2: But in the government, according to John.
• 5:01
  Speaker 1: Adams, the second president of the United States, All other
• 5:15
  Speaker 1: sciences have advanced, but our government is not better than
• 5:19
  Speaker 1: 3 or 4 thousand years ago.
• 5:21
  Speaker 2: The rulers.
• 5:24
  Speaker 1: Of today repeat exactly the same fundamental mistakes that the
• 5:27
  Speaker 1: rulers of the past did. Today's wars, now I will
• 5:29
  Speaker 1: tell you these examples. These are the first and second
• 5:34
  Speaker 1: world wars. The war of these days of Russia and Ukraine,
• 5:42
  Speaker 1: the war of Vietnam, the war of Iraq and Iran,
• 5:45
  Speaker 1: the attack of America on Iraq and finally the attack
• 5:49
  Speaker 1: on our country shows that government is only a piece
• 5:52
  Speaker 1: of history that has not learned from history. For a
• 5:55
  Speaker 1: decision to be really calculated, there are three specific standards.
• 6:01
  Speaker 2: The first standard is.
• 6:07
  Speaker 1: Siyasat bāyad dar hamon zamān-e vughū, nā feqad bā qizāwat-e emrūzī,
• 6:12
  Speaker 1: bā onvān-e siyāsati ziyānbār wa nā dorost šanākhte šudē bāshē.
• 6:18
  Speaker 1: Tākman mīgē, هیچ چیز ناادلانه تر از این نیست که
• 6:22
  Speaker 1: انسانهای گزشته رو با دانش و.
• 6:26
  Speaker 2: اطلاعات امروز قزاوت کنیم.
• 6:28
  Speaker 1: میار دوم بیخردی, یک راهل جایگزین و عملی باید در
• 6:33
  Speaker 1: همون لحظه واقعاً در دسترس بوده باشه meaning the ruler
• 6:38
  Speaker 1: was not forced to make that decision. Another reasonable option
• 6:43
  Speaker 1: was also on the table, but it was left aside
• 6:47
  Speaker 1: and a way was developed. But if there was no
• 6:49
  Speaker 1: other way, that failure was a bad luck, not a
• 6:53
  Speaker 1: failure at the same time.
• 6:54
  Speaker 2: The third standard for failure is.
• 7:02
  Speaker 1: This behavior must be the policy of a system or
• 7:05
  Speaker 1: an organization that continues beyond the political age of a
• 7:09
  Speaker 1: person and the political system must insist on continuing on
• 7:13
  Speaker 1: the same path, not that the desire for quick transition
• 7:17
  Speaker 1: is fixed. Because the bad government of a dictator and
• 7:22
  Speaker 1: wrong decisions is so attached to the personality of people's
• 7:25
  Speaker 1: personalities which does not have the value of a historical generalization.
• 7:34
  Speaker 1: Taqman is in search of construction and repetition and perseverance
• 7:39
  Speaker 1: in the governments, not just a.
• 7:41
  Speaker 2: Small amount of one commandment.
• 7:43
  Speaker 1: Another key concept of the book is the difficulty of wood,
• 7:48
  Speaker 1: or the head of wood, or the same mental torture.
• 7:54
  Speaker 1: The reality is to be seen, but the ruler does
• 7:57
  Speaker 1: not see it. Something is in front of his eyes.
• 8:00
  Speaker 1: He only sees that which he has believed in before.
• 8:03
  Speaker 1: He also ignores any opposite sign. Sometimes this blinding comes
• 8:08
  Speaker 1: from ideology, a strong belief that ties the ruler's eyes
• 8:13
  Speaker 1: to reality. Takman uses this as an example in Philip II,
• 8:18
  Speaker 1: the Spanish emperor, who said that no defeat can He
• 8:23
  Speaker 1: confuses his belief in the correctness of his policies.
• 8:25
  Speaker 2: With this stubbornness.
• 8:28
  Speaker 1: And arrogance, he never realizes his mistake Even if his
• 8:33
  Speaker 1: people are poor and his country is poor and divided.
• 8:39
  Speaker 2: Ms.
• 8:39
  Speaker 1: Barbara Tuckman in the first season She talks about four
• 8:43
  Speaker 1: historical examples But in the following seasons, she discusses four
• 8:48
  Speaker 1: historical shortcomings The fall of Troyes The separation of the
• 8:54
  Speaker 1: Protestants from the Catholic Church, the easy removal of the
• 9:00
  Speaker 1: American continuity of Britain, and the defeat of the United
• 9:03
  Speaker 1: States in Vietnam. Now let's take a look at four
• 9:06
  Speaker 1: interesting and short historical examples. The first example is the
• 9:14
  Speaker 1: fall of the easy fall of the Aztec-Mexican empire. The
• 9:20
  Speaker 1: empire of the Aztec Red Cross It ruled over 5
• 9:23
  Speaker 1: million people. The army was armed and the throne was
• 9:26
  Speaker 1: in the heart.
• 9:27
  Speaker 2: Of a sea.
• 9:27
  Speaker 1: With this, less than 600 Spanish soldiers were surrendered to
• 9:31
  Speaker 1: General Kurtz.
• 9:32
  Speaker 2: What was the reason?
• 9:33
  Speaker 1: It was because of the fairy tale of the return
• 9:36
  Speaker 1: of the god Quetzalcoatl.
• 9:37
  Speaker 2: Which was mistaken.
• 9:49
  Speaker 1: He sent a message to General Kurtz to return him.
• 9:52
  Speaker 1: But the result was opposite and all the Spaniards were killed.
• 10:00
  Speaker 2: Defeated.
• 10:01
  Speaker 1: In the end, Emperor Montezuma led General Kurtz to the
• 10:06
  Speaker 1: heart of his throne with complete approval, while the Aztec
• 10:12
  Speaker 1: army was ready to attack the surrounding provinces.
• 10:18
  Speaker 2: After the massacre of a.
• 10:19
  Speaker 1: Group of Aztec slaves at the hands of one of
• 10:22
  Speaker 1: the officers of the Kurds, the city turned to rebellion.
• 10:26
  Speaker 1: The Spaniards took the prisoners out so that the people
• 10:29
  Speaker 1: would calm them down. But the people betrayed the prisoners
• 10:31
  Speaker 1: for treason and treason and three days later they passed
• 10:35
  Speaker 1: away and did not even take the mourning ceremony for them.
• 10:45
  Speaker 1: The Kurds, with the help of the Bumi Allies, besieged
• 10:47
  Speaker 1: the city and surrendered the capital to Asuni. From then on,
• 10:52
  Speaker 1: the Spaniards went to Mexico for 300 years and tortured it.
• 10:55
  Speaker 1: The next example is how Louis XIV destroyed France. The
• 11:09
  Speaker 1: Nantes order was ordered by Henry IV, the French emperor,
• 11:13
  Speaker 1: in 1598 and gave the French Protestants, known as the Huguenots,
• 11:15
  Speaker 1: religious freedom. But Louis XIV, the son of Henry, rejected
• 11:19
  Speaker 1: this order. According to historians, this was the worst mistake
• 11:23
  Speaker 1: of his life. Louis, who was a Catholic, called himself
• 11:35
  Speaker 1: a law, a king, a nation, a God, considered himself
• 11:38
  Speaker 1: a representative of God and could not make any difference.
• 11:43
  Speaker 1: The main means of suppression was something called the dragon.
• 11:48
  Speaker 2: Now, what is the dragon?
• 11:51
  Speaker 1: The government forced the soldiers of the dragon to live
• 11:54
  Speaker 1: in Protestant homes. That family had to give them food
• 12:03
  Speaker 1: and shelter and these soldiers were allowed to be angry
• 12:07
  Speaker 1: as much as they wanted. They were harassing and torturing
• 12:13
  Speaker 1: the families until the families changed their religion and became Catholic.
• 12:18
  Speaker 1: When the report of the change of the religion of
• 12:22
  Speaker 1: the collective until 60,000 people reached the court in three
• 12:25
  Speaker 1: days in an area, Louis XIV was happy and concluded
• 12:32
  Speaker 1: that there was no longer any Protestant monarchy and officially
• 12:35
  Speaker 1: abolished the Nantes religious civilization.
• 12:38
  Speaker 2: The abolition of religious.
• 12:39
  Speaker 1: Civilization brought the situation of the Protestants together and the
• 12:45
  Speaker 1: torture and torture and torture of them came to an end.
• 12:49
  Speaker 1: But the court and the Catholic people celebrated it and
• 12:53
  Speaker 1: sang the victory of God.
• 12:55
  Speaker 2: Now what was the result?
• 12:57
  Speaker 1: The escape of about 250,000 craftsmen, craftsmen and craftsmen was
• 13:02
  Speaker 1: in Holland, Prussia and England.
• 13:04
  Speaker 2: Many of them.
• 13:05
  Speaker 1: Were served in the French enemy army and fought with
• 13:09
  Speaker 1: Louis XIV. Walter later named this decision one of the
• 13:11
  Speaker 1: biggest French disasters, which resulted completely.
• 13:16
  Speaker 2: Against the goal of the point of view.
• 13:23
  Speaker 1: Louis XIV, after 72 years of rule, gave France a
• 13:27
  Speaker 1: better and poorer than what it had received.
• 13:30
  Speaker 2: The following example.
• 13:34
  Speaker 1: Is Germany's guarantee that it came out of the water.
• 13:41
  Speaker 1: In January 1917, the day of the First World War,
• 13:46
  Speaker 1: the great German commander decided to take over the unlimited
• 13:50
  Speaker 1: underwater war. The German general, Betman Hulog, spent an entire
• 13:58
  Speaker 1: hour with Weissar and the generals investigating that this act
• 14:02
  Speaker 1: would inevitably lead to the United States' involvement in our enemies.
• 14:07
  Speaker 1: But General Fon, with 200 pages of documents on the
• 14:11
  Speaker 1: shipwrecks and the British shipyard, assured that The submarine ship
• 14:19
  Speaker 1: can destroy Britain before the arrival of the new American products.
• 14:26
  Speaker 1: And Field Marshal also assured that the army would return
• 14:30
  Speaker 1: from the United States. Sadr Azam Betman finally accepted this decision.
• 14:38
  Speaker 2: The result was exactly the opposite of those promises.
• 14:41
  Speaker 1: The German submarine attack on American ships led the United
• 14:47
  Speaker 1: States to the World War I and the balance sheet
• 14:50
  Speaker 1: was sold to the United Nations. Admiral Batman said only
• 14:55
  Speaker 1: two words at the end of his office.
• 14:59
  Speaker 2: Finish Germany. Japan did what it had to do.
• 15:02
  Speaker 1: In 1941, In the midst of World War II, General Yamamoto,
• 15:14
  Speaker 1: the architect of Pearl Harbor, who had graduated in Harvard
• 15:18
  Speaker 1: and knew America closely, said to Nakhoslazir, I have no
• 15:24
  Speaker 1: confidence in the victory of Japan in a long war
• 15:28
  Speaker 1: with America. His approach was that Japan, with a careless blow,
• 15:33
  Speaker 1: would destroy the only base of America in the region,
• 15:37
  Speaker 1: that is, Pearl Harbor, And the United States will be.
• 15:41
  Speaker 2: So exhausted that it will not be able to fight.
• 15:45
  Speaker 1: Japan was able to use the Dutch colonies in Indonesia
• 15:49
  Speaker 1: And destroy the United States from the direct approach But
• 15:52
  Speaker 1: he did exactly what he shouldn't have done He attacked
• 15:58
  Speaker 1: the American soil, that is, Pearl Harbor Before this attack,
• 16:03
  Speaker 1: the people and American politicians With the focus on the
• 16:06
  Speaker 1: aftermath of World War I They had no intention of
• 16:12
  Speaker 1: entering World War II. But the Japanese attack on Pearl
• 16:16
  Speaker 1: Harbor made the differences worse and America entered the war
• 16:21
  Speaker 1: in one.
• 16:24
  Speaker 2: Piece.
• 16:24
  Speaker 1: The author of the book calls this a strange cultural shock.
• 16:29
  Speaker 1: The Japanese compared themselves and thought that with this blow,
• 16:33
  Speaker 1: America would be defeated. But the result of unifying the
• 16:37
  Speaker 1: half-independent nation And in the end, it was a complete
• 16:42
  Speaker 1: defeat and surrender of Japan. Lord Acton, an English philosopher, says,
• 16:50
  Speaker 1: Power brings corruption, and its reason is not difficult.
• 16:55
  Speaker 2: Anyone who has more power and is.
• 16:56
  Speaker 1: Not forced to obey others, easily leaves morality behind. But
• 17:01
  Speaker 1: Tuckman says, power has another child named Bikharadi.
• 17:07
  Speaker 2: Why? Because the person.
• 17:09
  Speaker 1: Who performs his order without criticism and no reason, no
• 17:12
  Speaker 1: longer denies his action against the opponents. He takes advantage
• 17:17
  Speaker 1: of the habit of listening and changing his mind. And
• 17:19
  Speaker 1: the more he spends on a wrong decision, the more
• 17:23
  Speaker 1: difficult it becomes for him to respond. So he prefers
• 17:25
  Speaker 1: to continue the same path with more certainty instead of
• 17:30
  Speaker 1: confessing to the mistake. and to destroy himself and his country. Therefore,
• 17:41
  Speaker 1: poverty is also like corruption, one of the.
• 17:47
  Speaker 2: Children of power.
• 17:48
  Speaker 1: Now let's go to the four main stories of the
• 17:51
  Speaker 1: book of the history of poverty, with a more accurate
• 17:55
  Speaker 1: and detailed explanation of them.
• 17:59
  Speaker 2: The second chapter.
• 18:01
  Speaker 1: Is the story of the fall of the city of Teroua.
• 18:05
  Speaker 1: Why does Taqman choose a story that is not a
• 18:08
  Speaker 1: historical story at all, but rather a fairy tale as
• 18:11
  Speaker 1: the best example of immortality in human history? Because, as
• 18:14
  Speaker 1: he said, this fairy tale has exactly the same structure.
• 18:17
  Speaker 1: A clear background before the action. The existence of a
• 18:22
  Speaker 1: placeholder in the process. and a conscious choice of evil
• 18:34
  Speaker 1: instead of a rational solution. After ten years of unresolved
• 18:40
  Speaker 1: siege of the city of Teroua, the Greeks apparently leave
• 18:45
  Speaker 1: the siege and leave only a huge wooden stone as
• 18:48
  Speaker 1: a gift to the god of Athens in front of
• 18:51
  Speaker 1: the gates of Teroua. Kapis, one of the rich people
• 18:53
  Speaker 1: of the city, Right at this moment, when he was
• 19:32
  Speaker 1: aware of the majority, Sinon, a Greek spy, swore by
• 19:37
  Speaker 1: a lie that this stone was a real gift for Athens.
• 19:42
  Speaker 1: And in the same way, two sheep of Golpeikar come
• 19:46
  Speaker 1: out of the sea and hide their two sons in
• 19:49
  Speaker 1: front of the eyes of the evil community. This terrible
• 19:52
  Speaker 1: event is interpreted by the people of Troia as a
• 19:54
  Speaker 1: divine anger from disrespect to the gift. So they cut
• 19:58
  Speaker 1: off a part of the wall of the city's door
• 19:59
  Speaker 1: to enter this Golpeikar's tomb. Cassandra, the smart daughter of
• 20:12
  Speaker 1: the treacherous commander, also warns that, O people, you are
• 20:16
  Speaker 1: completely unaware of the fate of your fate. Your destruction
• 20:21
  Speaker 1: is within this stone wall. However, the treacherous men read
• 20:26
  Speaker 1: the words of the victory celebration in a childish way.
• 20:31
  Speaker 1: At night, the spy's chest opens the hidden door of
• 20:34
  Speaker 1: the stone wall. The Greek soldiers throw the doors out
• 20:38
  Speaker 1: on the army who are waiting behind the door and
• 20:42
  Speaker 1: the city that had been fighting this army for ten
• 20:48
  Speaker 1: years falls in one night. Takman says that the alternative
• 20:53
  Speaker 1: option was ready on the table. Destroying Asp, as well
• 20:58
  Speaker 1: as Kapis Rishsefi and Laokon Kahen, and Cassandra was the
• 21:03
  Speaker 1: daughter of the wise Phra Manrava. Despite these suspicions, this
• 21:05
  Speaker 1: was not a forbidden writing of God to defeat the Trojans. Rather,
• 21:09
  Speaker 1: it was the impetuous choice of the Trojans. So there
• 21:12
  Speaker 1: is a way out of the void. But only if
• 21:16
  Speaker 1: a person wants.
• 21:16
  Speaker 2: To see it.
• 21:18
  Speaker 1: Chapter 3 How did the priests of the church banish
• 21:21
  Speaker 1: half of the Christians?
• 21:33
  Speaker 2: For 60 years, 6 PAPs.
• 21:35
  Speaker 1: 5 Italians and 1 Spaniards ravaged the Catholic Church so
• 21:39
  Speaker 1: much that in the end, half of its followers became
• 21:42
  Speaker 1: Protestant forever. I think this is probably the most precious
• 21:47
  Speaker 1: discovery in Western history. The land was prepared from the
• 21:51
  Speaker 1: 14th century. The construction of the great church with two
• 22:00
  Speaker 1: popes at the same time in Rome and Avignon had
• 22:04
  Speaker 1: connected the church to the kings and had taken the
• 22:08
  Speaker 1: sale of everything holy from the offering of sins to
• 22:13
  Speaker 1: the position of bishop to permanent trade.
• 22:18
  Speaker 2: Pope Sixtus IV, with.
• 22:19
  Speaker 1: The existence of the legal throne of 24 cardinals, in
• 22:24
  Speaker 1: 13 years 34 people.
• 22:27
  Speaker 2: Most of his slaves were deported.
• 22:28
  Speaker 1: He was also involved in the murder of the Medici
• 22:32
  Speaker 1: family in the church of Florence and when the massacre
• 22:37
  Speaker 1: was over, he cursed the whole of Florence out of anger.
• 22:44
  Speaker 1: Pope Alexander VI, Rodrigo Borghia, had bought papy with bribe
• 22:50
  Speaker 1: and was the father of seven illegitimate children. In the
• 22:56
  Speaker 1: presence of King Balut, 50 phahesha danced in front of
• 23:00
  Speaker 1: the eyes of the Pope. The ambassador of Venice wrote
• 23:04
  Speaker 1: that every night four or five bodies are found in Rome.
• 23:11
  Speaker 1: Julius II, Pope of Janjoo, personally wore armor and commanded
• 23:16
  Speaker 1: the army of the church. The philosopher, after the death
• 23:22
  Speaker 1: of Pope Julius, asks, What is the relationship between the
• 23:25
  Speaker 1: robe of God and the divine position of the Pope?
• 23:32
  Speaker 1: Pope Leo X said, God gave us the Pope, let
• 23:36
  Speaker 1: us enjoy him. He only spent one-seventh of the church's
• 23:40
  Speaker 1: treasury in the celebration of the crucifixion.
• 23:43
  Speaker 2: For the construction of St.
• 23:46
  Speaker 1: Peter's Church, he introduced the sale of the commandment. A
• 23:52
  Speaker 1: preacher in the streets shouted, as soon as the sound
• 23:54
  Speaker 1: of your stick is raised in the chest, the soul
• 23:57
  Speaker 1: falls from the coffin to the sky. Martin Luther, on
• 24:00
  Speaker 1: the same day, in 1517, in the year of 95,
• 24:04
  Speaker 1: confessed his objection to the leader of the Wittenberg church.
• 24:07
  Speaker 1: Leo read his first prayer to the priests. When Luther
• 24:10
  Speaker 1: was finally baptized, it was too late. It is interesting
• 24:24
  Speaker 1: that Khoshtar is always heard. The Fifth Council of the
• 24:28
  Speaker 1: Church had issued the order of reform in the context
• 24:31
  Speaker 1: of Luther's protest. But the 10th Leo, who signed this order,
• 24:36
  Speaker 1: continued exactly the same work. The church knew its own problem,
• 24:40
  Speaker 1: it just did not have the will to reform it.
• 24:44
  Speaker 1: Taqman summarizes the three basic principles of these papas in
• 24:49
  Speaker 1: this way. 1. Curiousness about the people's indifference 2. Promotion
• 25:00
  Speaker 1: of family and personal interests in the interests of the
• 25:04
  Speaker 1: church 3. Confusion of defeatism This belief that nothing can
• 25:09
  Speaker 1: really threaten the power of the Pope 4.
• 25:12
  Speaker 2: How did Britain take over the United States?
• 25:18
  Speaker 1: Britain in 1763 After the victory in the seven-year wars
• 25:28
  Speaker 1: against France in the United States, he had the largest
• 25:31
  Speaker 1: empire in the world. But the cost of these seven-year
• 25:34
  Speaker 1: wars was very heavy. Thirteen American colonizers were not only loyal,
• 25:38
  Speaker 1: but also loyal to the British throne. But interestingly, 15
• 25:42
  Speaker 1: years later, Britain, insisting on a policy of mismanagement, i.e.
• 25:58
  Speaker 1: financial stability, for those who did not have a representative
• 26:02
  Speaker 1: in the parliament, gave up America forever. Edmund Burke, a
• 26:09
  Speaker 1: British politician and one of the opponents of this policy,
• 26:13
  Speaker 1: warned the parliament that keeping America for Britain from the
• 26:19
  Speaker 1: political point of view economic and even moral value is
• 26:23
  Speaker 1: much more than any amount that comes from the finances
• 26:28
  Speaker 1: for them. George Grenoble, the Prime Minister of Britain, adopted
• 26:32
  Speaker 1: the TAMR law in 1765. In other words, every official
• 26:35
  Speaker 1: document in the United Arab Emirates, from the purchase and
• 26:39
  Speaker 1: sale schedule and the will to the diary, had to
• 26:43
  Speaker 1: have a state order and paid for it. Without tamr,
• 26:50
  Speaker 1: that document was not legal. Benjamin Franklin, the representative of
• 26:57
  Speaker 1: the parliament in London, had said that even if you
• 27:00
  Speaker 1: have the legal right to tax, it is not reasonable
• 27:03
  Speaker 1: to use it because the result will be a disaster.
• 27:05
  Speaker 1: Parliamentaries refused with sanctions and resistance and the parliament was
• 27:10
  Speaker 1: forced to break the law. However, at the same time,
• 27:18
  Speaker 1: he adopted the declaration law. According to this law, the
• 27:23
  Speaker 1: absolute right of the parliament to pass a law on
• 27:25
  Speaker 1: immigrants in any field, including finance, was confirmed, which closed
• 27:31
  Speaker 1: any way of the future establishment.
• 27:33
  Speaker 2: From then.
• 27:36
  Speaker 1: On, Abarez Townsend, the British Secretary of Treasury, That is,
• 27:43
  Speaker 1: a new set of finances that the parliament in 1767
• 27:46
  Speaker 1: closed on glass, color, paper and imported tea And then
• 27:50
  Speaker 1: the killing of Boston in Massachusetts in 1770 In which
• 27:53
  Speaker 1: the British soldiers killed five American soldiers And finally the
• 27:58
  Speaker 1: Tea Party or Tea Party of Boston in 1773 who
• 28:12
  Speaker 1: poured the tea of the East India Company into the
• 28:15
  Speaker 1: sea and deepened this dispute. The parliament completely closed the
• 28:23
  Speaker 1: Boston border in its presence and abolished the self-determination of Massachusetts.
• 28:27
  Speaker 1: George III, the king of Lajouge, wrote to his ministers
• 28:32
  Speaker 1: in his letters that he was sure that he was
• 28:33
  Speaker 1: doing his job correctly and could never refuse for this reason.
• 28:42
  Speaker 1: John Wesley, the leader of the Methodist religion, wrote in
• 28:47
  Speaker 1: June 1775, based on the truth and falsehood, does the
• 28:50
  Speaker 1: right mind rule against.
• 28:52
  Speaker 2: The Americans to work hard?
• 28:53
  Speaker 1: Neither 20,000 soldiers nor three of them, any number of
• 28:56
  Speaker 1: soldiers who fight 3,000 miles away from home cannot defeat
• 29:00
  Speaker 1: a nation that fights for freedom. They are united in
• 29:12
  Speaker 1: their difficulties. The alternative option was clear, to continue. Britain could,
• 29:21
  Speaker 1: instead of insisting on financial support, give internal self-sufficiency to
• 29:25
  Speaker 1: the continuation and decide.
• 29:27
  Speaker 2: Their own finances from them.
• 29:29
  Speaker 1: But instead of this path, it chose the path of
• 29:31
  Speaker 1: force and gave up the empire.
• 29:34
  Speaker 2: Britain also lost in the battlefield.
• 29:40
  Speaker 1: Defeated in the battlefield In 1777, in Saratoga, the army
• 29:45
  Speaker 1: of 8,000 people of General Burgoyne was completely surrendered The
• 29:50
  Speaker 1: defeat that dominated France officially led to the American revolutionaries
• 29:55
  Speaker 1: entering the war Finally, after the final surrender in Yorktown
• 30:01
  Speaker 1: in 1781, Britain officially accepted the independence of the United States.
• 30:09
  Speaker 1: Barbara Tuckman says that the root of this indifference was
• 30:13
  Speaker 1: the insistence on the right that they knew they.
• 30:15
  Speaker 2: Could not implement because they were weakening the resistance.
• 30:20
  Speaker 1: Britain gave up its real imperialism to protect its apparent power.
• 30:27
  Speaker 1: It is interesting that Britain learned from this experience and
• 30:31
  Speaker 1: 50 years later, when Canada also gave up its independence, Britain,
• 30:36
  Speaker 1: with self-sacrifice, advanced from the repeat of the American disaster. Fifth,
• 30:41
  Speaker 1: America betrayed itself in Vietnam. The longest and perhaps the
• 30:53
  Speaker 1: most informative chapter in the book, 30 years of the
• 30:55
  Speaker 1: entry of the United States into Vietnam, is narrated from
• 30:58
  Speaker 1: Roosevelt to Nixon. The problem was not ignorance. The sufficient
• 31:03
  Speaker 1: information and the official reports were always in the hands
• 31:06
  Speaker 1: of the American decision-makers. The problem was the inability to
• 31:11
  Speaker 1: accept the logical result of that information and to end
• 31:15
  Speaker 1: the war. Roosevelt was initially opposed to the return of
• 31:24
  Speaker 1: French civilization to the region of India and China. But Truman,
• 31:29
  Speaker 1: with the approaching Cold War and the need to strengthen
• 31:32
  Speaker 1: France against the Soviet Union, put this opposition aside. General Leclerc,
• 31:39
  Speaker 1: a French commander, had previously said that 500,000 soldiers were
• 31:43
  Speaker 1: needed and even then it would not be possible to
• 31:45
  Speaker 1: complete this work in Vietnam. And with this sentence, he
• 31:53
  Speaker 1: advanced the next 30 years. During Eisenhower's time, John Foster Dulles,
• 32:00
  Speaker 1: his foreign.
• 32:01
  Speaker 2: Minister, established the idea of dominoes.
• 32:04
  Speaker 1: If Vietnam falls, its neighbors like Cambodia, Thailand and others
• 32:10
  Speaker 1: will fall one by one.
• 32:12
  Speaker 2: Like a domino.
• 32:15
  Speaker 1: After the defeat of France in Dien Bien Phu, Vietnam
• 32:19
  Speaker 1: was divided into two parts and the United States took
• 32:22
  Speaker 1: the place of France. Ngo Dinh Dinh, a Vietnamese position,
• 32:27
  Speaker 1: was given power to the United States, a leader who,
• 32:32
  Speaker 1: despite having a budget of 60 to 75 percent by
• 32:34
  Speaker 1: the United States, never found a people's base. Kennedy, despite
• 32:38
  Speaker 1: knowing that Without the support of the people, every attempt
• 32:46
  Speaker 1: to defeat this sentence reached thousands of American advisers in Vietnam.
• 32:49
  Speaker 1: In March 1963, he told Senator Mansfield that he was
• 32:53
  Speaker 1: completely disappointed with Vietnam's exit, but could not take action
• 32:59
  Speaker 1: until after the 1965 elections. In fact, it was a
• 33:02
  Speaker 1: dramatic advance of personal political interests on the country's interests.
• 33:13
  Speaker 1: In November 1963, Washington was killed by the Washington Flash
• 33:18
  Speaker 1: in the Kudeta and three weeks later, Kennedy himself was
• 33:24
  Speaker 1: also killed. Johnson said 48 hours after Kennedy's death that
• 33:28
  Speaker 1: he did not want this president to start a war.
• 33:31
  Speaker 2: The Tunkin Gulf Suspect Incident in 1964.
• 33:40
  Speaker 1: Became an excuse for the white check that was given
• 33:43
  Speaker 1: to Johnson. With the presence of George Ball, who does
• 33:48
  Speaker 1: not surrender North to the bombers, Johnson chose to start
• 33:53
  Speaker 1: a war and brought the troops to more than.
• 33:56
  Speaker 2: Half a million people.
• 33:57
  Speaker 1: The Tet attack in 1968, with the presence of a
• 34:01
  Speaker 1: military defeat for North, showed that the close victory promise
• 34:08
  Speaker 1: was also a lie. Walter Cronkite, a television reporter, announced
• 34:16
  Speaker 1: that the war had come to an end and Johnson
• 34:20
  Speaker 1: announced that the second round of elections would no longer
• 34:23
  Speaker 1: be named. After Johnson, Nixon came up with the peace promise,
• 34:31
  Speaker 1: but the Vietnamese policy, with the formation of bombers, including
• 34:36
  Speaker 1: the hidden bomber of Cambodia, took this policy forward. After
• 34:41
  Speaker 1: the peace agreement of Paris in 1973, South Vietnam completely
• 34:45
  Speaker 1: collapsed two years later, a war that killed 58,000 Americans
• 34:49
  Speaker 1: and more than 2 million Vietnamese. Barbara Tuckman says four
• 35:02
  Speaker 1: things about this war in this way. 1. Expression of
• 35:07
  Speaker 1: terrorism to the danger of communism. 2. Misunderstanding the absolute
• 35:12
  Speaker 1: power of the United States. 3.
• 35:15
  Speaker 2: Being a bricklayer or emigrant. 4.
• 35:18
  Speaker 1: Losing the territory of North Vietnam and taking over Saigon. 5.
• 35:22
  Speaker 1: Not having an open mind. This means that no one
• 35:29
  Speaker 1: in Washington seriously asked what is the benefit of this
• 35:33
  Speaker 1: war for the real interests of the United States.
• 35:35
  Speaker 2: And now, the comments on the book, The Unpublished History.
• 35:41
  Speaker 1: The first comment is written by Gordon Wood, the editor-in-chief
• 35:46
  Speaker 1: of the American Revolution in New York Review of Books.
• 35:50
  Speaker 1: He writes, The past is probably seen as a look
• 35:52
  Speaker 1: back on the past. and he establishes a free will
• 35:58
  Speaker 1: that is not natural for decisions. If every dangerous decision
• 36:05
  Speaker 1: that breaks free will be a free will, every big
• 36:08
  Speaker 1: decision will be.
• 36:10
  Speaker 2: Called free will.
• 36:11
  Speaker 1: For example, if Churchill fought in 1940, historians must have
• 36:14
  Speaker 1: read him free will. Now the answer that comes from
• 36:17
  Speaker 1: the book. Taqman exactly rejects this. His first standard is
• 36:27
  Speaker 1: that the loss of politics must be seen in its
• 36:29
  Speaker 1: own time, not just by looking at the past. He
• 36:31
  Speaker 1: writes that the final result does not determine whether the
• 36:34
  Speaker 1: policy is useless or not. The insistence on a proven
• 36:38
  Speaker 1: path of incompetence determines this. About Churchill, in the year 1940,
• 36:51
  Speaker 1: no one has any of these standards that Gordon says he.
• 36:54
  Speaker 2: Does not have.
• 36:56
  Speaker 1: But in the examples of Tuckman, happiness was seen before
• 37:00
  Speaker 1: the disaster. Erasmus and Savonarola gave happiness to the Popes.
• 37:07
  Speaker 1: And in Britain, Edmund Burke and William Pitt gave happiness.
• 37:12
  Speaker 1: But the happiness was not heard. Paul Johnson, a British
• 37:23
  Speaker 1: historian in New Criterion, writes that Taekman assumes that the
• 37:30
  Speaker 1: US intervention in Vietnam was a mistake from the beginning
• 37:34
  Speaker 1: and its defeat was definite. This is the same trick
• 37:38
  Speaker 1: that Mubarak must remove from it. The goal of the US,
• 37:42
  Speaker 1: that is, the power of communism, may have been the
• 37:44
  Speaker 1: value of defense.
• 37:47
  Speaker 2: But the answer.
• 37:48
  Speaker 1: That comes from the book does not leave the discussion
• 37:53
  Speaker 1: on the target, but on the way of choice. He
• 37:57
  Speaker 1: writes many times that there is always freedom of choice,
• 38:01
  Speaker 1: so he does not know the defeat. There were other
• 38:04
  Speaker 1: ways in the process. George Ball proposed a complete exit
• 38:08
  Speaker 1: from Vietnam and other competitors such as Maxwell Taylor, the
• 38:13
  Speaker 1: successor of the progressive and negotiation, But Johnson's government suppressed
• 38:18
  Speaker 1: the war and changed its goal. According to Tagman, the
• 38:24
  Speaker 1: goal of communism was to preserve water. And the methods
• 38:28
  Speaker 1: from the chemical bombings of Napalm to the bombings of
• 38:33
  Speaker 1: Satha were not trusted.
• 38:35
  Speaker 2: The third point that comes to this book is that.
• 38:43
  Speaker 1: If the undisputed angel is the one who is against
• 38:46
  Speaker 1: the idea, this angel is true to any war and
• 38:49
  Speaker 1: any policy, then any historical.
• 38:51
  Speaker 2: Decision can be called undisputed.
• 38:54
  Speaker 1: For example, any decision of the President of the United
• 38:57
  Speaker 1: States certainly has opponents from his own party and especially
• 39:01
  Speaker 1: the opposition party.
• 39:02
  Speaker 2: The answer to the question of.
• 39:08
  Speaker 1: This book refers to the fact that Taqman never knew
• 39:10
  Speaker 1: enough about the opposition and wanted three standards together. 1.
• 39:15
  Speaker 2: The loss of politics.
• 39:16
  Speaker 1: Should also be seen in its own time. 2. The
• 39:19
  Speaker 1: practical solution should be in hand, the choice should be
• 39:22
  Speaker 1: on the table.
• 39:24
  Speaker 2: And 3.
• 39:30
  Speaker 1: Political life should be more important. Like the case of
• 39:34
  Speaker 1: Vietnam and the separation of the United States from Britain.
• 39:38
  Speaker 1: So the opponents who only protest are not enough. Tockman
• 40:15
  Speaker 1: closes the book with a quote from Samuel Coleridge. If
• 40:18
  Speaker 1: people could learn from history what they did not learn,
• 40:24
  Speaker 1: but disappointment and partiality blinds our eyes and the light
• 40:31
  Speaker 1: that experience gives us is like a lantern on the
• 40:35
  Speaker 1: back of a ship that only lights up the light
• 40:37
  Speaker 1: behind our heads, not the light in.
• 40:39
  Speaker 2: Front of us. He quotes.
• 40:42
  Speaker 1: From Kissinger that The leaders usually do not learn.
• 40:46
  Speaker 2: More than the believers who bring them to power.
• 40:48
  Speaker 1: And he asks why the experience of China was not
• 40:52
  Speaker 1: a lesson for Vietnam and Vietnam was not a lesson
• 40:55
  Speaker 1: for Iran. Taqman confirms that the rulers are not prisoners
• 40:59
  Speaker 1: of the Constitution and can always.
• 41:04
  Speaker 2: Change the path.
• 41:11
  Speaker 1: However, it is almost impossible to confess to a mistake
• 41:14
  Speaker 1: for the owners of power. According to Edmund Burke, being
• 41:20
  Speaker 1: a great man in politics is the most dangerous thing.
• 41:24
  Speaker 2: A great empire cannot be formed with small minds. And
• 41:30
  Speaker 2: with the experience of.
• 41:31
  Speaker 1: The impoverishment of the governments' training in China, the Ottoman
• 41:38
  Speaker 1: Empire and Prussia, a Russian attack on Ukraine, and two
• 42:43
  Speaker 1: operations on October 7, or the Hamas storm.
• 42:49
  Speaker 2: Russia was at the peak of power.
• 42:51
  Speaker 1: Moscow was the center of political trafficking and international politics,
• 42:56
  Speaker 1: and the East and the West respected it and were
• 43:00
  Speaker 1: attached to Russia.
• 43:01
  Speaker 2: Russia without war, with.
• 43:02
  Speaker 1: Nuclear power, It was a permanent member of the Security
• 43:10
  Speaker 1: Council and a major energy supplier. The West had clearly
• 43:17
  Speaker 1: given a warning before the attack that there was a
• 43:20
  Speaker 1: heavy sanctions. Moscow wanted NATO to be removed from its borders,
• 43:27
  Speaker 1: but NATO suddenly got bigger and Finland and Sweden joined NATO.
• 43:37
  Speaker 1: After more than 4 years of war, Russia has about
• 43:41
  Speaker 1: 12% of the land of Ukraine in power and in
• 43:45
  Speaker 1: the past year it has only advanced by about 0.5%.
• 43:49
  Speaker 1: Russia is not a small country that has eyes on
• 43:52
  Speaker 1: the land of Ukraine. It is estimated that about 1.4
• 43:55
  Speaker 1: million Russian soldiers have been injured or missing. But Hamas
• 44:06
  Speaker 1: and the week of October, or the storm of Al-Aqsa. Hamas,
• 44:12
  Speaker 1: in the circumstances in which Israel was under international pressure
• 44:17
  Speaker 1: and internal disputes in Israel were severely in progress, launched
• 44:23
  Speaker 1: an attack that resulted in the destruction of Gaza. More
• 44:28
  Speaker 1: than 73,000 Palestinians were martyred, 174,000 injured, And the resistance
• 44:34
  Speaker 1: was paid a heavy price. About 5,000 Hezbollah units were
• 44:38
  Speaker 1: also martyred. And with the defeat of Hezbollah, Syria was
• 44:43
  Speaker 1: defeated by Farouk Pashir and Bashar Assad. And the resistance
• 44:47
  Speaker 1: was torn into two parts. And Israel was transformed into
• 44:50
  Speaker 1: the greatest military power in the region. The war against
• 44:53
  Speaker 1: Iran was also fought and today we witness Today, Iran
• 45:01
  Speaker 1: has faced the United States, Israel and neighboring countries. We
• 45:07
  Speaker 1: compare justice to history, but Taqman knows one thing for sure.
• 45:13
  Speaker 1: The greatest danger for any government is not the enemy outside,
• 45:16
  Speaker 1: but the selfishness of seeing the reality in front of
• 45:20
  Speaker 1: his eyes.
• 45:20
  Speaker 2: And the last word.
• 45:27
  Speaker 1: I thank you for your attention and support.
• 45:30
  Speaker 2: If you find the.
• 45:30
  Speaker 1: Summary of this book useful, I also recommend reading the
• 45:35
  Speaker 1: original book, because it is full of historical details, documents
• 45:39
  Speaker 1: and stories.
• 45:40
  Speaker 2: That are not included in a summary.
• 45:42
  Speaker 1: The summary of each book, from reading and looking at
• 45:44
  Speaker 1: the text to reading, editing and publishing, and want to
• 46:27
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• 47:27
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